Policy Knowledge Research Articles

Knowledge, attitudes, and Expectations of Medical Staff Toward Medical Error Management Policies in Humanitarian Medicine: A Qualitative Study.

Patient safety, a major component of quality of care, is now an attribute of health care systems in developed countries at least. Although there is ever more research on this subject in developed countries, humanitarian medicine, mainly implemented in resource-poor countries, has yet to structure its own set of policies and strategies on patient safety and the management of medical errors. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of medical humanitarian staff regarding the development of policies and strategies related to patient safety and medical error management in medical humanitarian action. We conducted 36 semistructured interviews with international medical and paramedical staff active in 6 medical humanitarian organizations after having interviewed the medical directors or the person in charge of quality of care and the legal advisors. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to a thematic analysis. The interviews confirmed the current absence of clear investments in dealing with safety risks in the selected medical humanitarian organizations. The difficulties experienced by medical staff in reporting medical errors such as blame culture, lack of training, and absence of leadership committed on patient safety are nonspecific. Other arguments are related to the specific conditions of humanitarian settings: coexistence of different medical culture, absence of international or local regulations or external pressures, and great diversity of activities and contexts. Interviewed staff expressed high expectations of receiving guidance from their organizations and support to adopt clear patient safety and medical error management policies adapted to their complex operational and clinical realities.

Private Summers

Malaun (not her real name) was an administrative associate where I was a faculty member. As with many in her position, she was the source of all knowledge for policy, where to find a university form, and so on. She also shared colloquialisms. One day, while I was talking with her about a presentation about menopause, she said “Oh, you mean ‘private summers’?” I had never heard that term used to describe the "hot flashes" that occur during menopause. When I experienced the symptoms of the perimenopausal transition, although my private summers were not so private, I thought of Malaun and smiled. Department Editor Denise Link, PhD, WHNP-BC, FAAN, FAANP, is a women’s health nurse practitioner and clinical professor of nursing at the Arizona State University Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ and can be reached at [email protected] .

Voluntary social insurance for Vietnamese laborers in the informal economic sector

AbstractVoluntary social insurance (VSI), a type of social insurance organized by the Government, allows participants, who work in the informal sector with unstable jobs and income, to choose the premium and payment methods in accordance with their income for their retirement plan. The rate of Vietnamese laborers participating in VSI is low. This study aims to examine the current situation of VSI participation of laborers, as well as their perception of VSI visibility and assessment of VSI policies and utilization. Results from survey with 293 laborers, including 144 VSI participants and 149 VSI non‐participants, and semi‐structured interviews with 60 stakeholders in two districts in Northern Vietnam show the lack of awareness of VSI existence among non‐VSI participants, and limited knowledge of VSI policies among VSI participants. Although participants endorsed beneficiaries and premium in the retirement plan, they were concerned about the long 20‐year premium payment duration in the situation of unstable jobs and income, and the lack of other benefits, for example, maternity leave and unemployment benefit. Results recommend better propagandas, distributed documents, and educational sessions on VSI policies on mass and social media, as well as at VSI conferences and their workplace.

Teachers’ Attitudes towards Inclusion of Blind or Partially-Sighted Students in Secondary Schools in Nigeria

Purpose: This study investigated the attitudes of secondary school teachers towards students with blindness or partial sight in selected states in Nigeria. Method: The authors utilised the modified version of a previous instrument to collect data from 306 secondary school teachers in Nigeria. Six basic questions were established to address: respondents’ attitudes towards inclusion; training acquired related to teaching; knowledge pertaining to policy and legislation; confidence levels; impact of geographical location; and differences in attitudes by the variables of subject(s) taught, school level taught, and years of teaching experience. Results: Attitudes of participants were mixed but generally indicated a positive trend. The level of training was low, with teachers showing limited knowledge of policy and legislation. A little over a quarter (27%) of them lacked confidence in teaching. There were differences in attitudes related to the geographical location of respondents. Those who taught at the senior secondary school level tended to have higher attitude scores on average than their counterparts at the junior secondary school level. Conclusion and Limitations: This study used self-report measures, although observations and interviews could be additional ways to evaluate the attitudes of participants throughout the country. Moreover, in-service programmes should be implemented to increase the knowledge base and expand the experiences of teachers in line with established policies and legislation.

The Islamic State's Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices

AbstractThe Islamic State (IS), which controlled significant territory in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017, engaged in a wide repertoire of violence against civilians living in these areas. Despite extensive media coverage and scholarly attention, the determinants of this pattern of violence remain poorly understood. We argue that, contrary to a widespread assumption that the IS wielded violence indiscriminately, it systematically targeted different social groups with distinct forms of violence, including sexual violence. Our theory focuses on ideology, suggesting it is a necessary element of explanations of patterns of violence on the part of many armed actors. Ideologies, to varying extent, prescribe organizational policies that order or authorize particular forms of violence against specific social groups and institutions that regulate the conditions under which they occur. We find support for our theory in the case of sexual violence by IS by triangulating between several types of qualitative data: official documents; social media data generated by individuals in or near IS-controlled areas; interviews with Syrians and Iraqis who have knowledge of the organization's policies including victims of violence and former IS combatants; and secondary sources including local Arabic-language newspapers. Consistent with our theory, we find that the organization adopted ideologically motivated policies that authorized certain forms of sexual violence, including sexual slavery and child marriage. Forms of violence that violated organizational policies but were nonetheless tolerated by many commanders also occurred and we find evidence of two such practices: gang rape of Yazidi women and forced marriage of Sunni Muslim women.

The Archive of Smolensk Diocesan Administration in Regional Historical Researches of Spiritual Training and Education

Over the past decades history researchers of church-state relations have
 been doing active work with archival sources. Newly opened documents are
 regularly published, shedding light on certain problems. However, for various
 reasons, a huge layer of historical data is stored in the archives of diocesan administration
 of the Russian Orthodox Church. The author considers this research
 as an opportunity to significantly enrich knowledge of the religious policy
 of the state in the XX century, the life of society, social institutions and the
 formation of religious educational institutions.
 From the researcher’s point of view, the development of religious education in post-Soviet Russia, the Archive of Smolensk diocesan administration is of particular interest, since it was the Diocese of Smolensk where a complete system of upbringing and education was formed in a fairly short time, from kindergarten
 to a higher educational institution such as a seminary. The sources under the research are considered in the process of the origin and development of educational
 institutions. The method of structural analysis makes it possible to analyze
 the data contained in the reports of religious educational institutions.
 As a result, the author concludes that, despite the presence of certain difficulties, which are usually not typical of state archives, the archive of Smolensk diocesan administration is an important source of documents on the activities of religious institutions in Russia at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries.

Green Sacrifice Zones, or Why a Green New Deal Cannot Ignore the Cost Shifts of Just Transitions

A Green New Deal could put severe pressure on lands held by Indigenous and marginalized communities and reshape their ecologies into "green sacrifice zones." Such cost shifting risks reproducing a form of climate colonialism in the name of just transition. Avoiding cost shifts opens interdisciplinary research questions regarding land-use policy, economics, politics, and non-Eurocentric knowledge and leadership.

Movement–Media Relations in the Hybrid Media System: A Case Study from the U.S. Transgender Rights Movement

Whereas social movement–media relations were, in the era of mass media, a dialogic relationship of mutual, albeit asymmetric, dependency between news makers and social movement organizations, the hybridization of the media system has complicated matters considerably. The dialogic tensions that drove organizations’ access to the political information environment have been supplanted by new tensions—tensions that have transformed organizations’ media work routines. Organizations must now manage tensions over the temporality of issue emergence, tensions between identity and policy knowledge as sources of expertise, tensions between emotional charge and informational novelty as criteria of newsworthiness for journalists, and tensions between policy demands and media demands in the formation of communications strategy. And these new tensions demand new work practices oriented toward addressing multiple audiences concurrently and via multiple media streams. Because the discourses of social media influence the press to such an extent, the successful management of press discourse requires both direct influence via routine media work targeting journalists and indirect influence via steering digital media discourse—the combination of which presents significant resource costs to movement organizations. This article draws on an ethnographic case study of media work in the U.S. transgender rights movement to extend theorizations of movement–media relations to account for the structuring influence of the hybrid media system, illustrating these news tensions in the context of the panic over transgender passport policy that erupted in the summer of 2018.

Staff Perception of Tobacco Control and Prevention Policy in a Children's Hospital

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge, perception, and comfortableness of hospital TCP policy among staff in a children's hospital. METHODS: The study included 2340 staff members who completed a cross-sectional anonymous online survey in a children's hospital. The survey examined employee's knowledge of the effect of tobacco smoking, awareness of hospital TCP policy, and comfortableness of discussing TCP. We compared the responses by respondents' age (18-35, 36-45, and older than 45 years), sex, job types (nurses, social workers, logistical staff, clinicians, and administrative staff), and smoking status using Chi-square tests. P-value < 0.0006 was considered statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing. RESULTS: The response rate of the survey is about 41%. A majority (84%) of the respondents were women and 41% aged between 18 and 35 years. The prevalence of ever-smokers and current smokers were 16% and 1.4%, respectively. Nurses represented 47% of the participants, followed by administrative staff (34%). Compared to current smokers, non-current smokers were more supportive of a strict hospital-wide smoke-free policy (85% vs 33%, p<0.0001) and more comfortable in talking to coworkers about the health effects associated with smoking (50% vs 30%, p=0.0004). About 30%-40% of nurses felt comfortable in talking to and educate parents about quitting smoking, compared to less than 20% in other job groups (p<0.0001). Nurses were also more likely to agree or strongly agree than other professionals that the hospital should provide tobacco cessation program for parents (≥32% vs <16%, p<0.0001). With increasing age, the comfortableness of talking (31%, 22%, and 21%) and educating (23%, 19%, and 18%) parents about quitting smoking decreased (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Employee's perception of the hospital's TCP policy varied across subgroups by their demographic and job characteristics. The results may help the hospital to improve tailored TCP training among employees.

Early Lessons From Detroit’s Community Benefits Ordinance

Problem, research strategy, and findings In 2016, Detroiters (MI) voted to pass the first-ever community benefits ordinance (CBO), a law that requires developers to negotiate with a council of local residents to agree on a set of community benefits. Drawing from the goals and the structure of community benefits agreements that have become popular since the 1990s, this ordinance has won Detroit communities benefits like locally sourced jobs, affordable housing, green space, and streetscape improvements. Scholars have evaluated many cases of community benefits agreements, and some authors claim that codifying community benefits agreements through policy is the next step to ensuring their political viability and stability. Using Detroit’s CBO as a case, I aim to uncover the successes and challenges of implementing the ordinance. I answer this question through a qualitative analysis of policies and interviews with residents, planners, developers, and activists (n = 45). I find that the ordinance is successful in its establishment of agreements for 10 projects where communities have secured more than 160 distinct benefits. However, just as with traditional community benefits agreements, the formalization of community benefits through planning policy is still subject to several shortcomings. These include a negotiation timeline that often favors developers and uneven access to development and policy knowledge. Takeaway for practice CBOs can be opportunities for inclusion in development decisions and can bring important resources to communities. However, cities should note the need to provide training to neighborhood advisory council members and allocate the resources to do so. They should also reconcile the timeline for negotiations preferred by communities with the often hurried timelines of developers.

Development of a Health Policy Elective for Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study.

In Central Brooklyn, Downstate Health Sciences University (DHSU) serves a diverse population that has experienced worsening rates of chronic disease and elevated rates of morbidity and mortality related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical community has shown an interest in addressing clinical and nonclinical disparities impacting patients' health and safety. As such, health policy knowledge is of special importance during a time of social and political unrest. Health policy and advocacy are listed in medical education guidelines, but there is a lack of standardized guidelines for implementation of a robust health policy curriculum within the rigors of clinical education. Faculty from the Department of Family Medicine and the Department of Health Policy and Administration devised a health policy curriculum to be delivered virtually in the wake of COVID-19-related quarantine. To assess the effectiveness of the curriculum, we administered pre- and postsurveys composed of learning objectives placed on a 5-point Likert scale, at each learning session. The results of these surveys showed an increase in confidence in the learning objectives of each educational session. This pilot study warrants further research to fully assess the effect of a health policy curriculum on students' confidence in health policy knowledge and skills."Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."-Nelson Mandela.

School Concussion Policy in Colorado: Lack of Knowledge and Access Are Barriers to Education.

All states have youth sports concussion laws that have helped shape school concussion policy. However, state laws do not specify how schools distribute policy. The present study examined parent, youth, and school personnel's knowledge of school concussion policy in Colorado and ease of access to policy via school website. Youth (n = 1,987), parents (n = 520), and school personnel (n = 130) completed an online survey about knowledge of their schools' concussion policy. Less than half of parents (48.9%) and students (43.0%) knew their school had a policy. School personnel were aware of the policy (96%). Among youth, rates of knowledge differed across gender, school level, and sport participation. Forty-nine percent of school district websites contained information on concussion. There are gaps in knowledge of concussion policy for youth and their parents. Teachers, administrators, coaches, and school nurses, who are educated on policy, could help facilitate communication. School websites are not being fully utilized to disseminate concussion policy.

Knowledge, Concern and Support for Policy on Adaptations to Impacts of Climate Change in Grand Bahamian

This study assessed the knowledge, concern and support of policy relative to climate change impacts of Grand Bahamians. Specifically the study assessed the awareness and concern of Grand Bahamians; examine the difference in participants’ awareness and concern of climate change impacts; analyze the factors that influence the awareness and concern of climate change impacts of participants; and assess the predictive ability of the Value Belief Norm Theory in relation to the participants’ intent to support policy for climate change issues. A survey questionnaire and focus group discussion were used for ata collection Findings showed that Grand Bahamians have a low level of scientific knowledge, a high level of concern regarding climate change and a strong intent to support policy for climate adaptation. Despite this low level of scientific knowledge, they have a developed experiential knowledge due to their frequent exposure to extreme climate events they perceive to be associated with climate change. The high level of concern influenced their desire to support policies aimed at adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change.

The Impact of Information Technology Facility and Knowledge Management Policy on Product Improvement for Dire Dawa National and Ture Cement Factories in Ethiopia 2015; Cross-sectional Survey Method

Information Technology has a crucial role to play in the creation and dissemination of knowledge in a variety of organizations and information technology allows an organization to create, share, store, and use knowledge. This study identified the impact of information technology facility, policy and culture that is available in cement factories. The study also examines the relationship between information technology facility, knowledge management policy and organizational productivity that exercise in Dire Dawa national and Ture cement factories. Qualitative and quantitative approach was used to investigate the existing gaps that may likely be initiated by different contextual attributes. To carry out this investigation a descriptive research method was used. Purposive and simple random sampling was used for selected 143 office employees. Questionnaire, interviews and observation check list were used to gather data. The result of present study showed that the selected cement factories have organizational and knowledge management culture with existing policy. ICT facility give strength for organizational productivity and also ICT facility with knowledge management policy available in the factories have grate contributions on organizational productivity. The limited functionality of ICT facility, the non availability of knowledge management policy and limited capacity knowledge expert are problems that hinder organizational productivity in the factories. Keywords : ICT facility, Organizational Productivity, Available Knowledge Management policy DOI: 10.7176/IKM/10-7-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

The politics of generating best practice knowledge: Epistemic practice and rendering space technical in a European Commission working group on education policy

This paper seeks to understand how best practice knowledge is constructed and maintained as a hegemonic form of policy knowledge. The paper argues that best practice is based on two claims: firstly, that best practice draws on situated practices of ‘what works’ in specific policy contexts, and secondly, that best practice uses these practices to build universal policy lessons that can be transferred across political space. How do policy actors tasked with generating best practices manage to deal with the challenge of integrating knowledge that is situated in particular places with knowledge that holds true across political space? The paper explores this question through the lens of political discourse analysis and studies the relationship between epistemic practice and the social construction of space. Drawing on observation and interview data, the paper analyses how best practices are generated by a group of education policy experts coordinated by the European Commission. Analysis demonstrates that producing best practices involves ‘rendering space technical’ whereby the complex, relational nature of political space is transformed into a series of ‘contextual variables’ from which universal policy mechanisms can be extracted. This allows for the enactment of an epistemic practice which draws clear distinctions between policy and political space rather than understanding them as co-constitutive – a dualism which is pivotal for upholding the hegemonic status of best practice. By analysing counter-hegemonic moments where the claims of best practice are called into question, the paper also considers alternatives to rendering space technical in policymaking practices.

KEBIJAKAN PROFESI GURU MADRASAH MELALUI PROGRAM SERTIFIKASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

<p><em>Educators are human resources who contribute in the exploration of students at an educational institution. In general, educators should have four competencies such as professional competence, paedagogik competence, personality competence, and social competence.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><em>As an educator who has the task of developing the potential of learners, it is clear that a teacher should improve his ability with various efforts, including by writing, discussing, following scientific activities, following seminars, and other activities that are able to hone his noble duty as an educator. Because some competencies to be developed are social competence, competence, pedagogy, and professional competence. A good teacher is those who meet the requirements of professional skills either as educators. Herein lies the importance of teachers' professional quality standards to ensure the quality of teaching and learning process</em><em>.</em><em>In addition to being a professional educator, with the certification of teachers is expected to be an economically prosperous educator. In addition to the economic welfare it will obviously increase the motivation of teachers to develop their professional tasks through several activities such as delegation of subject teachers work (MGMP), KKG, seminars, discussion activities and even motivation to continue higher education. Because of the cost of functional allowance to teachers who have passed a certified teacher can really focus on the task of becoming an educator in an effort to educate the nation by no longer thinking about the family economy that has been the burden of teachers in Indonesia. Because we know there are still many teachers who are still far from welfare. Many who have a double profession other than to be a teacher like a buyer of used goods, public transportation drivers, newspaper delivery, fried sellers, and so forth. So ultimately the dignity of a teacher can occupy at the highest social stratification through this certification program</em><em>.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><em> Methods of data collection in this study using literature study. In this stage, the researchers try to select the data (books) that have relevance to the professional policy of madrasah teachers through certification program in improving the quality of Islamic education. Then the authors also use the synthesis analysis that is by handling of certain scientific objects by combining the understanding of one with another understanding, which ultimately can be obtained by the new knowledge of professional policy of madrasah teachers through certification program in improving the quality of Islamic education. The author also uses content analysis that is research conducted on the information documented in the recording, good pictures, sounds, writings and others. </em></p><p><em> With this method will be done data analysis and processing scientifically about the content of writing policy of the profession of madrasah teachers through certification program in improving the quality of Islamic education research results indicate that the government certification to teachers intended as an effort to project teachers into educators who are actually able to do their duties with good and professional who have a predetermined standard of competence. Specifically, the objectives of teacher certification are: To improve the competence of madrasah teachers in their field of knowledge, to strengthen the teaching ability of madrasah teachers, to develop madrasah teacher competence holistically so as to be able to act professionally and improve the ability of Madrasah teachers in scientific research and activity activities, information communication technology for learning purposes</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords: Profession Policy of Madrasah Teachers, Certification, Quality of Islamic Education</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p>

Readiness assessment for implementation of a large scale child maltreatment prevention program in Qatar

Background and objectivesChild maltreatment is a worldwide problem, with lifelong consequences for the survivors. The focus is shifting from Child Maltreatment Protection to Child Maltreatment Prevention. The objective of this descriptive study was to assess readiness for child maltreatment among stakeholders before implementation of large-scale prevention programs in Qatar. MethodsThe study involved structured interviews with 45 representatives of various stakeholders in sectors of national and local entities of Qatar. A survey was conducted among these stakeholders, to explore their perception and level of awareness of child maltreatment in Qatar. All of them responded, with a response rate of 100%. A multidimensional tool, developed by WHO and collaborators from several middle and low-income countries, was used to assess ten dimensions of readiness. ResultsChild maltreatment prevention readiness in Qatar is low with a total score of 37.8 on a scale of 0–100. The respondents scored high (≥ 5) in knowledge of child maltreatment (5.3), legislation, mandates and policies (6.8) and informal social resources (non-institutional) (5.6). Participants, however, scored low (≤ 5) in their knowledge about current program implementation and evaluation (1.1), human and technical resources (1.7), institutional resources and links (2.3), material resources (2.8), scientific data on child maltreatment prevention (3.1), attitude towards child maltreatment prevention (4.3) and will to address the problem (4.8). ConclusionChild maltreatment prevention readiness in Qatar is low and requires improvement in some of the areas. It highlighted the need for capacity building among organizations across Qatar for a large scale CMP program to be successfully implemented.

Understanding Precautionary Allergen Labeling (PAL) Preferences Among Food Allergy Stakeholders

Food allergy (FA) is an increasing public health concern in the United States, affecting approximately 8% of children and 11% of adults. The United States currently lacks clear requirements for the use of precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) on packaged foods, such as "may contain" or "made on shared equipment." This lack of specific governmental policy results in inconsistent labeling practices and confusion. This study aimed to understand current knowledge and preferences for PAL statements among FA stakeholders. A cross-sectional survey was sent to FA stakeholders. Descriptive statistics and associations from logistic regressions were used to assess respondents' knowledge of PAL policy, shopping habits, and preferences around PAL. Of 3008 respondents, 24.2% were able to correctly answer 4 questions surrounding PAL policies. When asked about their shopping habits, the majority of respondents never purchase products with a "May contain traces of allergen" label (85.5%) in comparison with never purchasing products with a "Good manufacturing practices used to segregate ingredients in a facility that also processes allergen" label (35.0%). Their top preferences for a PAL statement were "Not suitable for people with 'blank' allergy" (29.3%) and "May contain" (22.1%). Health care provider discussions around PAL varied and were strongly associated with purchasing behaviors. These results suggest that FA consumers are not aware of PAL policies and make decisions based on the words in the PAL. They prefer having clearer, more specific, and consistent labeling on products, indicating that explicit PAL policies are needed to allow customers to easily identify safe foods.

On the coexistence of positive and negative externalities in the inter-powertrain relationships

The green knowledge-based economy has complicated the dynamical knowledge interactions in the multi-technology sector of transportation that involves a constellation of interrelated powertrain technologies, including the internal combustion engine, hybrid and battery electric vehicles (ICEV, BEV, and HEV). Based on the biological ecology perspective and the technological innovation system (TIS) framework, we explore the dynamical inter-powertrain relationships in terms of knowledge diffusion over 1985–2016. We measure their knowledge diffusion by extracting patents and publications forward citations from the Scopus and Derwent databases, respectively. Quantifying by the Lotka-Volterra (L-V) equations, our results show that powertrains support and inhibit their knowledge diffusion growth by projecting positive and negative externalities, which are carried through the TIS co-dynamics. Our results reveal these externalities are manifested in a mix of biological relationship modes, such as symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism, and amensalism. We, therefore, challenge the assumed pure competition between ICEV and BEV or their predator-prey relationships with HEV by elaborating on the notions of ‘creative destruction’ and ‘creative accumulation’. Our research contributes to the innovation systems literature by accommodating ‘knowledge diffusion co-dynamics’ as an extension to the TIS framework, making it more outward oriented. Moreover, the co-existence of positive and negative externalities builds up a multi cross-path interactions view that extends the conventional single-path view in the path dependency literature. Our research drives insightful knowledge for strategising and policy making in regard with investing in new disruptive technologies, sustaining the incumbent technology, or hybridising them as a transitionary (or stationary) solution towards sustainable mobility transition.

Protests and Policies: How Radical Social Movement Activists Engage with Climate Policy Dilemmas

How do radical movements seeking fundamental social change engage with nearer-term policy dilemmas? Disciplinary boundaries and practical obstacles have limited research into protester policy engagement. Using a hybrid method combining participant-observation and expert-led focus groups, we document activist attitudes concerning controversial climate policy options. Data gathered at ‘Climate Camps’ in six national contexts are presented alongside evidence from similar ‘participant-instigator’ events at Green Party conferences. We find activists engaged in direct action outside the established political system had policy knowledge and agendas comparable to or surpassing those active within the system. Support for radical change appears correlated with – rather than opposed to – knowledge and interest in policy agendas. As climate protests escalate it is important to understand ‘protester policy engagement’ – the processing, production and communication of changes proposed from a position outside the established political system and to theorise this with, rather than in contradistinction to, social movement identity.