Knowledge Of Action Research Articles

Governance Strategy Juridical Rural Creative Economy Respond To Competitive Global Competition

This research is motivated because of the importance of legal protection also serves as protection for the governance of the rural economy, among others, can we review the various forms of business startups together or independent creative such as from several sectors among others include: crafts produced by businesses traditional craft "weaving" typical Bali, whether generated by an individual or collective basis. Activities of corporate governance in achieving the goal must always be done with the provisions of applicable law. In case this is not rare in the field that many business activities that have not been able to carry out the legal relationship for the corporate governance businesses without first consulting with legal teams, and business people never know when the legal relationship occurs. The lack of knowledge and understanding of the technical legal advice resulted in the governance of rural creative economy also occur in governance typical handicraft industry Endek Klungkung be difficult to develop and the potential of the craft. Methodologically, this study is the development of research in the engineering building public policy on rural economic governance creative competitive in the face of global competition. This research, that research is a digger / primary data collection tool. Research, difficulties for businesses in the countryside in conducting the governance of creative economic development, that despite constraints in the production, management, marketing, collaboration and licensing are also difficulties in connection with public knowledge of related legal actions that could be proved from the people who do not know procedures and in the management of copyright as a form of lack of legal awareness of the local community. Strategy juridical taken by the manager of the creative economy is rustic in to protect against the type of business and deliver services to consumers, the community's knowledge related to legal remedies that can be done to protect the product of the creative economy to rural areas of action flagiasi and coordinate with Disperindag related to administrative registration of copyright which are owned.

Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis.

Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

“Nobody wants to rock the boat”: a grounded theory study of taking medication to prevent a further heart attack

Abstract Introduction Following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), patients are prescribed a daily regime of five medications to prevent secondary cardiovascular events, however medication adherence in this patient group has been measured at only 66%.1 Sub-optimal adherence leads to increased mortality, morbidity and healthcare system costs. Current interventions such as monitored dosage systems, phone message reminders and pharmacist consultations have made some improvements but are largely based on presumptions about adherence than formal evidence. Studying the experience of medication-taking following an AMI, and the personal requirement and adjustment that is required to enable adherence could arguably generate the evidence needed to support future interventions in this field. Aim The aim of this study was to use grounded theory methodology to create a model explaining the process of medication-taking in patients prescribed medication following an AMI. Methods Following ethical approval (UREC 18/36), semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen people (based in South-East England) taking medication following at least one AMI episode in the past. The interviews were conducted in person, online or via the telephone and audio-recorded. These recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to constructed grounded theory.2 NVivo software was used to organise and display the coded data and produce a model of the medication-taking process. Results Patients took medication because they wanted to continue living their lives. They saw medication as offering them protection, alongside diet and exercise. Following hospital discharge, patients incorporated medication into their daily routines at home. They used mealtimes and bedtime as a prompt, and kept medication located close to these activities. Patients described rarely missing doses but recognised being away from routines was a cause of medication omission. In this stable stage, patients considered medication-taking unproblematic; they ‘just got on with it’. The professional trust established with the medical team was the basis for following medication directions, and patients conferred the authority to make decisions about their treatment, not wanting to initiate changes themselves; to not ‘rock the boat’. The main cause of change to medication-taking was experiencing adverse bodily effects, ascribed by patients to medication and described as side effects. Patients used small noticeable bodily changes as a prompt for further investigation and information- seeking, after which they presented evidence to the medical team, who instigated medication changes. There was a background dislike of taking medication, which was eased by knowledge of medication action and personal biomedical results. These patients were intentionally adherent to medication but were drawn to question their treatment when ‘side effects’ or misunderstanding arose. Discussion/Conclusion Medication-taking in this group is driven by a desire to live, so they accommodate medication routine to fit their lives, but ‘side effects’ can disturb their intention to continue the routine. This action is reinforced by trust relationships with medical professionals. Resistance to taking medication is alleviated by knowledge of medication action and biomedical results. Practitioners can use patient education, test results and shared decision-making as points to further the patient relationship and strengthen adherence behaviours.

Local production of corticotropin-releasing hormone in prefrontal cortex modulates male-specific novelty exploration

Neuromodulatory substances can be released from distal afferents for communication between brain structures or produced locally to modulate neighboring circuit elements. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from long-range neurons in the hypothalamus projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to induce anxiety-like behaviors. However, the role of CRH produced in the mPFC has not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that a specific class of mPFC interneurons that express CRH (CrhINs) releases CRH upon high-frequency stimulation to enhance excitability of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells (L2/3 PCs) expressing the CRH receptors. When stimulated at low frequency, CrhINs release GABA resulting in the inhibition of oxytocin receptor-expressing interneurons (OxtrINs) and L2/3 PCs. Conditional deletion of CRH in mPFC CrhINs and chemogenetic activation of CrhINs have opposite effects on novelty exploration in male but not in female mice, and do not affect anxiety-related behaviors in either males or females. Our data reveal that CRH produced by local interneurons in the mPFC is required for sex-specific novelty exploration and suggest that our understanding of complex behaviors may require knowledge of local and remote neuromodulatory action.

Review on rewiring of microalgal strategies for the heavy metal remediation - A metal specific logistics and tactics

Phycoremediation of heavy metals are gaining much attention and becoming an emerging practice for the metal removal in diverse environmental matrices. Still, the physicochemical state of metal polluted sites is often found to be complex and haphazard in nature due to the irregular discharge of wastes, that leads to the lack of conjecture on the application of microalgae for the metal bioremediation. Besides, the foresaid issues might be eventually ended up with futile effect to the polluted site. Therefore, this review is mainly focusing on interpretative assessment on pre-existing microalgal strategies and their merits and demerits for selected metal removal by microalgae through various process such as natural attenuation, nutritional amendment, chemical pretreatment, metal specific modification, immobilization and amalgamation, customization of genetic elements and integrative remediation approaches. Thus, this review provides the ideal knowledge for choosing an efficient metal remediation tactics based on the state of polluted environment. Also, this in-depth description would provide the speculative knowledge of counteractive action required for pass-over the barriers and obstacles during implementation. In addition, the most common metal removal mechanism of microalgae by adsorption was comparatively investigated with different metals through the principal component analysis by grouping various factor such as pH, temperature, initial metal concentration, adsorption capacity, removal efficiency, contact time in different microalgae. Conclusively, the suitable strategies for different heavy metals removal and addressing the complications along with their solution is comprehensively deliberated for metal removal mechanism in microalgae.

Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Swamedikasi Pada Masyarakat Dilingkungan Pasar Merah Kelurahan Binjai

Self-medication or self-medication is a behavior to deal with minor illnesses before seeking help from an officer or health facility. More than 60% of community members do self-medication, and 80% of them rely on modern medicine. Indonesian medicine sources cover three interconnected sectors namely household medicine (self-medication), traditional medicine, and professional medical treatment. In Indonesia, residents who complained of pain during the last 1 month in 2004 were 24.41%. The treatment search efforts carried out by the people who complained of pain were mostly self-medication (87.37%). In this study aims to determine the knowledge of attitudes and actions of self-medication in the environment of 18 binjai red markets in Medan district. The number of samples to be tested is 97 by means of retrieval carried out descriptive research method, cross-sectional design using accidental sampling by processing spss data. The results of the study in general, the majority of respondents in choosing drugs were mostly limited use of over-the-counter drugs as many as 48 people (49.5%), the majority of respondents buying drugs in drug stores were 45 people (46.6%), the majority of fever complaints were 37 people (38.1% ), the reason for buying over-the-counter medicines mostly chose to save costs as many as 51 people (52.6%), the source of information was mostly from other people's recommendations, with respondents aged 30-40 as many as 39 people (40.2%), income 1,000,000-2,500,000 33 respondents (34.0%). In sufficient knowledge there were 53 people (54.6%). For self-medication actions in the environmental community 18 red markets, the binjai village received sufficient results, namely 50 people (51.5%). In general, the majority of respondents have sufficient attitudes towards self-medication, as many as 49 people (50.5%). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the health department to further improve health promotion, especially about self-medication so that public awareness can be further improved to carry out self-medication.

Exploiting spatio‐temporal knowledge for video action recognition

AbstractAction recognition has been a popular area of computer vision research in recent years. The goal of this task is to recognise human actions in video frames. Most existing methods often depend on the visual features and their relationships inside the videos. The extracted features only represent the visual information of the current video itself and cannot represent the general knowledge of particular actions beyond the video. Thus, there are some deviations in these features, and the recognition performance still requires improvement. In this sudy, we present a novel spatio‐temporal knowledge module (STKM) to endow the current methods with commonsense knowledge. To this end, we first collect hybrid external knowledge from universal fields, which contains both visual and semantic information. Then graph convolution networks (GCN) are used to represent and aggregate this knowledge. The GCNs involve (i) a spatial graph to capture spatial relations and (ii) a temporal graph to capture serial occurrence relations among actions. By integrating knowledge and visual features, we can get better recognition results. Experiments on AVA, UCF101‐24 and JHMDB datasets show the robustness and generalisation ability of STKM. The results report a new state‐of‐the‐art 32.0 mAP on AVA v2.1. On UCF101‐24 and JHMDB datasets, our method also improves by 1.5 AP and 2.6 AP, respectively, over the baseline method.

АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ЗАГАЛЬНОНАВЧАЛЬНИХ УМІНЬ ТА НАВИЧОК НА УРОКАХ МАТЕМАТИКИ В ОНЛАЙН ФОРМАТІ

The article deals with the peculiarities of the implementation of the technology of formation of the general-educational skills of elementary school’s pupils in the Mathematics lessons at the Elementary school. Besides it is revealed the content of each component of the educational activity: motivational, substantive and procedural. The motivational component provides the personality’s demand and striving to the cognitive activity. This is revealed in the active attitude of pupils to the mastering skill to study independently. It provides the opportunity to form and consolidate the positive attitude to the educational activity, curiosity, cognitive interest, personal importance of learning. But the motivational component of the cognitive activity doesn’t provide and doesn’t form technological and procedural cognitive activity. This means that it doesn’t provide the mastering practical and intellectual abilities and opportunities of the personality. These abilities provide the performing of the mechanism in itself during the process of the goal-oriented search. The substantive component includes familiar knowledge, skills which could be the base for the mastering new knowledge and ways of action. The interaction of familiar (known) knowledge with the new knowledge provides different level of organization of the process of cognition – reproductive, partly-search and creative. The core of this skill is the procedural character of the educational activity. Within modern conditions of the education’s development the attention is paid not to the amount of knowledge, certain strength, deepness but to the ways and methods of organization of the individual knowledge, which could be reliable base for the making effective decisions. The procedural component is represented by various ways of skills’ organization and realization (skills. Actions, operations, cognitive processes) at different levels of pupil’s cognitive independence: reproductive, partly-research, creative. The content of the defined components of the educational activity tell about their interdependence. It also characterizes the developed, deployed educational activity. The author makes stress on the necessary feature of the pupil’s independence. It is defined as the mastering control and self-control by the pupil. The article also characterizes peculiarities of each stage of forming elementary school pupil’s skills of self-control. Education of pupils of elementary school with the orientation on the self-control provides not only the increasing of their training but also it provides such personal features as independence, responsibility, goal-orientation, discipline. But the main fact is that ability to self-control provides the appropriate level of the development of “skill to study” which is the basis for the successful educational activity of primary education applicants. Key words: technology of formation of general-educational skills, skills of independence studying, components of the educational activity, control-self-control.

Verification of Consistency Between Process Models, Object Life Cycles, and Context-Dependent Semantic Specifications

Process models in general, and those specifying process-oriented software in particular, should be formally verified. While activity-oriented process models have been verified against object life cycles, formally specified semantic specifications of actions were not involved. Hence, previous approaches for the verification of process models did not make use of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">declaratively</i> represented knowledge of actions. This paper presents a new approach for verification of consistency between process models, object life cycles, and context-dependent semantic action specifications. This approach involves declarative specifications of all the actions of a process, which also depend on the context of use of the actions. These context-dependent specifications define the ‘logic’ of the process flow, which is grounded in (extended) object life cycles. Since a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">subtyping</i> relation is enforced, reuse is facilitated through substitutability. Our extension of object life cycles makes them applicable to processes including non-monotonicity, and even to model communication based on physical interaction in cyber-physical systems. As a consequence, this formal consistency verification ensures that all the involved specifications ‘fit together’, both procedurally and logically.

THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES OF THE FORMATION OF THE BASIS OF READING COMPETENCE OF YOUNGER SCHOOL STUDENTS

The article reveals the theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the foundations of reading competence of younger schoolchildren through involvement in reading activities. The logical sequence of concepts is singled out: reading ‒ reading activity ‒ reading competence. The essence of reading is proved; it consists of an attempt to connect reading with reading activity and its results ‒ readiness to read a book independently and the ability to use the acquired knowledge for one’s own purposes. It has been established that becoming a reader, interest in books is born through knowledge of books and actions with them, reluctance to read can be provoked by learning itself. The definition of “reading activity”, which has an indisputable value as a universal human value, as work and creativity, as an opportunity for the comprehensive development of the personality of a junior high school student, has been revealed. Considering reading activity as a system of purposeful and motivated actions, we believe that it should be motivated by adequate motives directly related to its content. It is assumed that the formed foundations of the reading competence of younger schoolchildren can be achieved by developing the specified reading skills and knowledge, but not at the expense of extensive methods, but as a result of pedagogical modeling, the development of special technologies for teaching reading, developing personal-value, information-communicative and educational-cognitive abilities of younger schoolchildren. The following components of reading activity are distinguished: the motivational sphere, the cognitive basis of the reading process, the content aspect of reading, the communicative sphere, the informational basis as the ability to use literary terms, the emotional and aesthetic basis of reading. The concept of “reading activity” and “reading competence” was compared. We connect the prospects of further research with solving the issues of formation of such reading competences of junior high school students, such as the competence of personal self-improvement, cultural and social competences, with the development of technology for training teachers for the formation of reading competence of junior high school students and the technology of continuity between the initial and basic stages of the educational process.&#x0D; Keywords: prerequisites; formation; reading competence; younger schoolchildren; reading activity; reading; primary education; reading skills; reader.

Intellectualization as an aid to teaching the game of soccer among students of sports universities

Background: The paper is of an implementation (application) nature and addresses problems related to the concept of effective soccer training. Given that the actions in a sports game are based on conscious activities that require creative attitudes from players, the study proposes intellectual teaching, with an emphasis on the role of expertise. The purpose of the research was to determine an experimental method of teaching the game of soccer based on programmed support (teaching intellectualization). Materials and Methods: The pedagogical experiment method was used to evaluate the effectiveness (learning and teaching) of special motor skills. Experimental teaching was conducted over a period of 4 months in 2018-2019 among third-year physical education students of Polish sports universities (AWF Kraków and AWFiS Gdańsk). Thirty-two students who participated in soccer program classes were examined. Results: The experimental teaching (intellectualization), conducted among students of sports universities showed great advantages in more effective teaching. In the experimental groups, intellectual support led to better results (significant differences at p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: The methodological procedure based on intellectual support of the player’s motor actions accelerates the teaching of soccer technique. Knowledge of action represents a significant disposition to efficient motor activity. It was also demonstrated that mental training used as reinforcement (in optimal proportions) can compensate for practical training.

LDLR, LRP1, and Megalin redundantly participate in the uptake of Clostridium novyi alpha-toxin

Clostridium novyi alpha-toxin (Tcnα) is a potent exotoxin that induces severe symptoms including gas gangrene, myositis, necrotic hepatitis, and sepsis. Tcnα binds to sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) for cell-surface attachment and utilizes low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) for rapid entry. However, it was also shown that Tcnα may use alternative entry receptors other than LDLR. Here, we define that LRP1 and Megalin can also facilitate the cellular entry of Tcnα by employing reconstitutive LDLR family proteins. LDLR, LRP1, and Megalin recognize Tcnα via their ligand-binding domains (also known as LDL receptor type A repeats). Notably, LDLR and LRP1 have contrasting expression levels in many different cells, thus the dominant entry receptor for Tcnα could be cell-type dependent. These findings together increase our knowledge of the Tcnα actions and further help to understand the pathogenesis of C. novyi infection-associated diseases.

T-pattern analysis of offensive and defensive actions of youth football goalkeepers.

Nowadays, football goalkeepers (GKs) play an important role in the team's organization, namely, considering the offensive and defensive processes. The purpose of our investigation focuses on the notational and T-pattern analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of elite young football GKs. The participating GKs (n = 3, mean age of 16.6 years) presented 8 years of experience in the specific position, were internationally selected for the national team of Portugal, and competed in the national U-17 championship of Portugal. Thirty football matches were observed. The observational sample consisted of defensive actions (n = 225) and offensive actions (n = 296). Two observational instruments were used to codify the actions: the observation system of defensive technical-tactical actions of GKs and the observation system of offensive technical-tactical actions of GKs. Both instruments underwent a validation process, and inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested. The codification of the actions was performed with the LINCE program, and later the data were exported to Microsoft Excel and THEME 5.0. The notational data were analyzed in SPSS, and T-pattern detection analysis was performed in THEME 5.0. The predominant actions of young observed GKs were fundamentally goal defense and participation in the team's offensive process construction through actions performed with the foot and hand. The analysis of T-patterns allowed to identify T-pattern actions in the defensive actions of goal defense and exit of the goal, as well as related to the defensive set pieces. In the offensive process, the analysis of T-patterns reinforced the participation of the GK in the team's first phase of construction and in the execution of goal kicks and actions that start as a result of the actions of the opponent. The GK's defensive actions are mostly focused on the objective of goal defense and offensive actions with the hands and feet are important for their participation in positional attack construction. Our study contributes to a better knowledge of the GK's actions in the competition and is relevant to be considered by the specific position coaches in the training process organization.

Know-do gaps for cardiovascular disease care in Cambodia: Evidence on clinician knowledge and delivery of evidence-based prevention actions.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Cambodia. However, it is unknown whether clinicians in Cambodia provide evidence-based CVD preventive care actions. We address this important gap and provide one of the first assessments of clinical care for CVD prevention in an LMIC context. We determined the proportion of primary care visits by adult patients that resulted in evidence-based CVD preventive care actions, identified which care actions were most frequently missed, and estimated the know-do gap for each clinical action. We used data on 190 direct clinician-patient observations and 337 clinician responses to patient vignettes from 114 public primary care health facilities. Our main outcomes were the proportion of patient consultations and responses to care vignettes where clinicians measured blood pressure, blood glucose, body mass index, and asked questions regarding alcohol, tobacco, physical activity, and diet. There were very large clinical care shortfalls for all CVD care actions. Just 6.4% (95% CI: 3.0%, 13.0%) of patients had their BMI measured, 8.0% (4.6%, 13.6%) their blood pressure measured at least twice, only 4.7% (1.9%, 11.2%) their blood glucose measured. Less than 21% of patients were asked about their physical activity (11.7% [7.0%, 18.9%]), smoking (18.0% [11.8%, 26.5%]), and alcohol-related behaviors (20.2% [13.7%, 28.9%]). We observed the largest know-do gaps for blood glucose and BMI measurements with smaller but important know-do gaps for the other clinical actions. CVD care did not vary across clinician cadre or by years of experience. We find large CVD care delivery gaps in primary-care facilities across Cambodia. Our results suggest that diabetes is being substantially underdiagnosed and that clinicians are losing CVD prevention potential by not identifying individuals who would benefit from behavioral changes. The large overall and know-do gaps suggest that interventions for improving preventive care need to target both clinical knowledge and the bottlenecks between knowledge and care behavior.

Getting to the Emergency Department in time: Interviews with patients and their caregivers on the challenges to emergency care utilization in rural Uganda.

Karoli Lwanga Hospital and Global Emergency Care, a 501(c)(3) nongovernmental organization, operate an Emergency Department (ED) in Uganda's rural Rukungiri District. Despite available emergency care (EC), preventable death and disability persist due to delayed patient presentations. This study seeks to understand the emergency care seeking behavior of community members utilizing the established ED. We purposefully sampled and interviewed patients and caregivers presenting to the ED more than 12 hours after onset of chief complaint in January-March 2017 to include various ages, genders, and complaints. Semistructured interviews addressing actions taken before seeking EC and delays to presentation once the need for EC was recognized were conducted until a diverse sample and theoretical saturation were obtained. An interdisciplinary and multicultural research team conducted thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. The 50 ED patients for whom care was sought (mean age 33) had approximately even distribution of gender, as well as occupation (none, subsistence farmers and small business owner). Interviews were conducted with 13 ED patients and 37 caregivers, on the behalf of patients when unavailable. The median duration of patients' chief complaint on ED presentation was 5.5 days. On average, participants identified severe symptoms necessitating EC 1 day before presentation. Four themes of treatment delay before and after severity were recognized were identified: 1) Cultural factors and limited knowledge of emergency signs and initial actions to take; 2) Use of local health facilities despite perception of inadequate services; 3) Lack of resources to cover the anticipated cost of obtaining EC; 4) Inadequate transportation options. Interventions are warranted to address each of the four major reasons for treatment delay. The next stage of formative research will generate intervention strategies and assess the opportunities and challenges to implementation with community and health system stakeholders.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis of fractional CO2 laser efficiency in treating a mouse model of alopecia.

Hair loss, including alopecia, is a common dermatological issue worldwide. At present, the application of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser in the treatment of alopecia has been documented; however, the results vary between reports. These varying results may be due to the limited knowledge of cellular action in laser-irradiated skin. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of laser treatment under effective conditions for hair cycle initiation. A fractional CO2 laser was applied and optimized to initiate the hair cycle in a mouse model of alopecia. Several cellular markers were analyzed in the irradiated skin using immunofluorescence staining. Cellular populations and their comprehensive gene expression were analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatics. The effective irradiation condition for initiating the hair cycle was found to be 15 mJ energy/spot, which generates approximately 500 μm depth columns, but does not penetrate the dermis, only reaching approximately 1 spot/mm2 . The proportion of macrophage clusters significantly increased upon irradiation, whereas the proportion of fibroblast clusters decreased. The macrophages strongly expressed C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (Ccr2), which is known to be a key signal for injury-induced hair growth. We found that fractional CO2 laser irradiation recruited Ccr2 positive macrophages, and induced hair regrowth in a mouse alopecia model. These findings may contribute to the development of stable and effective fractional laser irradiation conditions for human alopecia treatment.

GC-MS and in vitro antibacterial potential of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil against some clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates.

Antibiotic resistance is increasing alarmingly in all parts of the world. Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl (C. camphora) is one of the earliest herbal remedies still in use today in traditional medicine. This study aimed to analyze the component of C. camphora grown widelyin Saudi Arabia (Qassim region) using GC-MS. Also, this study evaluates the in vitro antibacterial properties of C. camphora against certain clinical bacteria obtained from hospitals, including multi-drug resistant pathogens. Leaves of C. camphora tree were collected and essential oil was extracted for this study. The extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Eight clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogens were used in this study for the following assays: antibiotics susceptibility assay, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and MIC index (MBC/MIC). The results show that the main components of the essential oil (EO) from the leaves ofC. camphorawere Eucalyptol. The EO had good antibacterial activity against eight clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogens, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii (two strains), Klebsiella pneumonia (two strains), Escherichia coli (one strain), Staphylococcus aureus (two strains). These findings may lead to a more complete knowledge of this aromatic plant's antibacterial action against antibiotic-resistant pathogens (in vitro).

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Climate change is one of the most serious environmental challenges affecting people all over the world causing widespread agitation and having an impact on economic systems such as agricultural production. Local communities in Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, are heavily dependent on agriculture. In contrast, the agricultural activity of the local community was depressed by threats such as increased temperature, prolonged drought, and changes in rainfall distribution. To mitigate the adverse consequences of climate change, it is important to understand the local knowledge of adaptation and mitigation actions. This research was a look into the climate change adaptation and mitigation in Ethiopia’s Madda Walabu District households to survive. The objective of the study was to investigate climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies for the synergy of the communities in the Madda Walabu District. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure and three villages were randomly selected. A total of 150 sample households from the three villages were interviewed. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyse data, and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for analysis. The results showed that most of the respondents have perceived an increase in temperature, fluctuation in the rainy season, and a decrease in the amount of rainfall. The respondents perceived that they are vulnerable to local climate variability. This study also revealed that 78% of the respondents followed different adaptation strategies to climate change, such as irrigation intensification, agroforestry, agronomic, and cultural practices. Adaptation and mitigation measures can be developed by enhancing the adaptive and mitigating capacity of forest-dependent communities. Therefore, awareness creation on climate change, variability, adaptation, and mitigation measures should be considered toward enhancing the adaptive capacity of the local communities in line with providing seasonal weather information. More research in the domain of climate change and mitigation techniques is needed as several statistical results were not as predicted, and the amount of adaptation and mitigation synergies was low. Furthermore, the study’s households were predominantly pastoralists, and their climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy for the livestock sector was an issue that needed to be addressed urgently.

Living with hazards: Prediction uncertainty and personal protective behavior at frequently and infrequently erupting Volcanoes—Tungurahua and Cotopaxi, Ecuador

This paper compares citizen knowledge of volcanic hazards, attitudes about officials who study volcano eruptions, and the personal protective behavior of residents in two Ecuadorean communities with varying degrees of active volcano exposure and experience. The central research question is how knowledge of, and confidence in, volcano monitoring organizations and officials and individual beliefs in natural warning signs, are related to citizen knowledge of protective actions (e.g., hazard awareness, evacuation strategies, and mitigation actions). Tungurahua volcano (Baños, Ecuador) entered an eruptive phase in 1999. As activity continued, scientists increased their educational outreach and engaged the local community in the monitoring process. We examine whether this evolving relationship between scientists and the community increased public safety and resulted in a stronger community understanding of volcanic processes and prediction science. In contrast, a phase of limited eruptive activity of Cotopaxi (Latacunga, Ecuador) volcano started in late summer 2015. Prior to this, standard monitoring capabilities and communication were in place in the nearby communities of San Francisco and Rumipamba and attention by the government and nonprofit organizations had begun to increase. We use survey data collected in 2016 (in Baños and in Latacunga) to compare citizen hazard knowledge, prediction awareness, and protective actions around Tungurahua and Cotopaxi. Our results show that there are significant differences in volcano knowledge and confidence in local volcano officials between the two communities. We also find that confidence in local volcano officials is positively related to personal protective actions, and that increased confidence in natural warning signs of volcano eruption may be inversely related to support for local volcano officials.