Kinship Patterns Research Articles

Determinasi Sosial dalam Memilih Pasangan Hidup Melalui Perkawinan Nyentana pada Masyarakat Hindu di Bali

Nyentana marriage has both positive and negative impacts on sentana rajeg. Although nyentana marriage in Bali supports gender equality, sentana rajeg faces significant challenges in implementing a matrilineal kinship pattern amidst patrilineal dominance, leading to difficulties in choosing a life partner. The aim of this study is to describe the current condition of nyentana marriage, analyze the forms of social determination experienced by sentana rajeg, and explore the social practices undertaken by sentana rajeg in seeking a life partner. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-explanatory and descriptive-exploratory approach. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observation, and document studies. Data analysis is conducted based on social practice theory. The study finds that the acceptance of nyentana marriage among the Balinese Hindu community is relatively slow due to the social stigma of "paid bangkung," issues of caste differences, conflicts of rights and obligations, and the loss of inheritance rights for men post-nyentana marriage. Sentana rajeg experiences social determination in choosing a life partner due to the need to fulfill various aspects such as religious norms, adjustment to the matrilineal kinship system, the necessity to find a partner from the same caste, demands for stability, and geographical limitations in finding a partner. According to social practice theory, to establish the habitus of nyentana marriage, sentana rajeg must distribute various capitals within a limited arena.

Heteronormative geographies and other sexual practices in rural Haryana, India

Kinship patterns and caste structures have a significant effect on Indian people’s lives. Rural Haryana has a strong caste-based kinship system organised around a heteronormative narrative that shapes associated societal and cultural values. This narrative centres on heterosexual marriage, which is arranged within the rules of kinship patterns. Such marital arrangements are viewed as the only space in which people can realise their sexual desires. This article aims to understand the diverse practices of people in rural Haryana that subvert this narrative to realise their sexual desires. The study adopted an ethnographic approach, using casual conversations as a data source to understand how sexuality is practised in rural areas under a strong kinship structure. In the paper, we argue that while the practices documented may seem subversive and countervailing, they contribute to concretising and maintaining the dominant social structure.

The identification of yield components, genetic variability, and heritability to determine the superior cocoa trees in West Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Suparno A, Arbianto MA, Prabawardani S, Chadikun P, Tata H, Luhulima FDN. 2024. The identification of yield components, genetic variability, and heritability to determine the superior cocoa trees in West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2363-2373. One of the obstacles to increasing the productivity of cocoa is the existence of superior cocoa clones. This research, therefore, was carried out to select the superior cocoa tree candidates from the existing cocoa plantation populations over 30 years old, using a descriptive method on the yield components of superior cocoa candidates in PT. Cokran Cocoa Plantation, South Manokwari. This research was conducted from May 2020 to May 2022. The initial information on 32 superior cocoa trees was obtained from the farmers who were involved and worked at the PT. Cokran Cocoa Plantation for 30 years. Cocoa was planted on an area of 1,680 ha with a spacing of 2 x 4 m. Data on the 13 quantitative characters of the cocoa pod and cocoa beans were analyzed using ANOVA (SAS V.9 For Window). These 13 quantitative data, including 11 qualitative data of leaves and fruit were used to analyze the relationship of kinship pattern among the accessions using NTSys ver. 2.1. Results of the research show that 8 cocoa accessions had a high production potential of more than 6,000 g per tree annually, namely CKR-02, CKR-03, CKR-04, CKR-09, CKR-12, CKR-26, CKR-28, and CKR-41 accessions. Accessions that produced 1,000 g of dry cocoa beans in less than 20 pods were CKR-03, CKR-04, CKR-07, CKR-09, CKR-12, CKR-15, CKR-22, CKR-26, CKR-40, and CKR-41. Candidate cocoa clones that have the potency to produce dry cocoa beans with grade AA quality were CKR-03, CKR-04, CKR-12, CKR-26, CKR-40, and CKR-41. Wide phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were found among the 32 accessions. High heritability was produced by pod length, pod girth, pod fresh mass, seed number/pod, seed fresh mass, and seed dry mass. The cluster analysis showed a wide morphological diversity of the 32 cocoa accession candidates based on the yield component characters.

Indexing Classic Mayan, Part 1

The Classic Mayan language was written for approximately 2,000 years, from 300 bce until around 1700 ce in the Colonial period, but there is a lack of information on how to index names in any ancient Mesoamerican language. This series of articles aims to remedy that situation. In order to set Classic Mayan in context, an overview of contemporaneous hieroglyphic scripts is provided, followed by an exploration of the development and use of Classic Mayan from the Late Preclassic onward. An examination of its orthography focuses on those aspects that can affect indexing, including the Maya numbering system and calendrics. A future article will consider naming conventions, marriage and kinship patterns, and examples of Late Classic period inscriptions. Finally, useful reference material for the indexer working on Maya-related manuscripts will be provided.

Kincretism in crosslinguistic perspective

Traditional anthropology in the vein of Morgan (1871) distinguishes between descriptive and classificatory kinship terms. Mainstream US English father functions as a descriptive term, as it conventionally only indicates one relationship type: `'ego's begetter'. In contrast, Aboriginal English father functions as a classificatory term, as it conventionally indicates both 'ego's begetter' and `'ego's begetter's brother'. We propose that it is possible to study classificatory kinship in the same manner that we study morphological syncretism in nominal and verbal paradigms. We propose toy features for kinship and demonstrate that Murdock's (1949) classical hexapartite typology of kinship patterns is best thought of as a set of metasyncretisms (Harley 2008) generated by impoverishment. In theoretical terms, we contribute to the broader research program of Crossmodular Structural Parallelism (Nevins 2008), in that we argue that kintactic features may interact and be modified in ways homologous to phonological and morphological features. In empirical terms, we provide a genealogically diverse sample of underdescribed language-specific kincretisms outside of the broader Murdockian typology, with an emphasis on kincretisms that involve affinal terms.

Benchmarking kinship estimation tools for ancient genomes using pedigree simulations.

There is growing interest in uncovering genetic kinship patterns in past societies using low-coverage palaeogenomes. Here, we benchmark four tools for kinship estimation with such data: lcMLkin, NgsRelate, KIN, and READ, which differ in their input, IBD estimation methods, and statistical approaches. We used pedigree and ancient genome sequence simulations to evaluate these tools when only a limited number (1 to 50 K, with minor allele frequency ≥0.01) of shared SNPs are available. The performance of all four tools was comparable using ≥20 K SNPs. We found that first-degree related pairs can be accurately classified even with 1 K SNPs, with 85% F1 scores using READ and 96% using NgsRelate or lcMLkin. Distinguishing third-degree relatives from unrelated pairs or second-degree relatives was also possible with high accuracy (F1 > 90%) with 5 K SNPs using NgsRelate and lcMLkin, while READ and KIN showed lower success (69 and 79% respectively). Meanwhile, noise in population allele frequencies and inbreeding (first-cousin mating) led to deviations in kinship coefficients, with different sensitivities across tools. We conclude that using multiple tools in parallel might be an effective approach to achieve robust estimates on ultra-low-coverage genomes.

Navigating trust: The clash of clan culture and conventional management

AbstractHow does a mismatch between management and cultural norms lead to decreased engagement and productivity? Within both Germanic and Mediterranean cultural spheres, trust dynamics mirror deeply ingrained kinship patterns, which evolve slowly over time. The inclination to trust within one's own kin group is notably stronger among Mediterranean populations compared to their Germanic counterparts. Even as these populations migrated to regions such as Latin America and the United States, the distinct trust patterns persist. Germanic managerial methodologies rely heavily on trust‐based behaviors inherent to Germanic cultures, which may not find resonance within the Mediterranean cultural context. Consequently, such managerial approaches often prove less effective within Mediterranean clusters. In contrast, management practices that prioritize kinship dynamics, commonly seen among Mediterranean peoples, foster an environment of trust, teamwork, and a sense of collective responsibility. This approach necessitates fewer bureaucratic controls and cultivates heightened levels of engagement and performance in the workplace. These assertions draw from a synthesis of historical accounts, business literature, anthropological studies, as well as empirical evidence from sources such as the World Values Survey Wave 6 data and field research conducted over a 2‐year period within a Brazilian samba school setting.

Isotopic Evidence for Mobility in the Copper and Bronze Age Cemetery of Humanejos (Parla, Madrid): a Diachronic Approach Using Biological and Archaeological Variables

Over the last several decades, the application of aDNA and strontium isotope analyses on archaeologically recovered human remains has provided new avenues for the investigation of mobility in past societies. Data on human mobility can be valuable in the reconstruction of prehistoric residential patterns and kinship systems, which are at the center of human social organization and vary across time and space. In this paper, we aim to contribute to our understanding of mobility, residence, and kinship patterns in late Prehistoric Iberia (c. 3300–1400BC) by providing new strontium data on 44 individuals from the site of Humanejos (Parla, Madrid). The study presented here is multi-proxy and looks at these new data by interweaving biological, chronological, and archaeological information. This analysis found that 7/44 individuals buried at Humanejos could be identified as non-local to the necropolis. Although more men (n = 5) than women (n = 2) were found in the non-local category, and more non-local individuals were identified in the pre-Bell Beaker (n = 5) than in Bell Beaker (n = 1) or Bronze Age (n = 1), we find no statistically significant differences concerning sex or time period. This contrasts with other archaeological datasets for late prehistoric Europe which suggest higher female mobility, female exogamy, and male-centered residential patterns were common. At Humanejos, we have also identified one non-local female whose exceptional Beaker grave goods suggest she was an individual of special status, leading to additional questions about the relationships between gender, mobility, and social position in this region and time period.

The Genesis of Jewish Genealogy

This paper examines the structure, message, and content of biblical genealogies in light of literary analysis and social anthropology. In particular, the focus is on the so-called “Table of Nations” in Genesis 10. My basic assumption is that most biblical genealogies are a literary genre employing various devices that carry a message using symbolic numbers, chiastic structure, and anticipation. These lists interact and supplement the narrative, sometimes as a foil to the story line. They are inserted at relevant points of change in the story of mankind from Adam and Eve to Joseph and his brothers. I even propose that these insertions are the earliest form of dividing the book of Genesis into installments, a precursor to weekly Torah readings and to the later division into chapters as in the printed text. The underlying message of this chapter is the value concept of the brotherhood of mankind stemming from one father—Noah. This innovative idea of universal kinship breaks with the common pagan view prevalent in antiquity that man’s place is to serve the gods and to have little or no personal identity. Note that the great urban cultures of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia have left us no real records of family lineage other than the long king lists that reflect dynastic power. No doubt the importance of oral and written lineage stems from a tribal culture like that of the ancient Hebrews and their kindred. This overriding view even shaped the Nimrud pericope, describing his founding the urban centers of Babylon and Assyria. Genealogy became the natural medium expressing this message of universal kinship. Basic to understanding biblical genealogies is discerning two patterns of kinship, one, linear, stretching up to ten generations, and two, segmented genealogies, noting an eponymous “father” and his segmented offspring or wives. Our understanding of these structures in the Bible is shaped by the research of social anthropologists who studied oral genealogy among analphabetic tribes in Africa and the Middle East. I apply these observations and methodology in a detailed commentary on the Table of Nations.

Familial neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Case series and systematic review.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is considered a complex multifactorial disorder. Most cases are sporadic, and familial NMOSD is assumed as a rare occurrence. However, few studies reported familial aggregation of the disorder. To report familial NMOSD cases in Thailand and conduct a systematic review of familial NMOSD. A retrospective chart review of familial NMOSD patients at the university hospital was performed. Articles related to "genetic" and "NMOSD" were systematically searched and reviewed. We included NMOSD patients whose one or more relatives were diagnosed with the same disease or multiple sclerosis (MS). Data regarding demographics, clinical features, disease outcomes, and genetic testing were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. We identified 6 familial cases from 165 NMOSD cases (3.6%) at our hospital and gathered 77 cases from a systematic review, totaling 83 cases from 40 families. The mean (SD) age at onset was 37.2 (18.0) years. Familial NMOSD involved 1-2 generations with mainly 2 affected individuals. The most common kinship pattern was siblingship in 21 families (52.5%). Initial syndromes were mostly optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Serum aquaporin-4 IgG was positive in 79.7% of cases. Median number of relapses was 3 (range 1-26). Median expanded disability status scale in the last visit was 2 (range 0-8). Reported human leukocyte antigens (HLA) alleles shared between familial cases were HLA-A*01 and HLA-DRB1*03. Familial clustering of NMOSD is more common than would be expected in the general population. The demographic, clinical, and outcome profiles of familial cases were not different from sporadic cases. Certain specific HLA haplotypes were shared among familial cases. Our systematic review highlighted complex genetic predisposition to NMOSD.

A Sociolinguistics Analysis of Address Terms in Sasak Language

This research falls under the broad category of linguistics, i.e., sociolinguistics, which investigates the relationship between language and society. The objective of this research is to examine the sociolinguistic phenomenon known as "address terms" as performed by the native speakers of the Sasak language. This research employed a mix of descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative methods to describe a social phenomenon that occurs in the midst of society and is closely related to the address terms used by native Sasak speakers on Lombok Island. The data displayed in this research are the results of classified participatory and non-participatory observations, in-depth interviews, and online questionnaires. Based on the results of the findings and discussions, the researcher found several conditions. First, the address terms of native Sasak speakers are divided into eight patterns: 1. the nobility pattern; 2. the general pattern; 3. the intimacy pattern; 4. the borrowing pattern; 5. the kinship pattern; 6. the religious pattern; 7. the cultural pattern; and 8. the personal pronoun pattern. Secondly, the address terms serve the following functions: 1. to demonstrate intimacy; 2. to draw attention; 3. to demonstrate politeness; 4. to reflect identity; and 5. to demonstrate power differential. And last, the social factors affecting the use of address terms are: 1. social status; 2. age; 3. family relationship; 4. occupational hierarchy; and 5. degree of intimacy.

Polygynandry and high genetic diversity supported by kinship and population genetics from neotropical catfish ichthyoplankton

AbstractKnowledge about reproductive biology is critical for understanding species ecology and evolution, hence their conservation. However, such information remains elusive for many species due to the difficulty of observing mating in nature. Herein, we coupled population and sociogenetic analysis to assess the reproductive biology of an important South American catfish, the “painted catfish” Pimelodus maculatus. We analysed the genetic diversity and kinship patterns of three wild ichthyoplankton samples identified by DNA barcoding and screened with microsatellite loci. We found the same trend in the three samples analysed: a high number unrelated larvae (r < 0.25) and potential parents involved (Ca1, 24♀:24♂; Ca2, 21♀:23♂; Cin, 24♀:25♂), as well as a high number of familial clusters (ML: 19‐21; MCMC: 23‐26). The data indicate a parental sexual proportion close to 1:1 and a polygynandrous mating system. We found high levels of genetic diversity, low GST values (GST < 0.014), but moderate DEST values between the tributary and reservoir samples (DEST > 0.25; Cin x Ca1 or Cin x Ca2), a similar pattern to the observed in adult populations. These results indicate that the mating system of P. maculatus has played an important role in minimising the loss of genetic diversity, a condition that may have favoured the species in a highly fragmented landscape.

Whom do married and divorced parents consider kin?

ABSTRACT Despite the potential importance of kin to divorced parents in particular, prior research rarely studied how kinship patterns vary between married and divorced parents, nor within-group variations depending upon postdivorce residence arrangements and repartnering. We estimated mixed-effects logistic regression models using data from samples of Dutch married (N = 1,336) and divorced parents (N = 3,464) to predict the extent to which parents considered various blood relatives and (former) in-laws kin (i.e. parents, siblings, aunts/uncles, nieces/nephews, and cousins) and investigated differences within the divorced group per residence arrangements and repartnering. We found that married and divorced parents barely differed in the extent to which they considered blood relatives kin, but differences were large for (former) in-laws, and particularly great when parents did not reside with their biological child. Repartnered divorced parents were less likely to consider their former in-laws kin than single divorced parents but considered their new in-laws kin to high extents. For both blood relatives and (former) in-laws, parents were most often, and cousins least often considered kin. These results indicate that kinship patterns only differ for in-laws between married and divorced parents. Resident children may lead parents to consider former in-laws kin, whereas repartnering leads to exclusion of former in-laws.

VARIASI PEMAKAIAN BAHASA JAWA DIALEK REMBANG PADA MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN: KAJIAN SOSIODIALEKTOLOGI

The focus of this research is on variations in the use of the Javanese dialect of Rembang by rural communities. Research data in the form of written data and oral data. Case study in Tuyuhan Village, Pancur District, Rembang Regency. The objectives of this research are (1) to reveal vocabulary variations and (2) to describe variations in speech level usage. In collecting data, the researcher used the listening method and the speaking method. The results of the study include: (1) there are variations in vocabulary in 11 fields of meaning, namely greeting words/pronouns, animals, plants, clothes, body parts, kinship patterns, work, household equipment, diseases, activities/activities, and natural conditions. (2) there is an influence of Indonesian into Javanese, both Krama and Ngoko

A Study of Genetic Variability 30 Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) Using Some SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) Markers Adrift Zn

Rice is one of the important commodities in indonesia. Analysis of rice genetic diversity is necesarry for the succes of the local rice variety program. This study aims to identify the genetic variability and kinship patterns of 30 rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) using six zinc-linked SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. The research was conducted in September - December 2021 at the DNA Laboratory of the Sukamandi Rice Plant Research Center. A total of 30 local rice genotypes with diverse Zinc content have been analyzed using laboratory experiments. The results showed that there were different allele variations (2 – 8) among the genotypes tested with an average number of alleles of 4.5, while the average value of Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) amounted to 0.48 (0.20 - 0.70). 4 SSR markers have PIC values of > 0.5 (RM162, RM38, RM30, and RM80) which show that the markers are informative for the study of rice genetic diversity with Zinc content variety with an average gene diversity value of 0.53. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the 30 genotypes clustered into five clusters with a similar coefficient of 0.68.

A Study of the Non-Visual Factors of Cars Affecting the Consumer’s Cognitive Appeal

The success of a car in the market depends on visual as well as non-visual factors. Both these sets of factors influence the cognitive appeal of cars for potential buyers. Purchasing a car is not only about economic choices but also related to emotional, aesthetic, sensory responses to driving, kinship patterns, habitation, sociability, and functionality. This study aimed to identify the major non-visual factors of cars that affect the cognitive perception of buyers and estimate their importance relative to each other. A set of non-visual factors and their sub-factors were identified through a literature search and an open-ended survey among car owners. Many of the sub-factors had the same meaning and therefore these factors were grouped under twenty separate sub-factors. Then, these twenty sub-factors were analyzed by using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach to evaluate the most influential sub-factors among the identified sub-factors. Six designers were involved in the analysis of the sub-factors through the DEMATEL approach. The results showed that the car’s brand value, cost, engine performance, reliability, and safety are the top five sub-factors. Outcomes of this study can be utilized by designers and top management people to understand the most influential factors affecting the cognitive behavior of consumers when purchasing a car. This understanding will help companies to design cars as per the requirements of consumers, which will ultimately lead to better profitability of these companies.

Relationship analysis related to acid stress of some cornlines used in soil using SSR markings

This research aims to characterize, identify and determine the kinship patterns and bands of genetic diversity in maize lines developed in acid soils from SSRmarkers. This research was carried out at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, from March to July 2021. This study used 3 lines and 2 of F1 in corn. To determine band size with the UVITEC Cambridge Fire Reader and to calculate genetic similarity and formation, the group used the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP Ver. 3.2). The Research method is the molecular marker method with 3 SSR primers (Cams 358, Tms 7 and Tms 9) the results showed that 3 primers received bands with sizes in the range of 255582 bp. Based on PCOA analysis, there is one sample that dispensed, which equates to 102 713 × NEI 9008. Based on research, CLA 84 × NEI 9008, CLA 106, CLA 84, and NEI9008 are sensitive genotypes and 102 713 × NEI 9008 represent genotypes. tolerant toacid stress.

A phylogenetic analysis of dispersal norms, descent and subsistence in Sino-Tibetans

Sex-biased dispersal has long been of interest to anthropologists and biologists, as it can structure populations and determine patterns of kinship, relatedness and cooperation. In most contemporary human societies, females usually disperse at marriage. In a minority of human societies, male dispersal, bisexual philopatry, or both sexes dispersing is practiced. Previous studies suggest that emergence of either agriculture, cattle pastoralism, or patriliny is associated with female-biased dispersal in certain language families. The ancestral patterns of sex-specific dispersal and its ecological correlates in Sino-Tibetans remain uncertain. Here we use comparative phylogenetic methods to infer the evolutionary history of sex-specific dispersal in Sino-Tibetan groups, and tested for coevolution between subsistence (agriculture and cattle-keeping), descent and sex-specific dispersal. We use a variety of ethnographic and historical sources to identify dispersal strategies across Sino-Tibetan phylogenetic trees ( n = 97). We found that 1) earliest Sino-Tibetan groups were likely patrilocal; 2) agriculture likely co-evolved with only female dispersal patterns, but the result is sensitive to alternative coding strategy; 3) there is no evidence that domestic cattle co-evolved with dispersal patterns of either gender; and 4) kinship descent likely co-evolved with female dispersal, but not with male dispersal. Moreover, change from state of “patrilineal” to “non-patrilineal” triggered change in female dispersal patterns, from “female non-stay” to “female stay”. Our results suggest that change in descent drove change in female-specific dispersal pattern in Sino-Tibetans. Our findings illustrated how subsistence or descent can play different roles in shaping sex-biased dispersal patterns.

Correlates of Contemporary Gender Preference for Children in South Korea

AbstractThis study explores gender preference for children in South Korea, where a strong, traditional son preference has recently shifted to a greater preference for daughters or no preference. Using data from the 2008 Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC; N = 1,836) and 2012 Korean General Social Survey (KGSS; N = 1,355), we examined social and attitudinal correlates of child gender preference, including kinship patterns, perceived prospects for the future, and attitudes about the value of children, including potentially gendered expectations. Logistic regressions of child gender preference showed that mothers receiving support from maternal grandparents reported lower son preference (PSKC). Attitudes about both the instrumental (social, economic) and emotional value of children were also related to son preference. In the KGSS, individuals who preferred sons reported more traditional gender attitudes, positive future prospects, and greater expectations of help in old age and were more likely to be men, older, rural, or Buddhist. There were few differences between those who favored a daughter compared to no preference. Overall, the decline in son preference appears to reflect shifts in intergenerational relations and societal changes that have redefined the meaning and value of children in the context of economic uncertainties, very low fertility, and population aging.

Reaching out and institutionalizing multiple kinship relationships in the social environment: Ampangnaopat among Simalungunese, Indonesia

ABSTRACT In this study, I will show that the determinant of the stability and continuity of kinship in the social environment is the contribution made by the four basic frameworks (ampangnaopat), an element of marriage ritual among the Simalungunese, Indonesia. The four basic frameworks of kinship are the basis of functional and mutual bonds, which was established in response to the challenges of social dynamics. The study was motivated by the absoluteness of the four basic frameworks in the marriage ritual, a cornerstone of the triangular and pentagon kinship pattern. The study was conducted qualitatively, using a pragmatic approach, by referring to the Radcliffe-Brown structural-functionalism paradigm. The data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and visual documentation. Field data is recorded in verbatim transcripts, and bias is reduced through comparisons between subjects. The study found four basic frameworks, the primary elements of kinship, a legitimacy mechanism focusing on the mother-to-be, with mutual support at its core, as well as determinants of the stability and continuity of social relationship. The four basic frameworks, the conclusions of the study, are reaching out and institutionalization of multiple functions, based on triangular as well as pentagonal patterns of mutual relations to support all aspects of life. Responding to social dynamics, locality, and continuity of kinship is forced through presence and participation at every moment of rituals and ceremonies. The institutionalization of functions is highly dependent on ties that bind more mutual and functional kinship units.