Kirov Military Medical Academy Research Articles

The main milestones of the creation, formation and subsequent development of the military scientific society of cadets and trainees Military Medical Academy

The Kirov Military Medical Academy is the main training center for military doctors of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Great Russian scientists worked within the walls of the Academy: N.I. Pirogov, I.M. Sechenov, S.P. Botkin, I.P. Pavlov, V.M. Bekhterev. Many scientists of the Military Medical Academy, who have ma
 The Kirov Military Medical Academy is the main training center for military doctors of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Great Russian scientists worked within the walls of the Academy: N.I. Pirogov, I.M. Sechenov, S.P. Botkin, V.V. Pashutin, I.P. Pavlov, V.M. Bekhterev. Many scientists of the Military Medical Academy, who have made a huge contribution to domestic and world medical science, began their scientific activities in their student years. Deep professional knowledge and love for the profession have always distinguished the students of the Military Medical Academy. These remarkable qualities were especially vividly manifested during wars, epidemics, and other social upheavals. The command of the Academy, the teaching staff have always supported the students desire for scientific research. A landmark event was the creation of the Theoretical medicine circle in 1910 under the patronage of the Academy Conference. For almost half a century of history (since 1910), with varying intensity, there was a School of Scientific Societies at the Academy and at various departments, which involved its students in scientific activities. The formal date of establishment of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Military Scientific Society of cadets and trainees of the Academy in its current form is 1950 (order of the Head of the Academy No. 812 of August 16, 1950). Military scientific activity of trainees and cadets is a form of independent work aimed at acquiring deep and solid knowledge in military professional activities. It is closely connected with the educational process and is in line with the scientific work of the departments and research units of the Academy. Students develop individual scientific topics, and at the meetings of the circles the completed works and current medical problems are discussed. The best works are heard at the annual conferences of listeners. In recent years, the level of scientific activity of students of all courses and all faculties has increased markedly. Students have at their disposal the latest medical equipment, extensive clinical material, electronic computing technology in complex mathematical processing of scientific materials, the help of teachers, the rich heritage of scientific medical schools. At present, the Military Scientific Society of cadets and trainees of the Academy of the Military Medical Academy is an effective forge of personnel to maintain the scientific potential of the Academy and the development of its scientific schools.
 de a huge contribution to domestic and world medical science, began their scientific activities in their student years. Deep professional knowledge and love for the profession have always distinguished the students of the Military Medical Academy. These remarkable qualities were especially vividly manifested during wars, epidemics, and other social upheavals. The command of the Academy, the teaching staff have always supported the students' desire for scientific research. A landmark event was the creation of the Theoretical medicine circle in 1910 under the patronage of the Academy Conference. For almost half a century of history (since 1910), with varying intensity, there was a School of Scientific Societies at the Academy and at various departments, which involved its students in scientific activities. The formal date of establishment of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov "Military Scientific Society of cadets and trainees of the Academy" (VNKS) in its current form is 1950 (order of the Head of the Academy No. 812 of August 16, 1950). Military scientific activity of trainees and cadets is a form of independent work aimed at acquiring deep and solid knowledge in military professional activities. It is closely connected with the educational process and is in line with the scientific work of the departments and research units of the Academy. Students develop individual scientific topics, and at the meetings of the circles the completed works and current medical problems are discussed. The best works are heard at the annual conferences of listeners. In recent years, the level of scientific activity of students of all courses and all faculties has increased markedly. Students have at their disposal the latest medical equipment, extensive clinical material, electronic computing technology in complex mathematical processing of scientific materials, the help of teachers, the rich heritage of scientific medical schools. At present, the ISS of the Military Medical Academy is an effective forge of personnel to maintain the scientific potential of the Academy and the development of its scientific schools.

History of the study of physiology and pathology of lacrimal secretion at the professor V.V. Volkov Ophthalmology Department at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy

Вased on the analysis of literature data the information about the history of physiology and pathology of the lacrimal organs at the department of ophthalmology named after Professor V.V. Volkov of the Military Medical Academy is summarized and structured. The work is based on the historical-genetic method, including analysis of the literature and Internet resources represented by theses, abstracts, monographs and scientific articles. Materials from the libraries of the following institutions were used when writing the work: Helmholtz National Medical Research Center, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Russian Defense Ministry. The main works performed under each head of the chair which contributed to the development of national and world dacryology are shown. The work covers the period since the chair was founded in 1818 and headed by Josef Ernst Gruby up to the present day. Scientific works of the chair during the period of professors Boris L. Polyak and Veniamin V. Volkov leadership are analysed in detail. Modern methods and techniques used both for the therapeutic process and for teaching are described. The necessity of preserving traditions of the department and development of new directions is emphasized.

Surgical treatment of patients with ruptures of the trachea

BACKGROUND: Currently, the incidence of iatrogenic ruptures of the trachea averages 0.020.07% with elective tracheostomy and intubation, but in the event of an emergency procedure, this figure rises to 15%. The feasibility and validity of the use of one or another method of treating tracheal injuries is the subject of discussion among the authors of scientific studies and specialists. There is no single generally accepted method of treatment that would be effective for various types and degrees of damage to the tracheal wall.
 AIM: to determine the indications for various types of surgical intervention based on the analysis of the results of treatment of patients with tracheal ruptures.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 10 patients with iatrogenic tracheal ruptures. All patients underwent a comprehensive diagnosis using physical, laboratory, radiation and instrumental methods of research, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of various methods of treating tracheal rupture, depending on the nature of the injury.
 RESULTS: Patients with grade 1 and 2 tracheal injury with no or uncomplicated gas syndrome are treated conservatively. In patients with grade 2 tracheal injury and progressive gas syndrome, tracheostomy and mediastinal drainage are effective. With ruptures to the entire depth of the wall (3A and 3B degrees), surgical intervention with suturing of the trachea is indicated. In the case of functional inoperability of a patient with severe tracheal ruptures, one of the effective treatment options is the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in combination with minimally invasive drainage interventions.
 CONCLUSION: indications for various methods of treatment of patients with tracheal ruptures have been formulated. The developed management algorithm is used in providing care to patients with tracheal injury in hospitals of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy.

The system of training of pedagogical and scientific personnel during the leadership of the department of general and military epidemiology by academician V.D. Belyakov (to the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician V.D. Belyakov)

On the basis of generalization and analysis of published scientific works and memoirs of academician V.D. Belyakovs contemporaries, the main stages of his scientific and pedagogical activity as head of the Department of General and Military Epidemiology of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov are considered. It is shown how, under the leadership of the activities of the department staff by Vitaly Dmitrievich Belyakov, the training of the teaching staff was set, ensuring continuous professional development and the ascent of employees along the hierarchical service and scientific ladder. The system of training its own personnel worked correctly and effectively within the department, and some such systems continue to work even now, preserving the best traditions laid down in the era of V.D. Belyakov to maintain the reputation of the department created for decades. Academician Vitaly Dmitrievich Belyakov, an outstanding military epidemiologist, scientist, and teacher, Major General of the medical service, who consistently headed the epidemiology departments of two leading educational medical institutions of the country in St. Petersburg and Moscow, had a great influence on the development of not only military epidemiology but also domestic medicine in general. Having developed, with his students at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, the theory of internal regulation of parasitic systems, recognized as the biological foundation of the epidemiology of infectious diseases, he reformatted the previous theory of the epidemic process into the paradigm of population pathology of biomedical sciences. He was one of the first to consider epidemiology as a general medical diagnostic and preventive discipline, actively introducing epidemiological research methods into clinical medicine and public health, as well as into medical education at all levels at the I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. He can be considered the founder of the methodology of epidemiological diagnostics, who extended it to population non-infectious pathology, and the founder of the original and effective concept of epidemiological surveillance. In addition, the system of training and management of pedagogical and scientific personnel created by V.D. Belyakov deserves attention.

Substantiation for the selection criteria for a medical asset management information system in military medical organizations

The modern information systems market offers a large number of software products for the management of medical assets. Therefore, the substantiation for the criteria for selecting information systems is relevant area of decision-making policy for the management of the medical-military organisation. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the criteria. The materials of the study include the works of Russian scientists in the sphere of organizing civil and military healthcare, managing medical property resources, the methodology of sociological research, and other scientific, methodological, and reference literature on the topic of the study, as well as questionnaires completed by experts. Structural-functional, system and problem analysis, statistical methods of analysis, methods of sociological research, methods of comparison and description, and logical analysis were used during the research. The sociological study was carried out on the basis of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the pharmaceutical profile departments and consisted of two stages: the formation of an initial list of criteria based on the results of content analysis and problem analysis; expert assessment according to the Delphi method in several stages (rounds). As a result of the study, the criteria for selecting an information system for managing medical assets in military medical organizations are substantiated. At the same time, a simple in implementation and subsequent statistical processing method with reliable results that can be used for making a decision on the selection of an information system, taking into account the specifics of each military medical organization, has been substantiated and applied.

Prospective directions for innovative development strategies in pharmacy in the military health system of the Russian Federation

Strengthening the readiness of the medical service system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to fulfill given tasks is possible only with innovative development, which constitutes the scientific and methodological basis for the modernization of military healthcare. In this connection, researchers at the pharmacy department of the Kirov Military medical Academy considered the development of kits and equipment, medical equipment, mobile and special medical equipment, and pharmaceutical technologies as the absolute priority of their scientific development. The requirements for the equipment of different units and military medical organizations both at present conditions and in future wars include high level of mobility, shortened deployment (curtailment) terms, autonomy, increased operational efficiency of units, etc. The realization of these requirements is possible if certain issues are solved, primarily aimed at the digitalization of medical supply system of military forces, improvement of basic equipment, and entering new developments in the field of pharmaceutical technology into the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The article presents the perspective directions of the innovative development of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces, which is the most important element of military healthcare. Results of the activity such as creation and acceptance for the supply of mobile units for production, accumulation (storage), delivery, distribution of medical gaseous oxygen, registration of medicinal products (medical oxygen, 93%), and acceptance of the corresponding pharmacopoeial article are already represented. Still at the development stage, there are innovative sets of service equipment of airborne troops, sterilization, and distillation unit, allowing the use of water from natural surface sources of domestic and drinking water supply, etc.

Genetic polymorphisms of catalase (rs7943316), glutathione peroxidase-1 (rs1050450), and transferrin (rs8177178) in keratoconus on a limited group of Russian patients

A pilot study of the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in catalase (rs7943316), glutathione peroxidase-1 (rs1050450), and transferrin (rs8177178) genes with the risk of keratoconus development was conducted in a sample of Russian patients. Genotyping was performed by analyzing the polymorphism of the lengths of restriction fragments using a polymerase chain reaction. Venous blood samples from 25 patients with keratoconus treated at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the Kirov Military medical Academy in 2019 and 2020 were examined. The control group included 20 patients who had no clinical signs of keratoconus. The effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs7943316 of the catalase gene on the risk of keratoconus development has not been established. The T allele of the glutathione peroxidase-1 gene containing the rs1050450 polymorphism slightly increases the risk of keratoconus compared with the C allele (odds ratio = 1.91; 95% confidence interval = 0.754.85; p = 0.17). A moderate association of the A allele of the transferrin gene containing rs8177178 polymorphism with the occurrence of keratoconus and an increase in the incidence of the disease associated with the AG genotype was revealed (odds ratio = 5.67; 95% confidence interval = 1.0730; p = 0.12). Thus, when examining a limited sample of Russian patients with keratoconus, it was not possible to identify a link between the disease and single nucleotide polymorphisms of catalase rs7943316 and glutathione peroxidase-1 rs1050450. The relationship between the polymorphism of the transferrin rs8177178 gene (allele A and genotype AG) and the risk of keratoconus development was weak and not significant. Thus, expanding the study sample and further studying the polymorphisms of the transferrin gene that affect the structure of the enzyme and reduce the effectiveness of antioxidant protection of the cornea were recommended.

Новые данные о некоторых российских герпетологах. Сообщение 3

Unknown biographic data about I. S. Darevsky, D. B. Krasovsky, and S. A. Chernov are presented. This information was obtained during work with the museum collection of the Gorsky State Agrarian University (Vladikavkaz), that of E. N. Pavlovsky’s Chair of Biology at S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, and the archive of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Treatment outcomes of patients with knee hyaline cartilage damages using osteoperforative methods

BACKGROUND: The treatment of traumatic and degenerative cartilage damage is one of the largest areas in orthopedic practice, and the therapy success remains limited.
 AIM: To analyze the results of surgical treatment of patients with traumatic and degenerative injuries of the knee joint hyaline cartilage using debridement and osteoperforative techniques, taking into account the time from the surgical intervention.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A statistical analysis was conducted on the treatment outcomes of servicemen with traumatic and degenerative damage in the knee joint articular hyaline cartilage. Patients underwent surgical treatment using osteoperforative techniques (abrasive chondroplasty, tunneling, and microfracturing) at the Clinic of Military Traumatology and Orthopedics of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy from 2009 to 2019. The study relied on the data obtained from questioning the patients using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and LKSS questionnaires.
 RESULTS: The result analyses using the KOOS and LKSS scales revealed significantly higher good results in the observed group in the postoperative period from 1 to 4 years than in the groups from 4 to 8 and more than 8 years (p = 0.004). No significant differences were determined in the treatment outcomes of the groups with resection and different osteoperforative methods.
 CONCLUSIONS: Treatment methods for hyaline cartilage defects, such as resection and osteoperforative, are technically simple with good treatment outcomes in patients with articular cartilage injuries from 1 to 4 years postoperative. Treatment outcome deterioration was noted in 48 years postoperative, regardless of the treatment method used, which is more significant in patients in 8 years postoperative.

Professor Alexander Mozzhukhin (by the 100th anniversary of his birth)

Alexander Sergeevich Mozzhukhin was born on August 27, 1921, in Krasnsodar in a family of an employee. After graduating with honors from high school, A.S. Mozzhukhin became a student at the Kuibyshev Military Medical Academy and completed his medical education with honors at the military faculty of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute. In 1943, A.S. Mozzhukhin came to the Department of Normal Physiology of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, with whom he connected more than 30 years of his life and in which he went from adjunct to head of the department, and scientific secretary of the academic council of the academy. The scientific activity of A.S. Mozzhukhin began in the life-giving atmosphere, which was formed at the department during the leadership of Academician L.A. Orbeli and his closest assistant A.V. Lebedinsky. All scientific activity of A.S. Mozzhukhin is an organic and natural combination of fundamental problems, physiology, psychophysiology, human biology, and practical medicine. The main scientific direction of the Department of Normal Physiology under the leadership of A.S. Mozzhukhin was on the study of the interaction of afferent systems under exposure to extreme stimuli as well as on the study of human functional reserves. In addition, a team examined the physiological cost of pedagogical activity depending on the age, seniority, psychophysical characteristics of teachers, and type of training sessions. A.S. Mozzhukhin investigated the biological effects of ionizing radiation. Together with chemist F.Yu. Rachinsky, he created a radio defense drug RS-1 and became a leading Soviet radiobiologist. A.S. Mozzhukhin created a unique scientific physiological school of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, which scientifically proved that the adaptation process was accompanied by the formation and improvement of a specific system of functional reserves for body adaptation, and the systemic factor was the result of the activity (adaptation). A.S. Mozzhukhin, while working at P.F. Lesgaft Institute of Physical Culture, proved that functional reserves have potentials in changing the functional activity of structural elements of the body and their interaction among themselves to achieve the target result, adapt to physical and psychoemotional loads, as well as the effect of various factors of the external environment on the body. The bright memory of Alexander Sergeyevich Mozzhukhin will forever remain in the hearts of his students and followers.

Outstanding toxicologist: professor Nikolay Vasilyevich Savateev (100th birth anniversary)

The main stages of labor, scientific, pedagogical, and social activities of a participant in the Great Patriotic War, laureate of the State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, honored worker of the higher school of the Russian Federation, doctor of medical sciences, professor, major general of the medical service, Nikolai Vasilyevich Savateeva, are considered. Biographical materials are presented on the formation of N.V. Savateev as an outstanding scientist and teacher, founder of the Department of Toxicology and Medical Protection at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. Main areas of scientific research personally carried out by Nikolai Vasilyevich, as well as groups that he led for many years, are covered. His interests included fundamental studies of the role of acetylcholine in the higher nervous activity function, mechanisms of toxic action of organophosphorus compounds and other neurotoxicants, and the search for antidote therapy for these compound poisoning. In 1967, he was awarded a State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for developing and creating antidotes for organophosphorus toxic substances. Nikolai Vasilievich made a significant contribution to the military toxicology and medical protection formation as a training discipline and branch of military medical science. He was one of the first scientists worldwide to begin the study of biomedical consequences of chemical accidents and problems of environmental toxicology. In subsequent years, Nikolai Vasilievich was one of the initiators to develop the disaster medicine problem. The most important place in the activities of N.V. Savateev was occupied by training scientific and pedagogical personnel, who continued the work of their teacher; many of them became well-known toxicologists in our country and abroad.

Infectious and inflammatory complications after endoscopic hernioplasty in patients with postoperative ventral hernias: features of diagnosis and treatment strategies

An algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory complications after endovideosurgical hernioplasty in patients with postoperative ventral hernias using traditional and minimally invasive methods of therapy was proposed. The study was based on the treatment results of 177 patients who underwent endovideosurgery for postoperative ventral hernias. Despite the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis according to the accepted at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, according to the protocol scheme (first-generation cephalosporin at a dose of 1 g once parenterally 30 min before the operation, followed by repeated administration in case of operation duration of 3 h), course of the early postoperative period on days 35 in 8 (4,5%) patients after endovideosurgical hernioplasty was complicated by suppuration in the intervention area. When analyzing the causes of infectious and inflammatory complications, in both the main and control groups of observations, all suppuration in the area of surgical interventions was diagnosed in patients with metabolic syndrome (stages IIIII obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus). The use of the negative pressure wound therapy resulted in wound cleansing for 4.1 2.5 days (p 0.05) and was comparable with the traditional method of treatment, but more active growth of granulation tissue prevailed in the wound, which contributed to its accelerated healing. The negative pressure wound therapy is effective in the systemic infectious and inflammatory process, especially after prosthetic hernioplasty of large W3-postoperative hernias. Drainage of abscesses under ultrasound navigation is possible with small (S 10 cm2) delimited purulent processes in the area of the polypropylene implant with the preservation of the latter.

Pathohistological study of the ganglion plexuses of the sigmoid colon in patients with chronic slow-transit constipation

The morphological study of the resected sections of the colon obtained at the S.P. Fedorov Department of Faculty Surgery of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, as a result of surgical treatment of patients with severe chronic slow-transit constipation, included an assessment of the changes in the structures of ganglion plexuses. Three cases were considered (women, aged 3740 years). Various degrees of pathological changes were detected in the ganglion plexuses (Auerbach and Meissner) of the sigmoid colon from patients with chronic slow-transit constipation using Nissls toluidine blue staining. In all cases, reactive, dystrophic, severe degenerative-necrotic changes of ganglion cells, as well as the details of their death, were described in detail. Along with pathological changes in nerve cells in the myenteric nerve plexus and gliosis, features of neuronglial relationships were described, and the death of ganglion cells in the human colon with the active participation of specialized astrocyte-like glial cells was also established for the first time. In the third case, a pattern of pronounced dysplasia and dysgangliogenesis was revealed in the myenteric ganglion plexus of the sigmoid colon, and the presence of diffuse lymphmonocytic infiltrates was noted in the circular muscle layer. Pathological changes in the enteral nervous system in chronic slow-transit constipation reflect neuropathy, which can serve as the main cause of impaired intestinal functions and of some symptoms.

Evolution of bile duct surgery by the scientific school of professor S.P. Fedorov

This study highlighted the main stages of the formation and development of surgery of bile ducts by the scientific school of Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Professor Sergey Petrovich Fedorov. The current state of this area of surgery and its prospects are also considered. The works of S.P. Fedorov and his students opened a new page in surgery of that time: surgical treatment of patients with liver and biliary tract diseases. The results of research of the last three decades are the subject of particular pride in the successful continuation of the work of the founder of hepatobiliary surgery in our country. The scientific search and relay of the achievements of the scientific school of Professor S.P. Fedorov were performed in numerous publications, such as in periodicals, monographs, manuals, and speeches in our country and abroad, in a cumulated form, and this is presented in dissertations. In the study of the peculiarities of housing and communal services, both fundamental and applied aspects of solving this social problem of modern society are being developed. After the death of Sergey Petrovich, 17 candidate and 5 doctoral dissertations on the problems of biliary tract surgery were defended in the clinic of S.P. Fedorov Faculty of Surgery of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. After over the past years, more than 200 articles, four monographs and manuals were published, and many messages were made at scientific forums in our country and abroad.

Choledocholithiasis: modern possibilities of diagnosis and surgical treatment

Studies have examined various approaches in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis, evaluated the possibilities of using modern methods of treating the disease, and proposed a strategy to prevent the abandonment of bile duct concretions. The relevance of this problem is related to the variety of diagnostic and surgical treatment methods of choledocholithiasis, high disease frequency, and nonexistence of a unified approach to the examination and choice of surgical treatment in patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis. These issues indicate the need to study this problem and identify optimal approaches to examination and treatment, including modern minimally invasive methods of treatment. The analysis of the diagnostic value of various examination methods and surgical outcomes was based on the experience of treating 154 patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis in the clinic of the S.P. Fedorov Faculty of Surgery of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. An algorithm for examining patients with cholelithiasis was formed based on the diagnostic value of various research methods, which allows timely detection of choledocholithiasis. The results of various approaches to the surgical treatment of patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis were analyzed. In the absence of general somatic contraindications and the availability of technical capabilities, a one-stage approach to surgical treatment was suggested. Moreover, an individual approach is necessary for the treatment of patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis, taking into account the nature of the disease course and its complications, comorbid status of the patient, and technical capabilities of a particular hospital. The sequence and timing of operations with a two-stage approach should be determined, taking into account the acute conditions and comorbidities of the patient. The use of modern minimally invasive technologies, such as transpapillary and trans-bubble choledochoscopy, dosed papillotomy, and rendezvous technique for the cannulation of the large papilla of the duodenum, allows us to improve the results of surgical treatment and reduce the risk of complications. Transpapillary and trans-bubble nanoelectroimpulse lithotripsy are alternative methods of resolving major choledocholithiasis in both one-stage and two-stage treatment.

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПО ПОЛУ И ВОЗРАСТУ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННЫМ ПАРОДОНТИТОМ В ТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОМ ОТДЕЛЕНИИ КЛИНИКИ СТОМАТОЛОГИИ ВОЕННО-МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ ИМЕНИ С.М. КИРОВА

As an outpatient appointment, 347 patients (185 men and 162 women) who first sought dental care for chronic generalized periodontitis were examined in the therapeutic department of the Dentistry clinic of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. All patients were divided into three age groups: 40-45 years, 46-50 years, 51-55 years. There were no patients younger than 40 years old and older than 55 years old among the examined ones. When analyzing the results of the examination of patients, it was revealed that the largest number of patients belongs to the age group of 40-45 years (49.3±2.7% of all examined), on the second place was the age group of 46-50 years – 127 (36.6±2.6% of all examined) people (p<0.001), the smallest the group of patients was 51-55 years, 49 (14.2±1.9% of all examined) people (p<0.001). There were no large differences in the number of patients by gender between the age groups (p>0.05). Mild chronic generalized periodontitis prevails among the examined patients (65.1±2.6%, p<0.001). The mild severity of chronic generalized periodontitis was recorded in 121 (65.4±3.5%) of the 185 men, among 162 women – in 106 (64.8±3.8%). Chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity was detected in 42 (22.7±3.1%) men and 38 (23.5±3.3%) women. Finally, 22 (11.9±2.4%) men and 19 (11.7±2.5%) women went to the therapeutic department of the dental clinic with severe chronic generalized periodontitis. Thus, there were no large differences between the sexes in the number of patients with different degrees of severity of chronic generalized periodontitis (p>0.05).

Modeling of mechanical eye injury. Relevance. Background

The share of eye injuries in Russia is from 3 to 8% of the total number of injuries in peacetime. Eye trauma is one of the three main causes of vision disability and accounts for 22.8%. In wartime, the mass admission of wounded with damage to the organ of vision requires prompt decisions on their sorting, treatment, rehabilitation, dismissal, or return to duty. In peacetime, mechanical trauma to the eye is associated with the disability of the working population and large material costs. Considering the relevance of mechanical trauma to the eye, ophthalmologists around the world are constantly investigating the features of the pathogenetic mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Retrospective studies are based on the analysis of clinical cases, which are not always homogeneous. Experimental damage modeling has a long history. Attempts to simulate mechanical eye trauma have been made since the 40s of the XX century. Mathematical models are calculated based on known data: thickness, density, the elasticity of tissues, this makes it possible to predict the result of exposure to a wounding agent. Unfortunately, in these models, it is difficult to reproduce the entire complex of pathomorphological changes. The created models fulfilled the assigned tasks but had certain drawbacks. In each subsequent experiment, the reproducibility improved and the model approached the desired one as accurately as possible. Specialists of the Professor V.V. Volkov Ophthalmology Department S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy since the 40s. are engaged in solving this problem. For the first time in an experiment, B.L. Pole proved that closure of eyeball wounds with corneal and scleral sutures has an advantage over conjunctival covering. B.V. Monakhov et al. created an installation for inflicting mine-explosive injury to the eye. In the experiment, M.M. Shishkin inflicted a combined eye injury by striking the sclera with a knife with a rectangular blade and firing an air rifle at the knife handle. B.A. Kanevsky et al. reproduced a D-type gunshot open eye injury shot from an air rifle with a multi-compression piston pump. The creation of models that reproduce the mechanical trauma of the eye made it possible to study it in an experiment, which improved the quality of diagnostics and reduced the proportion of disability in this pathology (bibliography: 24 refs).

Patriarch of military neurosurgery

January 19, 2021 marks the 75th anniversary of the birth of one of the leading Russian neurosurgeons, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Vsevolodovich Gaidar. Eight years at the head of the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery at the Military Medical Academy and 7 years at the head of Military Medical Academy, when his talent as a teacher and leader was most clearly revealed. Academician B.V. Gaidar is one of the countrys leading scientists in the field of treatment of combat injuries of the central nervous system (craniocerebral trauma and mine-explosive wounds of the central nervous system), vascular neurosurgery, and neurooncology. He made a major contribution to solving the issues of organizing specialized neurosurgical care in the Armed Forces in peacetime and in wartime. He personally took part in providing medical assistance to the wounded during the armed conflict in the North Caucasus. B.V. Gaidar represented Russian science at international forums in Austria, Germany and the United States of America, in 2005 he led the organization of the World Congress on Military Medicine for the only time in our country. During the years of leadership of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy B.V. Gaidar carried out a large-scale reconstruction and re-equipment of a number of leading surgical clinics, which contributed to the progressive development of the academys scientific schools. B.V. Gaidar created a scientific school of neurosurgeons, prepared a rich legacy of articles, textbooks and monographs, his merits were recognized by the scientific community and the state. Celebrating the anniversary, Boris Vsevolodovich continues to actively engage in scientific work, training, counseling critical patients, passionately defending the interests of the Military Medical Academy.

The role of scientists of the Department of Psychiatry of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in the development of domestic narcology and pharmacological methods of treating this pathology

The study covers the history of the formation and development of narcology in the Russian Empire and the USSR. The role of the heads and psychiatrists of the Department of Psychiatry and the Clinic of Mental and Nervous Diseases of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in the fight against alcoholism in the country and the organization of drug treatment was identified. Particular emphasis was laid on the work of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a prominent Russian and Soviet psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist and psychologist, the founder of reflexology and pathopsychological direction in Russia. It was V.M. Bekhterev who did everything to reverse public views on alcoholism and transfer it from the category of moral turpitude to the status of the disease; he organized the research and treatment for alcoholic patients. This paper considers the aspects of scientific development of issues related to narcology by the staff and heads of the department. The priority of domestic psychiatrists in the theoretical justification and practical application of conditioned reflex therapy for alcoholism has been shown.

Actuality and problems of tuberculosis prevention in patients receiving gene-engineering biological therapy

The aims of the study were to analyse the results of tuberculosis prevention in S.М. Kirov Military Medical Academy patients receiving gene-engineered biologi-cal therapy, to evaluate the topicality of this work and to define existing problems. Methods. The study included 185 patients who were consulted by a phthisiatrician because of the gene-engineered biological therapy in the period of 2018–2019. Patients’ medical case histories were studied. Screening and monitoring of tuberculosis infection was carried out in accordance with the metho-dical recommendations of the Association of Rheuma-tologists of Russia. Results. Among persons, referred to the phthisiatrician consultancy due to biological therapy, patients from department internal medicine clinic pre-vailed (76.2%) with key diagnosis: ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev’s disease) — 41.6%, and rheumatoid arthri-tis — 21.1%. Among gene-engineered biologicals, Goli-mumab (44.3%) and Adalimumab (18.5%) were most of-ten used. For the analyzed period, none of those receiving gene-engineered biologicals, got sick with tuberculosis. This indicates the effectiveness of preventive measures. A single clinical case of active pulmonary tuberculosis, that was timely detected in a patient at the preliminary screening stage before the start of biological therapy, is demonstrated. The guidelines on this aspect of the tuber-culosis prevention are analyzed. The current organiza-tion problems in examination and checks, dispensary dynamic observation and chemoprophylaxis are noted and illustrated by a clinical example of a patient with an-kylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev’s disease) and signs of la-tent tuberculosis infection. Ways to solve these problems are suggested. Conclusion. Prevention of tuberculosis in patients receiving gene-engineered biological therapy is atopical task, with a need to update and improve its regu-latory and procedural guidelines.