King's Method Research Articles

Some histological and biochemical evaluation on commercial hair dyes

The use of hair dyes as a means of beautification is currently increasing. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of different commercial hair dyes on the histology of the skin and biochemical parameters of the liver of Albino rats. This study was carried out in the Pathology Department, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar and College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar between May, 2019 and October, 2019. Four different colours of hair dyes were obtained from a cosmetic store in Watt daily market in Calabar, Cross River State. Twenty male Albino rats with average weight of 55g were used for this study. The rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups of four (4) rats each. Group 1 to 4 served as the test groups while group 5 served as the control group. Different colours of hair dye were applied topically on selected area of the back of Albino rats daily for 30 days after which, the rats were sacrificed using chloroform inhalation procedure. The skin of the rat was harvested for histology while heart puncture was used to collect 5 milliliters of blood from each rat for biochemical analysis. Plasma Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using Kind and King's method. Plasma Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino transferase (AST) were determined by Reitman and Frankel method. Serum protein (TP) was determined by Biurette's method while bilirubin was estimated using Powell's method. Liver tissues were processed using routine paraffin wax tissue processing method for histological analysis. The serum levels of ALP, AST, TP, Total bilirubin (TB) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) in all the test groups were significantly increased when compared with the control (P=0.001). Histological evaluations indicated evidence of cellular injury in all the test groups. Prolonged use of commercial hair dyes caused adverse effects to the skin and liver as seen in the Albino rat used in this study.

The Reaction of the Sejmiks of Kyiv, Bratslav, and Chernihiv Voivodeships to the Pacification Initiatives of August II (1698–1699)

The article reveals an aspect of the history of the sejmiks of Kyiv, Bratslav, and Chernihiv voivodeships in exile during the early reign of August II in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years of 1698–1699. This was when two pacification Sejms were convened when the new king tried to calm the civil confrontation in the country after the split election in the time of the Interregnum after Jan III Sobieski died. In 1698–1699, all three exile sejmiks were held in Volodymyr in the Volyn Voivodeship. Based on the sejmik acts study, it was found that the moderate royalist political position characterized all three exile sejmiks. The sejmiks of the Kyiv and Bratslav voivodeships were driven to do so by problems in their domains with the Cossacks of the Right Bank Ukraine, as well as by the opportunity to join the royal benefits at the time of the king's efforts to gain the favor of the nobility. The sejmik of the Chernihiv Voivodeship, which was non-territorial, demonstrated symmetrical political activity for the benefits achieving, generally focusing on compensation for their estate losses. The last one sejmik also implemented support to the Lithuanian republican nobility's efforts of granting the Coaequatio Iurium approval by the Sejm. The study also reveals that the Kyiv and Bratslav sejmiks were partly encouraged by the king's initiative to wage war against the Ottomans in 1698, but they completely joyfully welcomed the news of the signing of peace with Porta in 1699 and the return of previously lost lands to the Commonwealth. The loyalty of the exile sejmiks to the king did not prevent them from criticizing the royal authorities and making proposals for governance and improvement of treasury and military affairs. One of the main objects of criticism of the sejmiks was the foreign Saxon army that the king brought with him to the country on the eve of his coronation. They also criticized the king's methods of governance, which the nobility considered inconsistent with the established political regionalism and autonomy of local rights and law.

Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Equations by a Twelth-Order Iterative Method with Memory

Some real life mathematical problems can be converted in the form of nonlinear equations. Solving such problems by analytical approaches is dificult in many situations. Hence numerical solution is the best way in this case. In this paper, a twelth-order iterative scheme for solvingnonlinear equations is presented and analyzed in terms of eciency. The new scheme is derived from the well-known King's method with order of convergence eight. We extend eighth-order King's method to an iterative method with memory of order 12:16 by using famous Newton'sinterpolating polynomial of degree 6 to avoid the derivative used in King's method. The new derived method is a three-step and is totally derivative free with twelth order of convergence. The method requires four functional evaluations at each iteration introducing high efficiency index of (12:16) 1/4 = 1:8673: Convergence order of new method is also studied. It is achieved by using matrix method of Herzburger. Numerical results are also provided to support theoretical analysis. Comparison of the derived scheme with previously well-known iterative schemes of the same order is also presented. As diffierent schemes of same order has efficiency index of (12)1/6 = 1:5131 because they requires six functional evaluations at each iteration, hence the proposed scheme is better than other schemes.

Parents to chronically ill adolescents have ambivalent views on confidential youth consultations - a mixed methods study.

Confidential youth consultations aiming at enhancing adolescent autonomy are a cornerstone of transitional care. At the same time, parental support is essential. These conflicting considerations result in a clinical dilemma. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of parents to chronically ill adolescents regarding confidential youth consultations and to explore the underlying reasons. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design consisting of a cross-sectional questionnaire survey (n = 117) and three focus group interviews among parents (n = 12) to chronically ill adolescents (12-19 years) was used. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively. Qualitative data were analyzed using King's template method. The parents preferred independent youth consultations starting around the age of 14-15 years. Around 60% of the parents had one or more concerns regarding independent youth consultations. Although 64% of the parents supported conditional or full confidentiality during adolescence, 95% wanted information even though their child did not consent. In the qualitative analysis, the parents described caring for a child with chronic disease as a term of life perceiving themselves as an "octopus" with numerous roles related to daily care and treatment and at the same time with thoughts and worries regarding the future. We found four themes: 'a life with chronic disease', 'responsibility', 'protection' and 'apprenticeship'. The parents' attitudes were influenced by their roles and their perception of the adolescent's competences as well as their experience with the healthcare system. Our findings suggest that parents need transitional care too.

Application of the renormalization group approach for permeability estimation in digital rocks

Rock permeabilities are typically calculated by applying some empirically derived relationships or expressions, which normally result in rough or erroneous values. Given advanced computing and smart techniques, rock samples acquired in boreholes or on outcrops can be imaged and broken down into small digital rocks. The renormalization group approach with isotropic block (RGAWIB) has been applied to calculate the permeability of digital rocks. The RGAWIB proposed by King can accurately derive the effective permeability if the pore structure is described correctly by the separated grid blocks. For King's method, the permeability of the grid block is assumed to be isotropic, which is not suitable for significant variance in neighboring permeabilities. In this study, we adopted discrete blocks with anisotropic permeability for the upscaling process of renormalization, which provided reasonable results for large perturbations of permeability in neighboring grid blocks. We assumed that the anisotropic block held different permeabilities in three orthogonal directions and calculated the effective permeabilities of idealized porous media and digital rocks by a renormalization group approach with anisotropic block (RGAWAB). Moreover, a permeability distribution method is presented in this paper. The original permeability distribution of an idealized porous media was calculated, along with the permeability distributions of the digital core data available in the literature in the x, y, and z directions using the method developed in this study. Then, we calculated the effective permeabilities of the digital rocks using RGAWAB in the x, y, and z directions, respectively. We compared the results with the absolute permeabilities calculated by the lattice Boltzmann method, which showed that the permeability calculation method was feasible for digital rocks.

Dampak Status Sosial Ekonomi Orang Tua Terhadap Keterampilan Sosial Anak

This research was conducted with the aim to analyze regression the influence of parental socioeconomic status on the social skills of 5-6 year olds in Malang Regency. This research was carried out in Kindergaten Karangploso District, Malang Regency. The time of the study was from March to April 2018. The data collection used Harry King's Nomograph method in determining the sample of the population. The total population of 645 with the standard error 5% with a multiplier factor of 1.195. The sample number was 200.1 rounded to 200 samples of the Harry King Nomograph method. Data analysis used the IBM SPSS 20 program. Based on the results of the study it was found there was a significant and positive influence on the parental socioeconomic status on the social skills of children aged 5-6 years in Malang Regency. The better and the higher of the parental socio-economic status, the higher the child's social skills. The implications of research results indicate that the parental socio-economic status can support children's development, so this can be used as a guide for parents to be able to give attention to their children both to the parents of low, middle and high. Governments, communities, teachers, and parents to collaborate and to encourage the spirit to the children.

Development of material balance equations for coalbed methane reservoirs considering dewatering process, gas solubility, pore compressibility and matrix shrinkage

As one of the important unconventional resources, coalbed methane (CBM) can mitigate energy shortage issue, and its efficient exploitation has received widespread attention globally. The development of CBM is of great significance to coal mine safety and energy supply. CBM reserve evaluation provides a basis for selecting development zones and determining development strategies. However, most existing CBM reserve evaluation methods do not consider the effects of dissolved gas, free gas and the difference between initial reservoir pressure and critical desorption pressure. Thus, the predicted results usually deviate from the actual reserve.In this paper, firstly, the material balance equation (MBE) for early dewatering stage considering the effect of stress sensitivity on porosity is established, and the initial free gas and dissolved gas reserves of undersaturated CBM reservoirs can be obtained. Secondly, the MBE for gas desorption stage is derived, in which the effects of stress sensitivity, matrix shrinkage and dissolved gas are considered. So the original gas in place (OGIP) of CBM reservoirs can be solved. Next, the correctness and rationality of MBEs for early dewatering stage and gas desorption stage are verified against King's MBE method and CBM dynamic analysis software. Finally, this method is applied to actual production wells.The results show that in early dewatering stage, 1−Swiαcp+αSwicwp¯Z¯−pi−p¯p¯Z¯ and WpBw−Weαp¯Z¯+GppscTZscTsc have a linear shape, and the control area of CBM reservoir can be calculated based on the slope of the straight line. In addition, the ratio of the intercept to the slope of the straight line can be used to calculate the initial free gas and dissolved gas reserves of undersaturated CBM reservoirs. During gas desorption stage, p/Z* and Gp have a linear relationship. OGIP of CBM reservoirs can be obtained by the ratio of y-intercept to the slope of the straight line. Using gas and water production data provided by CBM dynamic analysis software, the reserves of undersaturated CBM reservoirs evaluated by the proposed method are in good agreement with those from CBM dynamic analysis software, which proves that the proposed material balance equations and corresponding methods are reasonable and reliable.The material balance equations and methods presented in this paper take into account the effects of various factors such as the difference between initial reservoir pressure and critical desorption pressure, pore compressibility, water compressibility, coal matrix shrinkage, dissolved gas, and free gas. The proposed reserve calculation methods for undersaturated CBM reservoirs can provide an important basis for selecting dominant production area, determining well spacing and guiding development policy.

Solving nonlinear equations by a derivative-free form of the King’s family with memory

In this paper, we present an iterative three-point method with memory based on the family of King's methods to solve nonlinear equations. This proposed method has eighth order convergence and costs only four function evaluations per iteration which supports the Kung-Traub conjecture on the optimal order of convergence. An acceleration of the convergence speed is achieved by an appropriate variation of a free parameter in each step. This self accelerator parameter is estimated using Newton's interpolation polynomial of fourth degree. The order of convergence is increased from 8 to 12 without any extra function evaluation. Consequently, this method, possesses a high computational efficiency. Finally, a numerical comparison of the proposed method with related methods shows its effectiveness and performance in high precision computations.

An Analysis of a King-based Family of Optimal Eighth-order Methods

In this paper we analyze an optimal eighth-order family of methods based on King's fourth order method to solve a nonlinear equation. This family of methods was developed by Thukral

New Highly Efficient Families of Higher-Order Methods for Simple Roots, Permittingf′(xn)=0

Construction of higher-order optimal and globally convergent methods for computing simple roots of nonlinear equations is an earliest and challenging problem in numerical analysis. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present optimal and globally convergent families of King's method and Ostrowski's method having biquadratic and eight-order convergence, respectively, permittingf′(x)=0in the vicinity of the required root. Fourth-order King's family and Ostrowski's method can be seen as special cases of our proposed scheme. All the methods considered here are found to be more effective to the similar robust methods available in the literature. In their dynamical study, it has been observed that the proposed methods have equal or better stability and robustness as compared to the other methods.

肘部管症候群の外科的治療; Thomas Kingが行ったKing法

肘部管症候群の外科的治療; Thomas Kingが行ったKing法

Peter King: In dwelling: implacability, exclusion and acceptance

Peter King occupies a unique place in the study of housing. Few others have his depth of knowledge of political philosophy or his breadth of vision. His method is also unique. This book, like many of his others, contains a philosophical discussion based on personal biography and a critique of particular cinema films. This approach can come as a shock to those accustomed to research hypotheses and "sound" empirical data. King staunchly defends his method arguing that the nature of the subject demands an intuitive, personal approach that is based on the experience of "dwelling". Indeed King focuses on the deeply personal aspects of housing how people live and flourish in their relationship to their house. King describes his approach as "a pleasant walk" in which he goes in circles, sometimes retracing his steps and eventually returns home. All this means that reading the book is a very personal experience. I find that I often disagree with what King says. I find his basic philosophical approach too individualistic for my taste. For example, he focuses on what makes us think of our dwelling as mine, but I found myself shouting at the book to cover also what we think of as ours. King is particularly influenced by philosophy that takes the private ownership of property as the basis of freedom and I would personally dispute this. In reading his books I find myself skimming over the main ideas, but latching on to particular thoughts that trigger ruminations of my own. This book has already stimulated me to write a paper disputing King's view of the necessary impersonality of housing policy and I can feel another paper coming on. I find King a seemingly inexhaustible source of interesting and contestable ideas. As someone more steeped in social science concepts of research method, I find King's method can lead to the derivation of interesting hypotheses for empirical research. The book starts with a discussion of the nature of housing studies in which King argues for a concern with the personal use of a dwelling rather than exclusively focusing on housing policy, which much of the housing literature does. Personal use is argued to be an effective basis for the making of housing theory. Here King explicitly engages with Kemeny's argument that social science theories should be applied to housing rather than

Racial Context and Voting over Taxes

The authors investigate the impact of racial diversity and segregation on white voter support for a comprehensive, progressive tax reform, focusing on a 2003 referendum held in Alabama, which if approved would have raised substantial additional revenues for public education and at the same time greatly increased the progressivity of the tax system. The authors use King's method of ecological inference to obtain estimates of white and black support for the referendum proposal and then attempt to explain the variance across counties in white voter support. Findings show that the degree of racial segregation, rather than the proportion of blacks in a given county, is most critical in predicting support for the referendum among whites at the county level.

Election Strategy and Ethnic Politics in Singapore

According to Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore’s electoral system is essentially representative and does not suffer from significant ethnic conflict. Opposition leaders, however, denounce legislative elections as unfair and claim that Singapore's ethnic minorities disagree politically with the Chinese-dominated People's Action Party (PAP). This essay aims to test both of these hypotheses empirically, using freely available electoral and public-opinion data. Logistic regression of the 1968-2006 parliamentary election results by constituency indicates that the PAP government did create Group Representation Constituencies in 1988 so as to eliminate districts that had voted disproportionately for the opposition in 1984. Analysis using Gary King's method of ecological inference suggests that ethic polarization between Chinese and Malays was moderately high in the 1976 election, peaked in 1988, and was minimal in 2006. Indians, meanwhile, appear to have voted with the Chinese in all three elections. A parallel cross-sectional, logistic regression of the 2002 Singapore subset of the World Values Survey, however, has Indian respondents being slightly less likely to admit to dissatisfaction with the government and indicates that being Malay does not make one more willing to express such dissatisfaction. These empirical results thus cast doubt on the extent to which Singapore's elections have been truly free, fair, and devoid of ethnic tension. The findings also suggest that young, middle-class, highly educated Chinese have replaced working-class Malays as the greatest challenge to continued PAP dominance.

Postoperative Clinical Results in Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

This article reports on factors affecting the postoperative results in cubital tunnel syndrome. We evaluated 111 limbs of 107 patients who had been surgically treated for cubital tunnel syndrome. Average patient age was 43.9 years (range: 11-77 years). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 17 years (mean: 5.2 years). Causal diseases included cubitus valgus following fractures in childhood in 43 limbs, osteoarthritis in 45 limbs, and others in 23 limbs. Surgical treatment involved King's method for 66 limbs, anterior transposition for 41 limbs, and Osborne's method for 4 limbs. Preoperative severity and postoperative results were evaluated according to the critera for evaluation of ulnar nerve palsy of Yokohama City University. Preoperative severity was stage I in 19 limbs, stage II in 12 limbs, stage III in 41 limbs, and stage IV in 39 limbs. Postoperative results at final evaluation were excellent in 37 limbs, good in 39 limbs, fair in 26 limbs, and poor in 9 limbs. Age at surgery, duration of cubital tunnel syndrome, preoperative severity, and clinical symptom score and motor nerve conduction velocity in the early postoperative stage (one month after surgery) were found to be important prognostic factors of the syndrome.

Saharan dust outbreak over southeastern Spain as detected by sun photometer

Characterization of mineral aerosol properties in southeastern Spain is important due to its proximity to the African continent that permit studying the Saharan dust just entering European continent before its possible mixing with anthropogenic emissions in Europe. Two Saharan dust events that occurred during 30 August–3 September and on 10 September 1998 were observed at an inland location on the outskirts of Granada in southeastern Spain. Detailed analyses including back trajectories and TOMS aerosol index maps showed transport of Saharan dust from the Sahara desert and North Africa to the study area. The dust episodes were associated with marked increases in aerosol optical depth ( δ a) at all wavelengths examined in this study. Thus δ a (500 nm) increased from a value of ∼0.2 corresponding to normal conditions up to 0.6 in the first event and up to 0.55 in the second. At the end of these events, the arrival of air masses from the Atlantic caused a sharp decrease in δ a (500 nm) that reaches values close to those obtained before the event (∼0.2). The Angström exponent α reached a minimum of 0.36 in the first event and 0.37 in the second. The Angström exponent α and aerosol optical depth values during dust events agree well with those obtained under the same kind of events in AERONET and SKYNET sites, as well as with the results obtained in ACE-2 and ACE-Asia experiments. The aerosol size distributions, retrieved from aerosol optical depth using King's method, demonstrated how the large size fraction of aerosol associated with Saharan dust dominated during these events. When Saharan dust was present, the retrieved aerosol size distributions were bimodal with a well-defined mode centred at a radius of 0.6 μm, and showed an evident increase in the large particles mode with radii in the range 0.4–2 μm. The small particle concentration during the two events did not present any marked change, and was similar to those observed on days without Saharan dust. Large particle concentration was higher by a factor of 8 than during normal conditions.

Numerical Issues in Statistical Computing for the Social Scientist

Preface. 1. Introduction: Consequences of Numerical Inaccuracy. 2. Sources of Inaccuracy in Statistical Computation. 3. Evaluating Statistical Software. 4. Robust Inference. 5. Numerical Issues in Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation. 6. Numerical Issues Involved in Hessian Matrices (Jeff Gill & Gary King). 7. Numerical Behavior of King's EI Method. 8. Some Details of Nonlinear Estimation (B. D. McCullough). 9. Spatial Regression Models (James P. LeSage). 10. Convergence Problems in Logistic Regression (Paul Allison). 11. Recommendations for Replication and Accurate Analysis. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Acts of Faith: Churches and Political Engagement

Many observers suggest that white evangelical Protestant churches serve to mobilize their members into politics, while others argue that they encourage withdrawal from political life. This paper reconciles these two claims. I hypothesize that the time members of evangelical Protestant denominations spend in service to their church comes at the expense of participation in the wider community, contrary to the way mainline Protestant and Catholic churches foster civic activity among their members. However, I further hypothesize that the tight social networks formed through this intensive church activity can at times facilitate rapid and intense political mobilization. Data from the Citizen Participation Study supports the first hypothesis, while applying King's method of ecological inference to two elections in Alabama supports the second.

The Local Voter: A Geographically Weighted Approach to Ecological Inference

Drawing inferences about individual behavior from aggregate ecological data has been a persistent problem in electoral and behavioral studies, in spite of important methodological advances. In a recent article Anselin and Tam Cho (2002) provided Monte Carlo evidence that King's Ecological Inference (EI) solution will produce biased estimates in the presence of extreme spatial heterogeneity. In this article we provide further empirical evidence that supports their findings and shows that in the presence of spatial effects the residuals of Goodman's naïve model exhibit the same spatial structure that King's local BBi estimates. Solving for extreme spatial heterogeneity, it is argued here, requires controlling the omitted variable bias expressed in the spatial structure of much ecological data. In this article we propose a Geographically Weighted Regression approach (GWR) for solving problems of spatial aggregation bias and spatial autocorrelation that affect all known methods of ecological inference. The estimation process is theoretically intuitive and computationally simple, showing that a well‐specified GWR approach to Goodman and King's Ecological Inference methods may result in unbiased and consistent local estimates of ecological data that exhibit extreme spatial heterogeneity.

Dealing with Diversity: Racial/Ethnic Context and Social Policy Change

We propose and provide an explanation of voting behavior that argues it is a convergence of a social context (high racial/ethnic diversity) and institutional context (frequent use of direct democracy) that is associated with the adoption of public policies targeted at minority groups. We examine this argument in the state of California, the most racially diverse state in the nation, and one that has historically high usage of ballot initiatives. We analyze white voting for four social policy ballot initiatives that directly targeted minority groups over a twelve-year period. Using King's method of ecological inference (1997), the study demonstrates that white support for the initiatives varied systematically by racial and ethnic environments across policy issues and over time. The white votes was consistently higher in “bifurcated” environments, as might be expected given Key's (1949) research on a racial threat; but is was also notably higher in “homogeneous” contexts, even after accounting for economic conditions and partisanship. Social heterogeneity, particularly white ethnic diversity, is associated with lower support for the ballot propositions. The research expands the social diversity interpretation (Hero 1998) by taking into consideration institutional context, contributes to our understanding of minorities and direct democracy, and raises broader questions about procedural democracy and the appropriate scope of conflict for direct democracy elections in the U.S.