Textbook Knowledge Research Articles

Anomalous heat transport and condensation in convection of cryogenic helium

When a hot body A is thermally connected to a cold body B, the textbook knowledge is that heat flows from A to B. Here, we describe the opposite case in which heat flows from a colder but constantly heated body B to a hotter but constantly cooled body A through a two-phase liquid-vapor system. Specifically, we provide experimental evidence that heat flows through liquid and vapor phases of cryogenic helium from the constantly heated, but cooler, bottom plate of a Rayleigh-Bénard convection cell to its hotter, but constantly cooled, top plate. The bottom plate is heated uniformly, and the top plate is cooled by heat exchange with liquid helium maintained at 4.2 K. Additionally, for certain experimental conditions, a rain of helium droplets is detected by small sensors placed in the cell at about one-half of its height.

One decade after the discovery of single-cell C4 species in terrestrial plants: what did we learn about the minimal requirements of C4 photosynthesis?

Until about 10years ago the general accepted textbook knowledge was that terrestrial C4 photosynthesis requires separation of photosynthetic functions into two specialized cell types, the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells forming the distinctive Kranz anatomy typical for C4 plants. This paradigm has been broken with the discovery of Suaeda aralocaspica, a chenopod from central Asia, performing C4 photosynthesis within individual chlorenchyma cells. Since then, three more single-cell C4 (SCC4) species have been discovered in the genus Bienertia. They are interesting not only because of their unusual mode of photosynthesis but also present a puzzle for cell biologists. In these species, two morphological and biochemical specialized types of chloroplasts develop within individual chlorenchyma cells, a situation that has never been observed in plants before. Here we review recent literature concerning the biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology of SCC4 photosynthesis. Particularly, we focus on what has been learned in relation to the following questions: How does the specialized morphology required for the operation of SCC4 develop and is there a C3 intermediate type of photosynthesis during development? What is the degree of specialization between the two chloroplast types and how does this compare to the chloroplasts of Kranz C4 species? How do nucleus-encoded proteins that are targeted to chloroplasts accumulate differentially in the two chloroplast types and how efficient is the CO2 concentrating mechanism in SCC4 species compared to the Kranz C4 forms?

The Challenge of Decolonization School History Textbooks as Media and Objects of the Postcolonial Politics of Memory in France since the 1960s

This article analyzes how the fundamental challenge of decolonization has resonated in history textbooks published in France since the 1960s. It therefore contextualizes textbook knowledge within different areas of society and focuses on predominant discourses that influenced history textbooks' (post)colonial representations in the period examined. These discourses encompass the crisis of Western civilization, modernization, republican integration, and the postcolonial politics of memory. The author argues that history textbooks have thus become media, as well as objects of an emerging postcolonial politics of memory that involves intense conflicts over immigration and national identity and challenges France's (post)colonial legacy in general.

The Repertoire of Glycosphingolipids Recognized by Vibrio cholerae

The binding of cholera toxin to the ganglioside GM1 as the initial step in the process leading to diarrhea is nowadays textbook knowledge. In contrast, the knowledge about the mechanisms for attachment of Vibrio cholerae bacterial cells to the intestinal epithelium is limited. In order to clarify this issue, a large number of glycosphingolipid mixtures were screened for binding of El Tor V. cholerae. Several specific interactions with minor complex non-acid glycosphingolipids were thereby detected. After isolation of binding-active glycosphingolipids, characterization by mass spectrometry and proton NMR, and comparative binding studies, three distinct glycosphingolipid binding patterns were defined. Firstly, V. cholerae bound to complex lacto/neolacto glycosphingolipids with the GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc sequence as the minimal binding epitope. Secondly, glycosphingolipids with a terminal Galα3Galα3Gal moiety were recognized, and the third specificity was the binding to lactosylceramide and related compounds. V. cholerae binding to lacto/neolacto glycosphingolipids, and to the other classes of binding-active compounds, remained after deletion of the chitin binding protein GbpA. Thus, the binding of V. cholerae to chitin and to lacto/neolacto containing glycosphingolipids represents two separate binding specificities.

Quadrupole Susceptibility of Gd-Based Filled Skutterudite Compounds

It is shown that quadrupole susceptibility can be detected in Gd compounds contrary to our textbook knowledge that Gd$^{3+}$ ion induces pure spin moment due to the Hund's rules in an $LS$ coupling scheme. The ground-state multiplet of Gd$^{3+}$ is always characterized by $J$=7/2, where $J$ denotes total angular momentum, but in a $j$-$j$ coupling scheme, one $f$ electron in $j$=7/2 octet carries quadrupole moment, while other six electrons fully occupy $j$=5/2 sextet, where $j$ denotes one-electron total angular momentum. For realistic values of Coulomb interaction and spin-orbit coupling, the ground-state wavefunction is found to contain significant amount of the $j$-$j$ coupling component. From the evaluation of quadrupole susceptibility in a simple mean-field approximation, we point out a possibility to detect the softening of elastic constant in Gd-based filled skutterudites.

A Review of The Oxford Handbook of Bayesian Econometrics

Handbooks are designed to showcase the state of the art in a field, and this one is no exception. With contributions from experts in the discipline, the Handbook highlights the ability of modern Bayesian techniques to tackle the empirical problems that currently drive economics and its affiliated areas. In particular, the inherent suitability of the Bayesian paradigm for dealing effectively with the large scale, complex structures that describe all aspects of the modern economic world, is made abundantly clear. The editors and authors are to be congratulated on their efforts. As is consistent with the handbook genre, this book is not for beginners but, rather, attempts to bridge the gap between textbook knowledge and the research literature, as well as bringing more experienced researchers up to date with the latest developments in specific subfields. Whilst certain chapters do provide introductory material that would overlap with a textbook exposition, the reader who would derive the most value from the Handbook is one already equipped with an appreciation of the fundamental aspects the Bayesian paradigm. An ideal reader would, for example, understand the basic premise of Bayesian statistics: namely that probability is a degree of belief and that, as a consequence, uncertainty about all unknowns—including parameters and models—is legitimately quantified using probability distributions. Once this basic tenet is absorbed, the reason why much of Bayesian analysis is concerned with estimating features of those probability distributions (usually via simulation), becomes obvious, and certain recurring themes in the Handbook can be seen as links in a coherent story.

Review Article: A Critique

Dear Editor, I read the review article ‘Principles of Physics in Surgery: The Laws of Flow Dynamics Physics for Surgeons—Part I’ by Srivastava et al. [1] in July–August 2009 issue, pages 182–187 with great interest. The authors have very well summarized the various laws of physics applicable to haemodynamics. I am a regular reader of the Indian Journal of Surgery, but the publication of this ‘Review Article’ raises certain issues, which I believe should be considered by the editorial board. The title of the article gives an impression as if the laws of physics cited are applicable only to surgery. On the contrary, the authors could have used the word ‘Medical Science’ rather than surgery, because these laws are applicable to haemodynamics with which all clinical specialties have to deal with and not only surgeons. The article is nothing but a summary of well-established facts and chapters published in various text books of physics and physiology. A look at the reference list clearly brings this to light: Of the 17 references, 11 are textbooks and 6 of these are from only two textbooks [2, 3]. I wish to bring forth the fact, that the laws and their applications summarized are taught to undergraduate (MBBS) medical students during their first year of graduation, and hence it is difficult to believe that surgeons are unaware of these basic principles and a review article is required. A review article should not be just a mere presentation of facts that are well documented. It’s hard to believe that a journal like Indian Journal of Surgery has published nothing more than textbook knowledge as a review article. This letter should be viewed as a healthy comment for the growth and betterment of Indian medical journals in general.

The Experiences of Nurses With Mental Health Problems: Colleagues' Perspectives

A 3-stage qualitative study conducted in 2008 aimed to explore the issues to inform a mental health education program to deliver to nurses. This article presents the findings of Stage 1. Data were collected from semistructured interviews conducted with 14 Australian nurses. The interviews explored nurses' knowledge and understanding of mental health problems and their workplace experiences of working with nurses with mental health problems. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for the main themes: textbook knowledge, day-to-day support, and workplace considerations. These nurses' narratives guided the implementation of a mental health education workshop targeting nurses (Stage 2).

Early auditory sensory processing is facilitated by visual mechanisms

There is compelling evidence that low-level sensory areas are sensitive to more than one modality. For example, auditory cortices respond to visual-only stimuli (Calvert et al., 1997; Meyer et al., 2010; Pekkola et al., 2005) and conversely, visual sensory areas respond to sound sources even in auditory-only conditions (Poirier et al., 2005; von Kriegstein et al., 2008; von Kriegstein and Giraud, 2006). Currently, it is unknown what makes the brain activate modality-specific, sensory areas solely in response to input of a different modality. One reason may be that such activations are instrumental for early sensory processing of the input modality — a hypothesis that is contrary to current text book knowledge. Here we test this hypothesis by harnessing a temporally highly resolved method, i.e., magnetoencephalography (MEG), to identify the temporal response profile of visual regions in response to auditory-only voice recognition. Participants () briefly learned a set of voices audio–visually, i.e., together with a talking face in an ecologically valid situation, as in daily life. Once subjects were able to recognize these now familiar voices, we measured their brain responses using MEG. The results revealed two key mechanisms that characterize the sensory processing of familiar speakers’ voices: (i) activation in the visual face-sensitive fusiform gyrus at very early auditory processing stages, i.e., only 100 ms after auditory onset and (ii) a temporal facilitation of auditory processing (M200) that was directly associated with improved recognition performance. These findings suggest that visual areas are instrumental already during very early auditory-only processing stages and indicate that the brain uses visual mechanisms to optimize sensory processing and recognition of auditory stimuli.

Tagmatization in Stomatopoda – reconsidering functional units of modern-day mantis shrimps (Verunipeltata, Hoplocarida) and implications for the interpretation of fossils

IntroductionWe describe the tagmatization pattern of the anterior region of the extant stomatopod Erugosquilla massavensis. For documentation we used the autofluorescence capacities of the specimens, resulting in a significant contrast between sclerotized and membranous areas.ResultsThe anterior body region of E. massavensis can be grouped into three tagmata. Tagma I, the sensorial unit, comprises the segments of the eyes, antennules and antennae. This unit is set-off anteriorly from the posterior head region. Ventrally this unit surrounds a large medial sclerite, interpreted as the anterior part of the hypostome. Dorsally the antennular and antennal segments each bear a well-developed tergite. The dorsal shield is part of tagma II, most of the ventral part of which is occupied in the midline by the large, partly sclerotized posterior part of a complex combining hypostome and labrum. Tagma II includes three more segments behind the labrum, the mandibular, maxillulary and maxillary segments. Tagma III includes the maxillipedal segments, bearing five pairs of sub-chelate appendages. The dorsal sclerite of the first of these tagma-III segments, the segment of the first maxillipeds, is not included in the shield, so this segment is not part of tagma II as generally thought. The second and third segments of tagma III form a unit dorsally and ventrally. The tergites of the segments of tagma III become progressively larger from the anterior to the posterior, possibly resulting from a paedomorphic effect during evolution, which caused this reversed enlargement.ConclusionsThe described pattern of tagmosis differs from current textbook knowledge. Therefore, our re-description of the anterior body area of stomatopods is of considerable impact for understanding the head evolution of Stomatopoda. Likewise, it has a bearing upon any comparisons with fossil stomatopods, as mainly sclerotized areas are fossilized, and, on a wider scale, upon larger-scale comparisons with other malacostracans and eucrustaceans in general.

Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Biological Basis of Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis”

We would like to thank Dr Toska for pointing out an inaccuracy pertaining to Figure 1 in our recent review article.1 Indeed, the figure reflects outdated textbook knowledge on the physiology of fluid exchange between the various compartments (arteries, capillaries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and the interstitium). According to current …

Quantifying land use and disturbance intensity in forestry, based on the self-thinning relationship

Forest management and disturbances affect forest soils and biomass carbon stocks, emissions to the atmosphere, and radiative forcing. The conventional approaches to quantifying the intensity of land management based on net primary productivity (NPP) are limited because they lack a sound ecological basis. These limitations are especially evident for forests. This study proposes a new way of characterizing the degree of management and disturbance in forest stands that do not experience a change in classification, i.e., they remain forests. The proposed index, called land use and disturbance intensity (LUDI), uses the relationship between stand density and diameter at breast height for a relatively unmanaged/pristine baseline forest and different management schemes, in conjunction with the self-thinning relationship, to calculate the difference between potential and actual biomass storage. The LUDI distinguishes between the long and short timescales associated with management and disturbance. This capacity sets it apart from the conventional NPP-based approaches currently used to quantify the disturbance intensity. The study uses a semi-qualitative validation approach to demonstrate that the proposed index reproduces textbook knowledge on management and disturbance intensity. However, our quantitative approach that distinguishes between timescales adds insight into the effects of forest management on the living biomass stock. Further, data from the German national forest inventory were used to demonstrate that the proposed index does not require knowledge about the management scheme. Although LUDI is constrained to aboveground living biomass, we believe that the approach is useful in the context of broadening our capability in large-scale management reconstruction and through this understanding the effects of land use on the carbon cycle, beyond effects of deforestation and afforestation.

Detoxification for medication overuse headache is not necessary

Current textbook knowledge states that patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse should be withdrawn from acute medication before initiating preventive drug therapy. This recommendation is based on the clinical impression that patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse are refractory to preventive therapy. Recently, however, four randomised trials, two with topiramate and two with onabotulinum toxin A, showed that about half of patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse will respond to these treatments and show both a reduction in migraine days and intake of acute medication. Therefore, we propose to educate patients on the mechanisms of medication overuse and motivate them to reduce intake frequency. Patients who fail should be offered either topiramate or onabotulinum toxin A in combination with behavioural therapy and regular exercise. If this approach fails, patients should be offered withdrawal therapy.

Management of geometric knowledge in textbooks

This paper describes Geometric Knowledge Management, explains its main topics and research challenges, and introduces several methods and techniques for geometric knowledge representation, encapsulation, organization, communication, and processing. The proposed methods and techniques make use of general methodologies developed in Mathematical Knowledge Management and take into account the special features of geometry. They are applied to the design and implementation of a system, called an Electronic Geometry Textbook, for representing and managing (plane Euclidean) geometric knowledge in the form of dynamic textbooks. The system may be used to assist users in constructing, maintaining, and sharing geometry textbooks or documents at a detailed granularity, and it is capable of automatically checking the consistency of the presentation structure and the completeness and redundancy of the contents of the constructed textbooks. It also interfaces with external geometry software for automated theorem proving and dynamic diagram drawing.

The future of the university

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the cost of basic or textbook knowledge that is asymptotically approaching zero.Design/methodology/approachNew ways to access such knowledge and to receive academic credit are challenging the mature academic institutions and acting as a disruptive innovation.FindingsThese alternatives will create competitive models, some current institutions will fade or be absorbed and the present institutions will/are undergoing substantive changes in what is delivered and how and what will emerge as the new value proposition.Originality/valueThis knowledge is both fungible and transferable across geo‐political boundaries including the walls of the Ivory Tower.

The SLP as Second-Language Learner

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderFirst Person on the Last Page1 Aug 2011The SLP as Second-Language Learner Sheila C. CullenMA, CCC-SLP Sheila C. Cullen Google Scholar More articles by this author , MA, CCC-SLP https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.LML.16082011.39 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2011/110705/First-Person-on-the-Last-Page--The-SLP-as-Second-Language-Learner.htm “I’ll see you next eggs,” I said to the principal of the small Mexican elementary school where I volunteered years ago. Realizing that my sloppy pronunciation of “Thursday” (jueves) sounded like “eggs” (huevos), I thought I understood his expressions of momentary confusion followed by true amusement. It was just a tiny vowel error, really, a sin any non-native speaker might commit. A moment later I became even more horrified with my “tiny” error when I remembered that “huevos” is also the slang word for “testicles.” Although it would have been a fantastic stroke of luck to grow up bilingual, learning a second language as an adult has offered me special insight into language learning I missed as a child. As both learner and teacher, I have come to observe my own process with a certain degree of fascination. I now view words not as simple referents but as living beings with their own unique and complex personalities. My first language serves as the anchor that allows me to lodge words in their proper cerebral habitat, but I must spend much more time together with my new words in many different places before we truly become friends. In my practice, I share these insights with my students’ families. I explain the importance of family field trips to the beach, library, zoo, or farmer’s market, because in each setting new words sprout into existence, while others are refined with new associations. I, too, must expand my social-linguistic contexts to give exercise to less familiar words. Thanks to Skype, I continue to benefit from regular communication with my Mexican teacher, who challenges me to step out of the practiced linguistic arena of my work. With a textbook knowledge of Spanish grammar, I am now very well equipped to identify those particular syntactic markers that are red flags for language impairment in Spanish-speaking preschoolers. Interestingly, their persistent errors are often the very ones I struggled with in Spanish. From word-finding to word order, I am empathetic to the challenges of second-language learners. I feel compassion for the child who just can’t seem to remember the difference between “walk” and “walked.” After all, it’s just a tiny phonetic distinction, like “jueves” and “huevos”—right? Author Notes is a bilingual speech-language pathologist working with Spanish-speaking preschoolers through the Santa Barbara County (Calif.) Education Office. She can be reached at [email protected]. Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Additional Resources FiguresSourcesRelatedDetails Volume 16Issue 8August 2011 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in print: Aug 1, 2011 Metrics Downloaded 100 times Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagleader-topicsasha-article-typesCopyright & Permissions© 2011 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...

Towards Small‐Scale Continuous Chemical Production: Technology Gaps and Challenges

AbstractContinuous processes are highly attractive and their advantages are textbook knowledge. However, for small‐scale chemical production (typically up to 100 t per year) batch processes are the predominant application. Why this is the case and what factors dominate the decision is analyzed. Apart from technological reasons, socioeconomic, as well as human factors have to be accounted for.

Linear transformations of variance/covariance matrices

Many applications in crystallography require the use of linear transformations on parameters and their standard uncertainties. While the transformation of the parameters is textbook knowledge, the transformation of the standard uncertainties is more complicated and needs the full variance/covariance matrix. For the transformation of second-rank tensors it is suggested that the 3 × 3 matrix is re-written into a 9 × 1 vector. The transformation of the corresponding variance/covariance matrix is then straightforward and easily implemented into computer software. This method is applied in the transformation of anisotropic displacement parameters, the calculation of equivalent isotropic displacement parameters, the comparison of refinements in different space-group settings and the calculation of standard uncertainties of eigenvalues.

Truth against truth: American and Arab history school textbooks portrayal of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Textbooks reflect a national consensus regarding the knowledge, values and perspectives that a society wants conveyed to their students. Through textbooks, students are exposed to a dominant narrative that presents an official story that shapes contemporary patriotism (Hein and Selden, 2000). This paper centers on how the narratives of textbooks portray the Arab–Israeli conflict and other relevant events. Textbooks from Iraq, Jordan, Egypt and the United States are examined to determine what knowledge is transmitted to students about the Arab–Israeli conflict. Findings indicate that the conflict is oversimplified, important information is omitted and textbooks provide limited narratives of the conflict. The authors of this study suggest the implementation of a narrative-based approach to teaching history so that students are provided with opportunities to develop a critical analysis of textbook knowledge and to discover that historical events are composed of multiple narratives that should be examined.

Emergency cell swimming

The study of cell locomotion is a branch of biophysics with a long history (1). One area that has been particularly successful at attracting the combined attention of theorists and experimentalists alike for more than 60 y is that of cell swimming, to the point of reaching textbook knowledge (2, 3). Most bacteria swim by inducing the passive rotation of helical flagella using rotary motors embedded in the cell wall. Swimming eukaryotes, such as spermatozoa or microalgae, generate propulsion by actively deforming flexible flagella in a wavelike fashion using the actuation of molecular motors along polymeric filaments. Ciliates, such as the protozoan Paramecium, swim under the coordinated deformation of a large number of cilia (short flagella) anchored on their surface. In PNAS, Hamel et al. (4) have experimentally measured the escape dynamics of Paramecium from a model aggression—specifically, a localized heating from a focused laser beam. Their results challenge the conventional physical picture for cell swimming in two ways, first by showing the unexpected role of inertial effects in unsteady swimming, and then by reporting on the discovery of a new swimming gait for Paramecium, not based on the use of cilia but on the rapid and directed discharge of organelles.