Kingdom Of Hungary Research Articles

Privilégiá mesta Krupina – K problematike nejstarších privilégií hostí Krupiny spred mongolského vpádu

The town of Krupina and its privileges : On the issue of the oldest privileges of guests of Krupina before the Mongol invasion The author deals with the issue of privileges granted to Krupina, one of the oldest towns in Slovakia. The town’s privileges were renewed in 1244, whereas the first privileges ever mentioned were granted before the Mongol invasion (March 1241). With reference to the only document – preserved from 1238 –, some authors indirectly came to the conclusion that the first written privileges were given to German guests as early as in 1238. The author of the paper presents the possibility of privileges being granted before 1241. The first German guests probably settled in the town of Krupina at the end of 12th or beginning of 13th century and in this market town they were apparently given the right to hold markets, which were originally held by the Slovak residents. The German settlers probably also got the right to choose their own mayors and rectors (priests) so that they could be understood. This fact is attested by documents originating in places in the near vicinity (Sebechleby, Hontianske Nemce) or in more distant locations (Trnava, Blatný Potok) where residents of German descent were living. Moreover, the guests coming to the town of Krupina had the right to do business either in neighbouring or remote regions as pointed out in the document from 1238; apparently they were also given the right to harvest wood and break stone for the construction of churches and houses. Along with their rights, the German residents also had to fulfil their duties. In particular, they were committed to paying taxes to the king or the count as the local authority representing the king. Furthermore, they paid the church tithe, this being one of the oldest feudal annuities within Christian communities and the Kingdom of Hungary.

A short overview of stone-inscriptions using the humanistic capitalis typeface

This essay is looking over the use of Humanist capitalis letter types in the first Renaissance period in the Hungarian Kingdom. In the case of stone inscriptions, the Humanist capitalis letter remained the most characteristic type from 1467 till the historical epoch-marking year of 1541. Its provincial variations appeared in the country at the beginning of the 16th century and became widely accepted till the 20th century. The excessive use of ligatures and enclaves became more marked after 1500 and they were fashionable till 1541. The type called early Humanist capitalis can be observed on a seal of King Matthias from 1472. Its general usage can be dated to the first decades of the 16th century.

Papal–Hungarian relations in the late twelfth century

The one the most important accelerators of the development of the military-religious orders was the series of privileges they got hold of from the 1130s onwards. The privileges exempted the orders from the novalia and labores-tithe as well as these provided burial rights and alike. Similar to the Western European situation, these privileges led to a tension with the local clergy which manifested by the Third Lateran Council in 1179. The papal privileges given to the Templars and Hospitallers settled in the Kingdom of Hungary clearly reflect on this situation.

1367 Pécs/Fünfkirchen

Among the universities, which were established around the European continent gradually from the second half of the 14th century, we have to highlight the role of Pécs within the Kingdom of Hungary. The University of Pécs (studium generale) was founded in 1367 by William of Koppenbach (1361–1347), who played an essential role in the operation of the institution. The most important objective of the establishment of the university was that the diplomats of the king (contemporarily King Louis I the Great) would be able to study in the territory of Hungary instead of the Italian cities. Self-evidently, the costs of studying at a local university proved to be much lower than spending years in the well-known Italian cities such as Bologna and Padova. As an ecclesiastical seat, Pécs offered an excellent opportunity for the development of a newly-established institution. The cathedral chapter school and the library also had an important role in the foundation. In my paper I will discuss the most important details regarding the short history of the medieval university of Pécs.

Heretics, Pirates, and Legates

The study examines a special aspect of the relations between the Papacy and the Hungarian Kingdom in the first half of the 13th century: the fight against the heretics of Bosnia, or the Bosnian Church. The question of this heresy is not investigated from a dogmatic, or a legal point of view; the analysis focuses on the measures taken by the Papacy and the Hungarian Kingdom. Pontifical legates were entrusted with tasks concerning heresy and piracy in Bosnia and Dalmatia since the very beginning of the century, while the Hungarian rulers and several prelates also took part in the struggle. My presentation starts with the investigation against Ban Kulin of Bosnia led by the papal chaplain John of Casamari, whereas among other topics the problem of the Dalmatian pirates, the Bosnian campaign of Duke Coloman of Slavonia and the integration of the diocese of Bosnia into the Hungarian Church are analysed too.

Self-Definition and Change, The Role of the Cult of the Holy King and Statehood in the Global Space

The onset of globalization is rooted mainly in the imperial aspirations that define European culture. The former Hungarian kingdom in the middle of Europe was a dominant power in Central and Eastern Europe until the period of colonization. After that, its strength and greatness were heavily battered by the changes of history. The example of the founder of the state, St. Stephen, played an important role in the survival during the ordeals. His cult was made a national holiday by Maria Theresa in 1771, and after the Compromise of 1867, his memory was important even during the formation of today’s modern – multiethnic – Hungarian state. Then, following the Trianon decision, his spirituality flourished between the two world wars, and his legacy has been cherished more and more vigorously since the regime change. Hungary does not shy away from the challenges of globalization either, but the way of accession is influenced by the leadership’s vision of the future derived from the past. The task is formulated in a self-definition adapted to the situation of change. Hungarian research on the history of memory is a case study of how the values of local communities and localities fit into globality.

Curialists and Hungarian Church Benefices in the 14th Century

The papal government was characterized by centralization in the 14th century in which the tax system and the papal beneficial policy were two main factors. The Avignon popes strived to extend their influence on every stratum of the ecclesiastical hierarchy by rewarding the members of the curia’s dévéloping administrativé systém with bénéficés in thé local churchés. Thé changés in thé functioning of the papal curia offered a great opportunity for a growing number of qualified clerics to build successful careers in the papal service. The process briefly described above had an impact on the contemporary ecclesiastical structure of the Hungarian Kingdom, as more and more clerics tried to obtain benefices with papal protection, especially in the second half of the 14th century. Soon not only papal officers, but cardinals and the members of their entourage held Hungarian ecclesiastical titles as well. The main aim of the present paper is to analyse the lifepath of a curialist, Petrus Begonis. First procurator of cardinal Guillaume de la Jugie, later papal chaplain, Petrus Begonis was granted various church offices – also in the Hungarian Kingdom – and charged with diverse diplomatic tasks in different parts of Europe (Hungary, Holy Roman Empire, Italy). His ecclesiastical career – spanning from the reign of Clement VI to that of Urban VI – gives an insight in the functioning of the papal curia in Avignon and helps us comprehend the administrational changes in the 14th century.

The Legation of Gui de Boulogne in the Hungarian Kingdom

Following the first Italian campaign of Louis I, the papal court tried to prevent the Hungarian king from attacking the Kingdom of Naples for the second time. Pope Clement VI sent a prominent member of the papal curia as legatus a latere to Louis I to negotiate: Gui de Boulogne, cardinal presbyter of S. Caecilia. As the consequence of the shortness of his stay in the Hungarian Kingdom, the legatine activity of the cardinal has rather been neglected by the historiography until now. The main aim of this present study is therefore to examine Gui dé Boulogne’s légation in Hungary in detail, as well as to propose a new approach for the analysis and consider the topic from the institutional-historical point of view.

Gregorius de Sancto Apostolo

The identification of the papal envoys is the starting point for the research. At the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries different legates worked in the Kingdom of Hungary with the same given name, Gregory. It raised problems in the historiography, different persons were confused, and therefore heterogeneous life paths were mixed. The present paper aims to discuss all possibilities and determine the identity of the different papal envoys called Gregory. It providés thé opportunity to présént oné of thosé légatés’, Grégorius dé Sancto Apostolo’s course of life

The Orseolos

This study examines the lineage of the Orseolo dynasty: the origins of the family and the genealogical data on its members. In the Hungarian historiography the ancestry of the Orseolos was a subject of lengthy debates, the present paper therefore aims to clarify all those questions that arose during these disputes in the light of the available sources. Since Peter – a member of the dynasty – arose on the throne of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 11th century, the study not only discusses in detail the genealogy of the king, but his rule and political role as well.

Kísérlet néhány magyarországi ötvösjegy feloldására XIX.

To continue my previous papers, I wish to present and try to elucidate the new makers’ marks and mark variants found in private collections and the art trade. The time interval is again the 18–19th centuries. The first to be mentioned are the twin capital cities Buda and Pest, as well as Óbuda. In Buda, new data have been found about Franciscus Mechthler, in Pest about Carolus Schmidt and Menyhárt Boll, in Óbuda of Fülöp Adler. This is followed in alphabetic order by several cities of the Hungarian Kingdom. Arad (Arad, R), Balassagyarmat, Besztercebánya (Banská Bystrica, Neusohl, SK), Eger (Erlau), Esztergom (Gran), Győr (Raab), Igló (Spišská Nová Ves, SK), Kassa (Košice, Kaschau, SK), Kismarton (Eisenstadt, A), Liptószentmiklós (Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, SK), Losonc (Lučenec, Lizenz, SK), Miskolc, Nagybecskerek (Zren­ janin, SR), Nagykanizsa (Großkirchen), Nagyszeben (Si biu, Hermannstadt, R), Rimaszombat (Rimavská Sobota, Großsteffelsdorf, SK), Selmecbánya (Banská Štiavnica, Schemnitz, SK), Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare, Sathmar, R), Szentendre, Temesvár (Timişoara, Temeswar, R), Tolna, Zágráb (Zagreb, Agram, HR). The weight of new infor­ mation varies by settlements. In some places only a new version of the known hallmark was found, there are places where new goldsmiths were come across or new biographic data were found of known masters. Finally, I enumerate the goldsmiths’ works in Hungary which display Viennese city mark imitations in addition to the makers’ marks. The article is accompanied with a diagram of 117 goldsmiths’ marks.

Egy ismeretlen váci reneszánsz balusztrádról

In 1913 László Éber wrote a paper about the rood screen of the baroque cathedral of Vác. He was the first who revealed that sixteen pieces from the renaissance-style carved stone elements of the rood screen were made in the late medieval period. the stone material of the pieces is marl of the Buda region. there were other stone carvings masoned in the cathedral: four dividing pillars of this balustrade, other two with Jagellonian signs from red marble and two tables with the coat of arms of Miklós Báthori (bishop of Vác, 1474–1506). The balustrade elements can be seen in the baroque cathedral thought to be in strong connections with some dividing pillars from Buda castle. there were two ideas about the dating of the Vác balustrade: either they were made during the reign of King Matthias corvinus or after his death during the Jagellonian era. In 1992 árpád Mikó discovered a barrel on the backside of one pillar, which is one of the emblems of King Matthias. there is another important question: what was the original finding place of the pillars? Éber wrote, that it is plausible that Miklós Báthori was the order of the balustrade and it was stood in the medieval cathedral of Vác, which was destroyed during the Ottoman era. is it possible that they came from the site, which now laid under and around the baroque Franciscan church and monastery in Vác? I examined the written sources from the 18–19th centuries and it turned out, that there is no information about it.On the other hand, there are several other renaissance fragments from Vác, most of them were also made of marl of the Buda region. the fragments kept by the local museum came into light by archaeological excavations between 1912 and 2019, on the site where the medieval episcopate laid. From the first time, researchers (based on Éber) wrote that the findings stand close to the ones in the cathedral’s rood screen. Most of them are well known – we could say – because tibor Koppány published every known piece in 1994. He wrote about a few other balustrade fragments too, but his descriptions are very short, and we can see drawings of only ca. one-third of all pieces. so i decided to see the original fragments and found that those small pieces kept by the museum don’t come from that balustrade can be seen today in the cathedral.The most important difference is the shaping of the baluster’s foot rings. they are divided: there is a vertical section and after that, the ring widens into a curved form. Furthermore, the image field of the dividing pillars framed in a more complex mode. On the image fields probably tapes, garlands, trophies were carved, but there is not any intact one, only very small pieces, which came to light in every corner of the site. so the balustrade’s original place couldn’t be determined certainly. nevertheless, because of the fine surfaces of the carvings, i think the balustrade stood inside, maybe in the medieval cathedral, perhaps in the chapel of saint nicolaus where Miklós Báthori was buried.Among the early renaissance-style pieces known from the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, there are a few analogies. First of all, we can see the very same solution on the foot rings of the Jagellonian era dividing pillars from Hungarian red marble in Vác. they belong to a group of red marble carvings: the other elements of this group can be found in Buda and esztergom. Furthermore, from the marl of the Buda region stone material i know only one other example where the baluster foot rings are similar: the gallery of the castle chapel in siklós. so i think we can say certainly that the „new” balustrade fragments from Vác were made during the Jagellonian era.

History in the language of “Levoča Formulas of Oaths” from the 16th–19th centuries

The article examines the changes caused by historical events in the language of oaths created in the Eastern Slovak city of Levocha for several centuries. These events include the transfer of several neighboring cities as collateral to the Polish Kingdom, the increasing importance of Western Slovakia after the inclusion of most of the Hungarian Kingdom into the Ottoman Empire, the Reformation and recatolization of the population. At the same time, the language of the monument demonstrates that the trends in the development of its language, despite the deviations, generally coincided with the general Slovak ones, which led to the unification of the written language according to the Southwestern Slovak model, although with minor regional differences.

“The King in the Saddle”: The Árpád Dynasty and Itinerant Kingship in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

The rulers of the Árpád dynasty spent a great deal of time on the road traveling from one royal castle, palace, mansion, monastery, or bishop’s seat to another. The ruler’s travel and personal presence were an important way of exercising power during this period. However, few sources have survived from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, making it difficult for historians to do much research on the travel of the Árpád kings. The Kingdom of Hungary was a large country and it is necessary to determine what was the main power center and where the periphery territories were located. For the most part, the Árpád kings stayed in the central region, where the most important royal settlements, the oldest monasteries, and the first bishoprics were located, and they visited the peripheral parts of the country only sporadically. The king met every year with his faithful magnates, bishops, abbots, and so on, and these important events was included various ceremonies, rituals, banquets, court proceedings, conferences with political elites, and gifts or donations.

HALYCHYNA AND THE FIRST CHOLERA EPIDEMIC

The paper deals with the events and consequences of the first cholera epidemic in Halychyna in the first half of the ХIХth century, when the area was still part of the Habsburg Empire. The aim is to present and properly evaluate the events of the first cholera epidemic in Halychyna, which played an important role in the history of Ukraine and the whole of Europe, but which has so far received little attention. The paper examines the events of the first cholera epidemic, the measures taken against it, the structure of the defense, and the social consequences of the epidemic. The research was based on a number of unpublished archival sources and literature on the topic. The Kingdom of Hungary, which also belonged to the Habsburg Empire, was the first country to join the fight against the epidemic as an area adjacent to Halychyna, so the archival data of Transcarpathia and Hungary contain an abundance of the relevant source material. The history of the epidemic was studied in the earliest times by such renowned researchers, as August Hirsch, Heinrich Haeser, Nottidge Charles Macnamara, and Georg Sticker. But there are also excellent contemporary works on the subject, such as the research by Richard S. Ross III or Irene Poczka, which provide important resources for this research. The cholera epidemic first reached this part of Europe in the late 1830s. With the spread of the disease, almost everyone blamed the Russian troops that came to quell the Polish uprising. The Viennese court acted as a supporter of the Russian Tsar in the system of the Holy Alliance, which caused a significant wave of protest among the Hungarian nobility, who sympathized with the Poles. Although the Habsburg Empire’s defense against the epidemic was considered the strictest in all of Europe, the disease still made its way into the territory of the empire from Russia and took its first victims in Halychyna. After the plague, it was the largest epidemic in all of Europe. Its tragic consequences are well illustrated by the fact that nearly a quarter of a million people became ill in Halychyna and almost half of them (almost a hundred thousand) died of the disease.

Ethnic identity of the Bunjevci from Backa in the population censuses: 1850-2011

The aim of this paper is the analysis of different forms and transfor?mations in defining and declaring the ethnic identity of the people of Bunjevci from Backa in the population census in the territory of today?s Vojvodina in the period from 1850 to 2011, as well as the circumstances that influenced the modalities of expressing their ethnicity in different state frameworks - first in the Kingdom of Hungary, then in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and socialist Yugoslavia, and finally in the Republic of Serbia. The subject of the research is the official results of certain censuses, along with the analysis of political, social and cultural-educational factors that were of the importance to the people of Bunjevci when declaring their ethnic affiliation. Also, the paper analyzes the historical context and social relations that had a decisive influence on the transformations in the declaration of ethnic identity, including various national integration processes in the area of Backa. As a consequence of the intersection of different integration models within one population, two forms of identity were shaped and the ethno-national duality of the Bunjevci and Bunjevci-Croats is present to this day. Analyzing the ethnic identity of the Bunjevci through the official results of the population census contributes not only to better under?standing of the complexity of the process of building awareness of one?s own identity, but also of the specificity of the case of the Bunjevci, who are still the subject of conflicting and mutually opposing interpretations in scientific and public discourse.

K odrazu premien súčasnej európskej spoločnosti v živote kresťana

The majority population of the Slovak Republic professes Christianity. It has been a part of the Slovak statehood and society since the existence of Nitra Principality to the present. The Christianity accompanied the Slovaks through the Great Moravian Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, Czechoslovakia. However, the qualitative parameters of the clergy and finally the position of Christians are changing more and more in the current Slovak society integrated into the European Union. Especially under the pressure of the aggressively promoting so-called liberalism. This raises the question of whether it is better to prioritize the authoritarian and Christian-based functioning of the state or to favor a liberal-democratic constitution with a growing dictatorship that tends to have full control over European nations and resigns in the interests of European civilization. The ideology of Islam thus stealthily creeps into the Christian states of Europe. Convergent to this state, we drafted the text of the paper. Based on an analysis of the current state of European society, the contribution concludes with the hypothesis that changes in contemporary European society have a significant impact on the lives of Christians in the Slovak Republic and in the European Union.

Miről mesélnek a kora újkori középiskolai adatsorok?

In spite of the fact that the Society of Jesus had a quasi-monopoly position in Catholic ecclesiastical secondary education in the Kingdom of Hungary and Transylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries, until recently, registers of Jesuit grammar schools have not been utilised sufficiently. As referred to in the title, the study examines the possibilities of the electronical processing of the school register of the early modern Jesuit Grammar School in Kassa (Košice, present-day: Slovakia), introducing the first results. The project has started within the confines of the subproject of the “MTA–ELTE History of Universities Research Group” as a continuation of the project called “Catholic Schooling in Hungary in the Early Modern Period: the Students of the Győr, Nagyszombat and Pozsony Jesuit Colleges”. As results of the latter project, the school registers of the Jesuit grammar schools in Győr, Pozsony (Bratislava, present-day: Slovakia) and Nagyszombat (Trnava, present-day: Slovakia) had been already processed electronically and student databases had been created, which are currently available at the Hungaricana – Hungarian Cultural Heritage Portal. The importance of these student databases, including the Kassa one, lies primarily in the potential of complex queries. Statistical data series can be produced by using of them from an essentially pre-statistical period, which could provide a sharper insight into a well-defined broad segment of society of the early modern Kingdom of Hungary. Moreover, cohort analyses based on them could contribute to revealing school studies and educational paths, providing opportunities to make inductive reasonings. Nevertheless, especially combined with other databases, hopefully those will be also useful for researchers dealing with information history, because they aid to draw higher-order conclusions through the various logical queries.

Archaeological Contributions to the Establishment of the Plan of the Igriș/Egres Cistercian Abbey Church

The monastery of Igriș/Egres (Timiș County, Romania) was one of the most important Cistercian monastic sites of the 13th century in the Hungarian Kingdom. After identifying the now entirely buried remains, excavations conducted between 2016 and 2021 found a multi-layered archaeological site, with an earlier village church and at least two main construction periods of the church of the Cistercian monastery. Despite being a royal foundation and having its first monks come from one of the four most important Cistercian mother monasteries, the plan of the first monastery church of Igriş bears little resemblance to the typical Cistercian plan. It had a typical basilical plan, its eastern end terminating in three semicircular apses. The second construction phase of the church made a stressed transition towards the more conventional Cistercian forms. The semicircular apse of the main sanctuary was transformed into a rectangular one and had a transept inserted. Besides giving a basic description of the most important medieval architectural remains found, the following article attempts to make some preliminary assessments with regard to the general historical and architectural context.

The medieval parish church of Baia Mare: preliminary results of an archaeological research project

Baia Mare (Nagybánya in Hungarian, a town today in Northwestern Romania) was an important mining town in medieval Hungary. It was called Rivulus Dominarum, meaning “Lady’s Creek.” The town owed its emergence and prosperity to gold and silver mining and related minting. The town, therefore, was an important economic centre, not only in the region but also for the whole Hungarian Kingdom. Once a large parish church stood near the main square, but it became almost entirely dismantled, only its tower standing since the second half of the 19th century. From 2012 to 2014, archaeological excavations were carried out in the parish church and its surroundings; the results allow us to outline a much more detailed picture of this significant medieval building.