Textbook Knowledge Research Articles

Investigation concerning the uniqueness of separatrix lines separating liquidlike from gaslike regimes deep in the supercritical phase of water with a focus on Widom line concepts.

The supercritical phase of fluids has long been known to feature significantly different liquidlike and gaslike regimes. However, it is textbook knowledge that the supercritical state is a homogeneous fluid phase where properties change continuously. Nevertheless, there has been an increasing amount of evidence published that suggests that there might exist a unique line that rigorously separates different regimes in supercritical phases, particularly in the case of water. Here, we use the quasiexact IAPWS95 equation of state to rigorously assess the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of supercritical water without invoking any water model or related approximations. We focus on how these properties change deep in the supercritical phase, in particular if they allow one to introduce a unique "thermodynamic separatrix." Our rigorous thermodynamic analysis, which relies exclusively on accurate experimental data, makes clear that there is no unique separatrix in real supercritical water-such as the recently much-invoked "Widom line." A comparison to the van der Waals equation of state reproduces qualitatively all our findings for real water, thereby suggesting that our analysis should be transferable to other fluids and critical points. Topological analysis of the H-bond network structure of supercritical water, as obtained from molecular-dynamics simulations using a standard water model, demonstrates that also the percolation line does not provide a meaningful separatrix to rigorously distinguish liquidlike from gaslike regimes.

Arginine "Magic": Guanidinium Like-Charge Ion Pairing from Aqueous Salts to Cell Penetrating Peptides.

It is a textbook knowledge that charges of the same polarity repel each other. For two monovalent ions in the gas phase at a close contact this repulsive interaction amounts to hundreds of kilojoules per mole. In aqueous solutions, however, this Coulomb repulsion is strongly attenuated by a factor equal to the dielectric constant of the medium. The residual repulsion, which now amounts only to units of kilojoules per mole, may be in principle offset by attractive interactions. Probably the smallest cationic pair, where a combination of dispersion and cavitation forces overwhelms the Coulomb repulsion, consists of two guanidinium ions in water. Indeed, by a combination of molecular dynamics with electronic structure calculations and electrophoretic, as well as spectroscopic, experiments, we have demonstrated that aqueous guanidinium cations form (weakly) thermodynamically stable like-charge ion pairs. The importance of pairing of guanidinium cations in aqueous solutions goes beyond a mere physical curiosity, since it has significant biochemical implications. Guanidinium chloride is known to be an efficient and flexible protein denaturant. This is due to the ability of the orientationally amphiphilic guanidinium cations to disrupt various secondary structural motifs of proteins by pairing promiscuously with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, including guanidinium-containing side chains of arginines. The fact that the cationic guanidinium moiety forms the dominant part of the arginine side chain implies that the like-charge ion pairing may also play a role for interactions between peptides and proteins. Indeed, arginine-arginine pairing has been frequently found in structural protein databases. In particular, when strengthened by a presence of negatively charged glutamate, aspartate, or C-terminal carboxylic groups, this binding motif helps to stabilize peptide or protein dimers and is also found in or near active sites of several enzymes. The like-charge pairing of the guanidinium side-chain groups may also hold the key to the understanding of the arginine "magic", that is, the extraordinary ability of arginine-rich polypeptides to passively penetrate across cellular membranes. Unlike polylysines, which are also highly cationic but lack the ease in crossing membranes, polyarginines do not exhibit mutual repulsion. Instead, they accumulate at the membrane, weaken it, and might eventually cross in a concerted, "train-like" manner. This behavior of arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides can be exploited when devising smart strategies how to deliver in a targeted way molecular cargos into the cell.

New insights into the formation and the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration

ABSTRACTLamellipodia and ruffles are veil-shaped cell protrusions composed of a highly branched actin filament meshwork assembled by the Arp2/3 complex. These structures not only hallmark the leading edge of cells adopting the adhesion-based mesenchymal mode of migration but are also thought to drive cell movement.Although regarded as textbook knowledge, the mechanism of formation of lamellipodia and ruffles has been revisited in the last years leveraging new technologies. Furthermore, recent observations have also challenged our current view of the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration.Here, I review this literature and compare it with older studies to highlight the controversies and the outstanding open issues in the field. Moreover, I outline simple and plausible explanations to reconcile conflicting results and conclusions. Finally, I integrate the mechanisms regulating actin-based protrusion in a unifying model that accounts for random and ballistic mesenchymal cell migration.

A novel rhodopsin phosphodiesterase from Salpingoeca rosetta shows light-enhanced substrate affinity.

It is since many years textbook knowledge that the concentration of the second messenger cGMP is regulated in animal rod and cone cells by type II rhodopsins via a G-protein signaling cascade. Microbial rhodopsins with enzymatic activity for regulation of cGMP concentration were only recently discovered: in 2014 light-activated guanylyl-cyclase opsins in fungi and in 2017 a novel rhodopsin phosphodiesterase (RhoPDE) in the protist Salpingoeca rosetta (SrRhoPDE). The light regulation of SrRhoPDE, however, seemed very weak or absent. Here, we present strong evidence for light regulation by studying SrRhoPDE, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, at different substrate concentrations. Hydrolysis of cGMP shows an ∼100-fold higher turnover than that of cAMP. Light causes a strong decrease in the Km value for cGMP from 80 to 13 µM but increases the maximum turnover only by ∼30%. The PDE activity for cAMP is similarly enhanced by light at low substrate concentrations. Illumination does not affect the cGMP degradation of Lys296 mutants that are not able to form a covalent bond of Schiff base type to the chromophore retinal. We demonstrate that SrRhoPDE shows cytosolic N- and C-termini, most likely via an eight-transmembrane helix structure. SrRhoPDE is a new optogenetic tool for light-regulated cGMP manipulation which might be further improved by genetic engineering.

LGBT inclusivity in health assessment textbooks.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people make up 4% of the adult population in the United States; however, it is unclear if there is sufficient material in nursing textbooks for students to learn how to provide care for sexual minority populations. A content analysis of two commonly used health assessment textbooks was completed to identify material that prepared nurses for LGBT patient interactions. Topics such as gender neutrality, same-sex partners, and other terms referring to LGBT persons were considered LGBT content. Campinha-Bacote's The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare was used as the theoretical framework to assess the textbooks' content on five constructs: awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire to learn. Eleven pages in one text and 14 in the other had at least one line that addressed LGBT health assessment. Investigators found content related to the constructs of awareness, knowledge, and skill in both textbooks. In all cases, the content was limited in depth; both textbooks lacked exemplars and application of LGBT-specific health content. Inclusion of this information in textbooks or other learning resources is needed to enhance nurses' cultural knowledge and skill to improve health care outcomes within this vulnerable population.

Natural noncanonical protein splicing yields products with diverse β-amino acid residues.

Current textbook knowledge holds that the structural scope of ribosomal biosynthesis is based exclusively on α-amino acid backbone topology. Here we report the genome-guided discovery of bacterial pathways that posttranslationally create β-amino acid-containing products. The transformation is widespread in bacteria and is catalyzed by an enzyme belonging to a previously uncharacterized radical S-adenosylmethionine family. We show that the β-amino acids result from an unusual protein splicing process involving backbone carbon-carbon bond cleavage and net excision of tyramine. The reaction can be used to incorporate diverse and multiple β-amino acids into genetically encoded precursors in Escherichia coli In addition to enlarging the set of basic amino acid components, the excision generates keto functions that are useful as orthogonal reaction sites for chemical diversification.

Sprandel, Inc.: Electronic Workpapers, Audit Documentation, and Closing Review Notes in the Audit of Accounts Receivable

ABSTRACTWorkpaper review is an important quality control mechanism in the audit environment. However, appropriately responding to review notes is not commonly taught. The Sprandel, Inc. case provides a hands-on learning experience for students to connect textbook audit knowledge through use of an activity regularly performed in audit practice: closing review notes. Through the process of closing review notes, students practice auditing accounts receivable, including performing audit procedures related to internal controls and substantive audit work. The case also provides students with an opportunity to use Excel to complete electronic workpapers and to document their audit procedures. Further, the case requires students to use critical-thinking skills and apply professional skepticism when performing audit procedures, evaluating audit evidence, and making decisions. Finally, this case helps students understand how auditing standards apply to the procedures performed during an audit of accounts receivable. The case is designed for auditing courses at the undergraduate or graduate level.

Amide activation: an emerging tool for chemoselective synthesis.

It is textbook knowledge that carboxamides benefit from increased stabilisation of the electrophilic carbonyl carbon when compared to other carbonyl and carboxyl derivatives. This results in a considerably reduced reactivity towards nucleophiles. Accordingly, a perception has been developed of amides as significantly less useful functional handles than their ester and acid chloride counterparts. However, a significant body of research on the selective activation of amides to achieve powerful transformations under mild conditions has emerged over the past decades. This review article aims at placing electrophilic amide activation in both a historical context and in that of natural product synthesis, highlighting the synthetic applications and the potential of this approach.

ON THE PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION AND NEW METHODS OF TEACHING

The article deals with the historiography of hermeneutics in modern schools. The definition of the purpose of education is presented, the necessity of changing the principle of the presentation of knowledge in textbooks, as well as the psychological and physiological features of instruction, the necessity of taking into account the regularity of the system education-man-science-education are justified.

The Representation of English Cultural Knowledge in Middle School English Textbooks

The Representation of English Cultural Knowledge in Middle School English Textbooks

Late age onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is often not considered in elderly people.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease causing an upper and lower motor neuron loss. It is neurology textbook knowledge that the mean age of onset is about 60years. However, recent investigations show an increasing incidence in older persons. We therefore evaluated whether ALS is potentially not considered in elderly people with ALS symptoms, respectively, not recognized. We included retrospectively all patients with ALS diagnoses after work-up that were admitted to our neurological and geriatric departments from 2007 to 2010 and collected their clinical data. The diagnosis of ALS was based on the El Escorial criteria. Patients were grouped into three categories according to age (<50, between 50 and 70, >70), and differences in clinical and/ or biographical factors were investigated. We identified 35 patients (18 men and 17 women) with a median age at onset of 71.5years (range: 36-87years). When establishing the diagnosis, 51% were older than 70years, 40% (14/35) between 50 and 70, and only 9% younger than 50. Only in 46 per cent of patients who were sent to our departments with ALS symptoms ALS was considered by the referring physician. Late age onset of ALS seems to be more common than formerly assumed and is presumably under-recognized in elderly patients. ALS needs to be considered as a differential diagnosis in older patients. Potential factors accounting for older people being underdiagnosed with ALS relate to frequent presentation with symptoms like dysphagia, frailty or general weakness for other reasons.

LIFE SKILL EDUCATION:STASTUS, PRACTICE AND POLICY IN INDIA

Now a day’sparents, teachers,students,institutes,policy makers,and politicians also talking about life skills. They consider that “We should not give the only a text book knowledge to our child, we should provide them all skills which required for excellent life .If you want to say say I am human or we are social animals then you must acquire the skills which defined by the WHO.These are known as communication,critical thinking, creativity, self-awareness, decision making, problem solving,empathy, interpersonal relationship ,these all require for coping with stress and coping with emotions.This paper is focus based on literature reviews,how this skills are nurtured not only our education system overall human life. Along with trying to focus life skill policy and practices.

Anxiety, Depression, and Impaired Quality of Life in Primary Aldosteronism: Why We Shouldn't Ignore It!

Many endocrinopathies are associated with impaired quality of life and psychiatric comorbidities. Personality changes are characteristic features of endocrine diseases and can even be the dominating symptom. In such circumstances, a patient will be treated for an apparent primary psychiatric condition, whereas the underlying endocrine diagnosis is delayed for month or even years. It is textbook knowledge that mania and psychosis may be found in patients with severe hyperthyroidism, whereas patients with Cushing syndrome frequently have depressive symptoms and cognitive disturbances. In pituitary diseases, the spectrum depends on the underlying hyperfunction or hypofunction: acromegalic patients often have maladaptive personality traits and higher rates of affective disorders, and patients with prolactinoma have changes in sleep pattern and cognition.

中学・高校の理科教科書における知識の潜在的規模 : テキストからの語彙量推定に基づく分析

中学・高校の理科教科書における知識の潜在的規模 : テキストからの語彙量推定に基づく分析

Gastrointestinal Tract As Entry Route for Hantavirus Infection.

Background: Hantaviruses are zoonotic agents that cause hemorrhagic fevers and are thought to be transmitted to humans by exposure to aerosolized excreta of infected rodents. Puumala virus (PUUV) is the predominant endemic hantavirus in Europe. A large proportion of PUUV-infected patients suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms of unclear origin. In this study we demonstrate that PUUV infection can occur via the alimentary tract.Methods: We investigated susceptibility of the human small intestinal epithelium for PUUV infection and analyzed the resistance of virions to gastric juice. As model for intestinal virus translocation we performed infection experiments with human intestinal Caco-2 monolayers. In animal experiments we infected Syrian hamsters with PUUV via the intragastric route and tested seroconversion and protective immunity against subsequent Andes virus challenge.Results: PUUV retained infectivity in gastric juice at pH >3. The virus invaded Caco-2 monolayers in association with endosomal antigen EEA1, followed by virus replication and loss of epithelial barrier function with basolateral virus occurrence. Cellular disturbance and depletion of the tight junction protein ZO-1 appeared after prolonged infection, leading to paracellular leakage (leak flux diarrhea). Moreover, animal experiments led to dose-dependent seroconversion and protection against lethal Andes virus challenge.Conclusions: We provide evidence that hantavirus can infect the organism via the alimentary tract and suggest a novel aspect of hantavirus infection and pathogenesis.Significance: Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens causing severe hemorrhagic fevers worldwide. They are transmitted to humans by small mammals. To date, these viruses were thought to infect exclusively through the airborne route by inhalation of aerosols from infectious animal droppings or by rodent bites. In our work we could show that the alimentary tract is an alternative path of infection for hantaviruses, meaning a new association of virus and disease. These findings have impact on current textbook knowledge and bring many implications for hantavirus epidemiology and outbreak prevention measures.

Controversy as a Blind Spot in Teaching Nature of Science

In this article, the argument is put forth that controversies about the scope and limits of science should be considered in Nature of Science (NOS) teaching. Reference disciplines for teaching NOS are disciplines, which reflect upon science, like philosophy of science, history of science, and sociology of science. The culture of these disciplines is characterized by controversy rather than unified textbook knowledge. There is common agreement among educators of the arts and humanities that controversies in the reference disciplines should be represented in education. To teach NOS means to adopt a reflexive perspective on science. Therefore, we suggest that controversies within and between the reference disciplines are relevant for NOS teaching and not only the NOS but about NOS should be taught, too. We address the objections that teaching about NOS is irrelevant for real life and too demanding for students. First, we argue that science-reflexive meta-discourses are relevant for students as future citizens because the discourses occur publicly in the context of sociopolitical disputes. Second, we argue that it is in fact necessary to reduce the complexity of the above-mentioned discourses and that this is indeed possible, as it has been done with other reflexive elements in science education. In analogy to the German construct Bewertungskompetenz (which means the competency to make informed ethical decisions in scientific contexts), we suggest epistemic competency as a goal for NOS teaching. In order to do so, science-reflexive controversies must be simplified and attitudes toward science must be considered. Discourse on the scientific status of potential pseudoscience may serve as an authentic and relevant context for teaching the controversial nature of reflexion on science.

Antiviral Drugs and Other Therapeutic Options for Dengue Virus Infection

Dengue is an important mosquito-borne human viral disease globally. Dynamic clinical presentations in affected subjects have been well documented. Majority of affected people are asymptomatic, and to some extent, mild dengue fever. Only small percentage of individuals progress to life-threatening dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue-shock syndrome, featured with increase vascular permeability and plasma leakage. Although the death rate is low, the consequence of the public burden is always underestimated. Currently, mosquito control and supportive care are the most common practice for dengue measure and patient care, respectively. Severe form of dengue is a time-dependent febrile illness since hemorrhagic or shock manifested at the time of defervescence period, and the virus has been cleared off from the circulation of affected hosts. Severe dengue is therefore considered to be a consequence of imbalance of host response to the infection. Therapeutic modalities that can inhibit or mitigate the progression of the disease have been investigated for many decades. However, these intensive efforts on the antiviral drugs to counter the dengue virus (DENV) infection as well as recent clinical trials with repurposing drugs or with natural products from herbal plants to prevent the plasma leakage have not yet produced exciting and effective outcomes. Knowledge gained during recent years demonstrates that the DENV may have a much more complicated life cycle than researchers initially thought of. Furthermore, traditionally, dengue has been viewed to be an acute febrile illness, but recent evidence suggests that asymptomatic DENV infections in healthy subjects are a likely event. This rekindles new avenue of developing therapeutic antiviral drugs to treat dengue. However, in order to advance our view on developing antiviral drugs to dengue, an unconventional wisdom deviated from classical textbook knowledge is an innovative step to build and guide through the process.

Understanding and supporting teacher horizon knowledge around limits: a framework for evaluating textbooks for teachers

ABSTRACTAs part of recent scrutiny of teacher capacity, the question of teachers’ content knowledge of higher level mathematics emerges as important to the field of mathematics education. Elementary teachers in North America and some other countries tend to be subject generalists, yet it appears that some higher level mathematics background may be appropriate for teachers. An initial examination of a small sample of textbooks for teachers suggested the existence of a wide array of treatments and depth and quality of mathematics coverage. Based on the literature, a new framework was created to assess the mathematical quality of treatments for both specialized knowledge and horizon knowledge in mathematics textbooks for teachers. The framework was tested on a sample topic of the circle area formula derivation, chosen because it draws heavily on both specialized and horizon knowledge. The framework may contribute to similar analyses of other topics in a broader range of resources, in the overall quest to better describe the details of what constitutes appropriate mathematics horizon knowledge for teachers.

Consumption, Production, and Rhetorical Knowledge in Visual and Multimodal Textbooks

Grounded in a multimodal turn in composition studies, this article reports findings from a quantitative taxonomy analysis of four visual rhetoric and multimodal composition textbooks. This analysis reveals that while theories privilege the production of visual and multimodal compositions, the practices encapsulated in these textbooks promote the consumption of such compositions more so than production. As a result, instructors will have to be mindful about their uptake of visual and multimodal textbooks if they want to teach in ways that are theoretically grounded and rhetorically rich.

Chemical Approaches to Studying Labile Amino Acid Phosphorylation.

Phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues is the archetypal posttranslational modification of proteins. While phosphorylation of these residues has become standard textbook knowledge, phosphorylation of other amino acid side chains is underappreciated and minimally characterized by comparison. This disparity is rooted in the relative instability of these chemically distinct amino acid side chain moieties, namely phosphoramidates, acyl phosphates, thiophosphates, and phosphoanhydrides. In the case of the O-phosphorylated amino acids, synthetic constructs were critical to assessing their stability and developing tools for their study. As the chemical biology community has become more aware of these alternative phosphorylation sites, methodology has been developed for the synthesis of well-characterized standards and close mimics of these phosphorylated amino acids as well. In this article, we review the synthetic chemistry that is a prerequisite to progress in this field.