Kitchen Wastewater Research Articles

Carbon nanoparticle facilitated functional pyramid solar distillation unit for wastewater treatment

This paper proposes an efficient treatment of reverse osmosis reject (RO reject) and kitchen wastewater (KWW) in a locally developed single-stage functional pyramid solar distillation unit (FPSDU). The working mechanism of the designed and developed solar distillation unit, its specifications, treated water characteristics, novelty over conventional units, and economic analysis have been discussed in detail. The concept of coating glass beads is attempted for its functional application in solar still for generating photothermal heat. Carbon nanomaterials (CNP) coated glass beads were used as a heat storage medium. FPSDU produced approximately 6003 mL/m2day of treated water for KWW and 5868 mL/m2day for RO reject wastewater vis-a-vis output of 3000 mL/m2day for conventional solar distillation unit with an input of 7000 mL/m2day of wastewater in each case. This demonstrates that the FPSDU shows an improved performance than conventional distillation units, recovering about 85% of the treated water from KWW and RO reject wastewater as compared to 43% for conventional distillation units. The basin surface showed no signs of corrosion and the coating remained stable even after multiple cycles. The treated water met the criteria as per Indian standards, free with microbial contamination and can be used for different non-potable uses. Findings of the current research supports the improved effectiveness of FPSDU for RO reject and KWW treatment with immobilized carbon nanoparticles.

To Design the Low Cost Pilot Scale Self Watering Hydroponic System and to Study the Effect of Untreated Kitchen Waste Water on Plant Growth

To Design the Low Cost Pilot Scale Self Watering Hydroponic System and to Study the Effect of Untreated Kitchen Waste Water on Plant Growth

Scaling up of MFC technology using cost effective electrodes for treatment of kitchen wastewater

The current study aims to scale up Microbial Fuel cell (MFC) system for power generation and treat kitchen wastewater using a low-cost material. One MFC with stainless steel mesh as both anode and cathode and another MFC with carbon veil as anode and stainless-steel mesh as cathode with a natural clay as membrane was selected for this study. Ten cells, each with an anodic chamber of volume 275 mL and cathodic chamber of volume 90 mL were externally connected to perform the treatment. COD removal and power generation of the cells were monitored and the performances of electrically combined cells in series, parallel, series–parallel and parallel-series combinations were also studied. MFC with carbon veil as anode generates an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 476 mV, power density of 0.397 W/m3 and current density of 0.26 A/m2 which is higher than the system with stainless steel as the anode. The comparative study of the various electrical combinations concludes that the parallel combination shows a maximum power density of 0.55 W/m3. This study reveals that the best electrode material and electrical connection for a scaled up MFC were carbon veil as anode and stainless-steel mesh as cathode and a natural clay-based membrane connected in parallel combination.

Community-Based Kitchen Wastewater Management: Assessing Knowledge and Attitudes towards Simple Eco-Friendly Grease Trap (GASTDAR) Design - A Case Study along Bincau Irrigation Embankment

Kitchen wastewater management near Bincau Irrigation Embankment is a major environmental issue. To address this concern, we held a community engagement program to teach wastewater management and install a floating, four-chamber Simple Grease Trap (GASTDAR). Fats, oils, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Chemical Oxygen Demand were measured before and after GASTDAR deployment to assess water quality. GASTDAR decreased lipids and oils 64.3%, TSS 53.7%, and COD 55.7%. Restaurant owners and employees' wastewater management knowledge and attitudes increased dramatically. Finally, GASTAR's unique design reduced the environmental impact of kitchen wastewater, improving the water ecosystem near the Bincau Irrigation Embankment.

Catalytic ozonation in advanced treatment of kitchen wastewater: multi-scale simulation and pilot-scale study

Catalytic ozonation in advanced treatment of kitchen wastewater: multi-scale simulation and pilot-scale study

Analyzing the Pollution Sources and Mechanisms of Urban Rivers Based on Identifying the Molecular Signature of Dissolved Organic Matter

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an essential component of river pollutants. Under the new situation of black water treatment in urban areas of China, in view of the widespread problem of unclear sources of multiple pollutants, further analysis of DOM components in urban rivers from the molecular level is a key link to deeply explore the sources, causes, and mechanism of river pollution so as to achieve efficient management. In this study, the urban rivers in the central city were selected as the research object, and a total of five rivers were selected that were seriously affected by the discharge sewage of four combined and separated sewer systems, respectively. Using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), this study identified the molecular formulae and analyzed the elemental composition and compound groups of DOM in water and sediment samples at each site in dry and wet weather. The results showed that:①although CHO molecules and lignins were the main compounds in the urban river DOM, the high proportion of lipids, proteins, and heteroatomic compounds (especially CHOS molecules) revealed the anthropogenic pollution in rivers, which also led to the increase in DOC, TN, and NH+4-N. ②Surfactants such as C17H28O3S and C18H30O3S were ubiquitous in all urban rivers, which could be used as markers of domestic wastewater pollution. ③In wet weather, the rainfall inputs, storm runoffs, and hydraulic disturbance jointly led to the increase in the proportion of CHO molecules and lignin compounds; the decrease in proteins and lipids; the rise of DOC, TN, and NH+4-N concentrations in river water; and the decrease in DOC, TN, and NH+4-N concentrations and proteins and lipids in river sediments. ④The abundance of multi-heteroatomic compounds and condensed aromatics in the combined sewer system was higher than that in the separated sewer system, which may have been more severely polluted by domestic wastewater and storm runoff, especially kitchen wastewater. This study provides new insight for clarifying the critical causes of pollution in the new stage and provides an essential basis for further precision prevention and control of water pollution.

Perencanaan Pengolahan Air Limbah Restoran Dan Bar di Surabaya

Altoro restaurant and bar activities will produce domestic and kitchen wastewater which is estimated to have pollutant levels of 680 mg/l BOD, 1000 mg/l COD, 100 mg/l TSS, 200 mg/l oil and grease and a pH of 6. This figure does not meet the water quality standards according to PERMEN LHK Number 68 of 2016, so water treatment needs to be carried out before being discharged into water bodies. Characteristics that do not meet water quality standards will become a reference for planning waste water treatment. The technologies planned for use in wastewater treatment are Grease Traps and aerobic-anaerobic Biofilters. The efficiency of the grease trap is known to reduce BOD, COD, oil and grease respectively 77%, 77% and 95%. Aerobic-anaerobic Biofilter efficiency is known to reduce BOD, COD, TSS, Oil and Fat respectively 99%, 93%, 99% and 85%. Eluent water from the aerobic-anaerobic Biofilter meets quality standards and will be stored in a storage tank before being channeled to the sewer.

Effects of different microalgae Botrycoccus sp. Beads concentrations on the growth and nutrients uptake in kitchen wastewater

Effects of different microalgae Botrycoccus sp. Beads concentrations on the growth and nutrients uptake in kitchen wastewater

Kitchen Wastewater Treatment Using an Aerobic Process

Kitchen Wastewater Treatment Using an Aerobic Process

Long-term performance on volatile fatty acids production improved in a kitchen wastewater fermenter by co-fermentation of sludge and membrane separation

Kitchen wastewater can be transformed into a valuable resource through anaerobic fermentation. However, the efficiency of this process is hindered by various factors including salt inhibition and nutrient imbalance. In this study, we examined the effects of co-fermentation with sludge and membrane filtration on the anaerobic fermentation of kitchen wastewater. Our findings indicate that co-fermentation with sludge resulted in a 4-fold increase in fermentation rate and a 2-fold increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. This suggests that the addition of sludge helped to alleviate salt and acid inhibition through ammonia buffering and elemental balancing. The membrane filtration retained 60% of soluble carbohydrates and 15% of proteins in the reactor for further fermentation and recovered nearly 100% of NH4+ and SCFAs in the filtrate, which helped to alleviate acid and ammonia inhibition. The combined fermentation system significantly increased the richness and diversity of microorganisms, particularly caproiciproducens and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12. The membrane flux remained stable and at a relatively high level, indicating that the combined process may be economically feasible. However, scaling up the co-anaerobic fermentation of kitchen wastewater and sludge in a membrane reactor is necessary for further economic evaluation in the future.

Experimental and numerical investigation of drain water heat recovery in a grease interceptor

The European Union declared wastewater as a renewable energy source in its Green Deal. To meet these targets, the scientific community has been proposing new technologies to improve energy conversion efficiency of renewable energy powered thermal systems. The present research examines heat recovery from commercial kitchen grease traps (GT) as a means of reducing the net energy requirement of commercial hot water use in food related activities. A GT was integrated with heat recovery unit and is referred to as a hybrid GT system. Two designs of thermal recovery units comprising a planar and rectangular coil type heat exchanger (HX) were assessed individually to compare their thermal recovery capabilities. The planar HX equipped GT was first experimentally investigated and subsequently examined in more detail using 3D numerical analysis. Thermal stratification was observed along the GT depth for which the rectangular HX showed greater potential for thermal recapture from the high temperature kitchen wastewater. The novel rectangular HX design was found to save 2.6 kW of thermal energy in the kitchen GT and was 48% more efficient compared to the planar HX. The proposed GT hybrid design enables more sustainable production of food via a clean auxiliary thermal back-up, reducing greenhouse gases emission released in water heating. Heat recovery from commercial kitchen GTs has been shown in this study to be technically viable with strong potential for economic viability and positive environmental impact through reducing the carbon footprint of water heating.

Screening, characterization, and kinetic studies of a serine alkaline protease from kitchen wastewater bacteria P2S1An and evaluation of its application in nutraceutical production.

This present investigation aimed at characterizing the biochemical potential and kinetic study of the protease isolated from kitchen wastewater bacteria, P2S1An. The enzymatic activity was optimum when incubated for 96 h, at 30°C and pH9.0. The enzymatic activity of the purified protease (PrA) was 10.47-folds that of crude protease (S1). PrA was about 35 kDa in molecular weight. The broad pH and thermal stability, chelators, surfactants and solvent tolerance, and favorable thermodynamics suggested the potentiality of the extracted protease PrA. Thermal activity and stability were enhanced in presence of 1-mM Ca2+ ion at high temperatures. The protease was a serine one as its activity was completely diminished in presence of 1-mM PMSF. The Vmax , Km , and Kcat /Km suggested stability and catalytic efficiency of the protease. PrA hydrolyzes fish protein with 26.61 ±0.16% of peptide bond cleavage after 240 min, comparable to Alcalase 2.4L (27.13 ±0.31%). PRACTITIONER POINTS: A serine alkaline protease PrA was extracted from kitchen wastewater bacteria Bacillus tropicus Y14. Protease PrA showed significant activity and stability in a wide temperature and pH range. Protease showed great stability towards additives like metal ions, solvents, surfactants, polyols, and inhibitors. Kinetic study showed that the protease PrA had a prominent affinity and catalytic efficiency for the substrates. PrA hydrolysed fish proteins into short bioactive peptides which signify its potential in the formation of functional food ingredients.

Life Cycle Assessment of Black and Greywater Treatment Solutions for Remote and Sensitive Areas

Sensitive and remote areas have come under pressure from growing populations and tourism, often resulting in improper wastewater management. Efficiency, durability, the use of renewable construction materials, and the minimization of environmental impacts must be conformed to a sustainable paradigm. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to compare three different decentralized wastewater treatment systems built at tourist facilities: a source separation sanitation system with a hybrid constructed wetland (S1), a sequential batch reactor (SBR) with a hybrid constructed wetland (S2), and a solar-powered composting toilet (S3). Benchmarking showed that S1 was preferred over S2. The differences were up to a factor of two, except for eutrophication, which was significantly higher for S2 (10×). S3 had the lowest environmental impact, but S3 treated only the blackwater fraction, i.e., urine, faeces, and toilet paper, and excluded greywater treatment, i.e., handwashing and/or kitchen wastewater. The scenario analysis showed that the environmental performance could be improved by installing solar panels, but this would increase the impact on the abiotic depletion of elements by 83% for S2. The LCA indicated the advantages, disadvantages, flexibility, and potential for design improvements to meet the environmental sustainability and market demands for system diversity.

Production of Bioflocculant through Fermentation of Spoilt Orange Juice with Bacillus spp Isolated from Sediment of Local Clay Pot

The biodegradable and non-toxic Bioflocculants have attracted considerable interest as alternative to non-biodegradable chemical flocculants. However, the cost of fermentation media for bioflocculant production and low flocculation efficiency is a major challenge. In this study, we grow Bacillus spp isolated from sediment of local clay pot on spoilt orange juice to produce bioflocculant. The culture supernatant of the bacilli grown on spoilt orange juice were screen for bioflocculant production using Jar test method and Kaolin clay suspension as model wastewater. The effect of pH and temperature on the bioflocculant production were also studied. The effect of cations on bioflocculation rate of the bioflocculant produced were tested via hybridization of the bioflocculant with the cations. The bioflocculation efficiency of the bioflocculant on sample wastewaters were also determined. The bacilli isolated initially had flocculation rate between 31.1±1.6 % to 76.4±1.2% when cultured on screening media. Bioflocculation rate peaked to 77.9% at 40 oC while the lowest flocculation rate (55.41%) was obtained at 25 oC. The optimum bioflocculant production (about 78%) was recorded at pH 6 – 7 while the highest bioflocculant production (84.2%) was achieved at 96th hour of incubation. Na+ and Fe3+ had serious inhibitory effect on the bioflocculant while K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ had less or no effect on the bioflocculant. The bioflocculant had up to 77.7% and 64.5 % on Kitchen wastewater and aquaculture wastewater. This study reveals the potential for utilization of spoilt orange juice as fermentable substrate for bioflocculant production especially if the fermentation conditions and flocculation parameters are well optimized.

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Domestic Level Filter to Treat Kitchen Wastewater

The aspects of water security mainly govern by the availability and the quality of the water. As foreseen, use of portable fresh water for landscape irrigation can be a problem in the future. This research study was carried out with objectives of characterizing the raw kitchen wastewater (KWW), designing a domestic level filter for treating KWW and evaluating the removal efficiency of newly designed filter for reuse purpose. Four combinations of treatment systems were used namely in an order, sand and gravel layer, sand and bricks, sand and bricks with a coco peat layer and sand, bricks, coco peat and activated charcoal units for filtering. Raw kitchen wastewater samples were collected three times per day and made a composite sample by mixing equal proportion of each. Water quality parameters were measured before and after treatment of the KWW and compared with the Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka (CEA) standards. The average pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and oil content in raw KWW was significantly higher than CEA standards. Based on results, raw KWW cannot be reuse for irrigation and it requires adequate treatment prior irrigation. The quality of filtrate from treatment system four resulted with the mean values of pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids, COD and oil content and respectively quantitative figures were 7.2 ,0.65 mS cm-1, 29.5°C, 230.1 mg L-1, 365 mg L-1 and 2.8 g L-1 .The combination of sand, bricks, coco peat and activated charcoal filter filtrated effluent was within the CEA standards, which can be reuse for irrigation.

Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater in a Batch Electrochemical Reactor

Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater in a Batch Electrochemical Reactor

Coupling effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate on the biogas biological upgrading from kitchen wastewater by anaerobic digestion

In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI, 6 g/L) and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SLS, 0, 10, 30, 50 and 70 mg/L) were used to promote anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastewater for methane (CH4) generation. The maximum CH4 content, yield and BMP were 96.23%, 250 mL/gVS and 82.46% at SLS dosage of 30 mg/L, respectively; addition of > 50 mg/L SLS resulted in prolonging lag phase time of methane production due to the degradation intermediate lauric acid (LA). In addition, SLS reduced the surface tension of liquid by forming molecular film at the interface, promoting the continuous gas-liquid contact and improving the mass transfer efficiency of hydrogen (H2). The pH values in the two systems remained in the range of 7.54–7.62 and 7.20–7.30, respectively. Enzyme activity assays showed that nZVI/SLS co-addition increased the activities of dehydrogenase (by 13.26∼34.36%) and coenzyme F420 (by 35.37∼82.93%), compared to control. The co-addition of nZVI/SLS could increase extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by anaerobic microorganisms; compared with the control, the ratio of protein/polysaccharide increased, indicating that the microbial flocculation ability was promoted. Microbial community structure showed that the relative abundance of Methanomicrobiales and Methanolinea visibly increased from 6.88% and 3.08–17.56%∼30.22% and 5.18∼7.67%, respectively, after the SLS addition.

Low Concentration of Peroxymonosulfate Triggers Dissolved Oxygen Conversion over Single Atomic Fe-N3 O1 Sites for Water Decontamination.

Achieving satisfactory organic pollutant oxidation with a low concentration of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is vital for persulfate-involved advanced oxidation processes to reduce resource consumption and avoid excessive sulfate anion (SO4 2- ) production. Herein, efficient conversion of dissolved oxygen (DO) over single-atomic Fe-N3 O1 sites anchored on carbon nitride for efficient contaminant degradation is fulfilled, triggered by a low concentration of PMS (0.2mm). Experimental and theoretical results reveal that the preferentially adsorbed PMS onto atomic Fe-N3 O1 center can deliver electrons toward thesingle Fe atom to increase its electron density to trigger DO reduction into superoxide radical (O2 • - ) and successive transformation into singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), which is quite different from the conventional PMS activation process mostly depending on PMS itself function for reactive oxygen species generation. On the other hand, PMS with high concentration could occupy active Fe-N3 O1 sites to hamper DO conversion and further produce massive SO4 2- . A couple of -Fe-CN0.05 -and slight PMS is effective for actual kitchen wastewater remediation and long-term bisphenol A degradation. This work elucidates the triggering role of low-concentration PMS in DO conversion over a single-atom Fe catalyst, which can inspire the development of resource-saving, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly catalytic oxidation systems for environmental restoration.

A sawdust Filter is Used to Remove Oil From The Kitchen Wastewater

Proteins, carbohydrates, detergents, oils, fats, and other dissolved and suspended compounds, as well as other concerns like clogged drainpipes, are the main contaminants in residential wastewater from the kitchen. The study’s purpose was to use sawdust as an agricultural waste which was used as absorbents in sink filters to treat the Gray water, many parameters were evaluated such as pH, electrical conductivity EC, total dissolved solid TDS, dissolved oxygen DO, biochemical oxygen demand BOD, and oil & grease O&G. from results were shown the removal rates of pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, and Oil & Grease are (6.2-7.41), (470- 1412 µs /cm), (357- 939 mg/L), (3.2- 4.2 mg/L), (40- 150) mg/L), and (190-1210 mg/L) respectively. however, the oil removal efficiency was high ranging from 94 to 98 %, implying that sawdust was successfully used to remove contaminants and O&G from Gray water by Kitchen filter.

Multi-stage hydrothermal liquefaction modeling of sludge and microalgae biomass to increase bio-oil yield

• Multi-Stage HTL produced higher bio-oil yield compared to Single-Stage process. • Three feedstocks were examined for Multi-Stage HTL: KwWs, UUIND6, and Co-HTL. • KwWs attained the highest bio-oil yield, HHV, and energy recovery. • There was no statistically significant Co-HTL impact seen. This study aims to elucidate the effect of Multi-Stage HTL with a constant resident time of 30 min for three different feedstocks including kitchen wastewater sludge (KwWs), freshwater microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (UUIND6), Co-HTL (KwWs + UUIND6) to obtain the maximum bio-oil yield. According to the results obtained, KwWs appears to be the most suitable for conversion into energy-dense bio-oil under a sustainable biorefinery approach for increased bio-oil yields i.e., 72.75 ± 0.37 wt%, with HHV of 40.52 MJ/kg and energy recovery of 53.64 wt%. Further, the bio-oils and bio-chars derived from different types of biomasses obtained at different temperature conditions were analyzed by GC–MS, NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy to identify variations in the bio-crude compounds.