Kingdom Of Hungary Research Articles

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal Zoria/Hajnal, and the Rusyn Language

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal <i>Zoria/Hajnal</i>, and the Rusyn Language

The Competition for Cumania between Hungary and Bulgaria (1211–1247)

Because the alliance between the Cumans and Bulgaria was a danger both for Hungary and the Latin Empire, it was preferable for Hungary to extend its domination over Cumania. The Teutonic knights were settled in south-eastern Transylvania in 1211 to defend it against the Cumans, who, after 1214, became enemies also for Bulgaria. Besides the few fortresses built in the Bârsa land, there is no certain proof for an expansion of the Teutonic Order outside the Carpathians, and by consecquence of the Hungarian kingdom, in the period before the Mongol invasion of 1241. After the departure of the Teutonic knights in 1225, Cumania became the target of the Dominican mission which was present since around 1221 in Terra Severin, a north-Danubian Bulgarian possession. The Cuman bishopric was established in 1227. The subjection of these Cumans made useless the preservation of the Hungarian-Bulgarian alliance closed in 1214, and the consequence was the annexation of Terra Severin by Hungary, sometimes between 1228 and 1232, as a Banat. The final act of the Hungarian expansion in Cumania was the introduction of the title of King of Cumania by Bela IV in 1236. The region where it was established the bishopric of Cumania continued to be under the influence of the Church of Tărnovo, even after the end of the domination of the Bulgarian state in this north-Danubian territory. In 1241, the Cuman bishopric was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. Because the Golden Horde domination did not extend west of Olt in the first years after 1242, Bela IV tried to regain positions by summoning the Hospitaller Knights in 1247. Terra Severin remained a part of the Hungarian kingdom, but the function of Ban was abandoned or suspended. One mission of the Hospitallers was to extend the Hungarian domination in Cumania, in the regions which were then conquered by the Mongols. The Mongol domination prevented the emergence of a Cuman kingdom in Moldavia, vassal of Hungary. Only the decline of the Golden Horde made possible a new penetration of the Hungarian kingdom in the former Cumania, in 1345. The former Cumania entered in the new states created during the 14th century by the Romanians liberated from the Hungarian domination, Wallachia and Moldavia.

Boundary stones on the border between the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary

Boundary stones are physical markers that identify land borders and above all changes thereto. They are often placed in particularly visible places and inscribed with various kinds of relevant information. They are used for marking borders between countries or between various levels of administrative units within countries as well as for delimiting private landholdings. In the territory of the former Habsburg Monarchy, one can locate many boundary stones that, for example, marked the boundaries of seigniorial, dominical, and church estates as well as administrative and provincial borders. This contribution presents the latter, that is, boundary stones that marked the “Slovenian” section of the border which separated the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary until the end of the First World War, with a particular focus on the wider area of the Municipality of Ljutomer. Although these boundary stones no longer serve their original purpose, in some areas they still coincide with municipal and cadastral boundaries.

Boundary stones on the border between the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary

Boundary stones are physical markers that identify land borders and above all changes thereto. They are often placed in particularly visible places and inscribed with various kinds of relevant information. They are used for marking borders between countries or between various levels of administrative units within countries as well as for delimiting private landholdings. In the territory of the former Habsburg Monarchy, one can locate many boundary stones that, for example, marked the boundaries of seigniorial, dominical, and church estates as well as administrative and provincial borders. This contribution presents the latter, that is, boundary stones that marked the “Slovenian” section of the border which separated the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary until the end of the First World War, with a particular focus on the wider area of the Municipality of Ljutomer. Although these boundary stones no longer serve their original purpose, in some areas they still coincide with municipal and cadastral boundaries.

Boundary stones on the border between the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary

Boundary stones are physical markers that identify land borders and above all changes thereto. They are often placed in particularly visible places and inscribed with various kinds of relevant information. They are used for marking borders between countries or between various levels of administrative units within countries as well as for delimiting private landholdings. In the territory of the former Habsburg Monarchy, one can locate many boundary stones that, for example, marked the boundaries of seigniorial, dominical, and church estates as well as administrative and provincial borders. This contribution presents the latter, that is, boundary stones that marked the “Slovenian” section of the border which separated the Duchy of Styria and the Kingdom of Hungary until the end of the First World War, with a particular focus on the wider area of the Municipality of Ljutomer. Although these boundary stones no longer serve their original purpose, in some areas they still coincide with municipal and cadastral boundaries.

HABSBURG ORIENTATION IN PRE-MOHACS HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Habsburg diplomasisi, Macaristan tarihinde Worms’taki İmparatorluk Meclisi [Reichstag] (1521) ile Mohaç yenilgisi (1526) arasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Çasar I. Maximilian’ın mirası bölündükten ve evlilik sözleşmeleri ile Habsburg idaresi ve Macaristan arasında sıkı bağlar tesis edildikten sonra realpolitik adımlar atan Ferdinand, Macaristan üzerindeki etkisini arttırmıştır. Neticede Macarların Mohaç Muharebesi’ni kaybetmesiyle birlikte Ferdinand Macar Krallık Tahtı için harekete geçmiştir. &#x0D; Belirlenen çerçeve ile çalışmada, Osmanlı ilerlemesine karşı verilen mücadelelerde siyasî, iktisadî ve beşerî olarak Habsburg desteğine ihtiyaç duyan XVI. yüzyıl Macar idaresinin vaziyeti resmedilmeye çalışılmıştır. İlaveten Macar sarayının izlediği diplomatik yöntemlerin ve dış politikadaki destek arayışının gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. &#x0D; Bu kapsamda Mohaç Muharebesi arifesinde, Macar Kralı II. Lajos’un özellikle Habsburg siyasetindeki ülkesini temsil yeteneğine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Macar sarayının taleplerine, böylece Budinli elçilerin faaliyetlerine değinilirken, Habsburg idaresinin Macar Krallığı’na dair aldığı kararlar ile Lehistan ve Vatikan’ın mevcut husustaki beklentileri vurgulanmıştır. Nihayet Macar Krallığı’na yapılacak yardımın şekline, boyutuna ve Budin’in çıkarlarına nasıl hizmet ettiğine ışık tutulmuştur. Bu vasıtalarla Türk tehdidine karşı şahsî birlik [Personalunion] çatısı altındaki Jagiellon Devlet Konfederasyonu’na gösterilen ilgi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Emerging mediaeval heritage: Environmental history research at Băgău (c. Alba, Romania) and the Bottomless Lake (Tăul fără fund)

Abstract The investigation of a 8.1 m long peat sequence from Tăul fără fund (“Bottomless Lake,” Transylvanian Basin, Northern Romania) offers a series representing wetland development since the Middle Holocene. The most striking feature of the sequence is a cca. 900 year-long hiatus caused by peatcutting in the 14th century AD. An artificial reservoir was constructed there in the Late Middle Ages by the excavation of the uppermost peat layer, afflicting a significant environmental impact on this remote location. One of the oldest documented Hungarian settlements from the time of the Hungarian Kingdom (11th century AD, presumably with previous history) in Transylvania was discovered in the vicinity of the former reservoir by an archaeological field survey. By harmonising historical data and the exact chronological sequence of the borehole, the creation of the reservoir was inserted into the local history of the developing mediaeval settlement network at the time when some of the early settlements had been abandoned and a permanent village was established, with a church and upscale landowners, in the area of present-day Băgău in the 13th to 14th century AD. Significant environmental impacts have emerged during this transitional period around the reservoir.

Az Erdélyi Udvari Kancellária bécsi palotájának magyar történeti tárgyú pannói, August Rumel művei 1756‒1758-ból

The topic of the paper is a cycle of six large panneaux on Hungarian historical themes panted for the Vienna palace of the Transylvanian Court Chancellery. The series on Hun–Hungarian history from leaving behind the original habitat to the battle of Mohács is the earliest relic of Hungarian history painting, yet earlier researches only tangentially touched on it despite its salient importance.When the Principality of Transylvania became part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy as a independent land in 1690, Leopold I founded the Transylvanian Court Chancellery in 1693 as the highest governing organ of Transylvania. Based in Vienna, the office functioned in diverse rented buildings for a long time, before the freshly appointed chancellor of Transylvania Gábor Bethlen (1712–1768) purchased a building in Vienna in 1755 for the office. He chose the Sinzendorf palace in Hintere Schenkenstrasse across from the Löwel bastion (later replaced by the Burgtheater) close to the palace of the Hungarian Chancellery. It functioned until it was demolished in 1880. In 1755–1759 the chancellor had a representative suite of rooms created on the second floor also including a dining room. Its walls were covered by six large (c. 325 x 310 cm) painted wall hangings or spalliers. It is known from a description by Mór Jókai that the cycle contained three scenes from the Hun–Hungarian prehistory and three from the history of the Christian Hungarian Kingdom. 1) Exodus of the Magyars from their original habitat bordering on China; 2) Pagan priest officiating a fire sacrifice and the Hun king Attila (?), 3) Prince of Moravia Svatopluk sells Pannonia to the chieftain of the Magyars Árpád for a white horse, 4) Saint Stephen converts the Magyars to Christianity, 5) King Matthias Hunyadi enters Vienna in 1486, 6) The battle of Mohács in 1526.In a study published in 1906 Piarist historian–archivist Sándor Takáts (1860–1932) adduced several data on the artists and artisans working on interior decoration of the chancellery palace including painters, presumably on the basis of the artists’ bills. These documents together with all the files of the Directorium in publicis et cameralibus perished in a fire that broke out in Vienna’s Justizpalast in 1927. The Hungarian historical panneaux were presumably painted by August Rumel (1715–1778) who features in the sources as Historienmaler and painter of the Viennese citizenry. On the basis of indirect information, the cycle can be tentatively dated to 1756–1758, as they were already included in the inventory of the chancellery in 1759.The Transylvanian Court Chancellery hardly used its first headquarters for one and a half decades after 1766. When in 1782 Joseph II merged the Transylvanian and Hungarian chancelleries, the Transylvanian office moved in 1785 next door to its sister institution, which had had a palace since 1747 a street further, in Vordere Schenkenstrasse, i.e. today’s Bankgasse. They moved in the one-time Trautson house. Parallel with that the treasury sold the former centre of the Transylvanian chancellery which was bought by imperial and royal chamberlain Count Mihály Nádasdy (1746–1826).As far as Jókai knew, the panneaux became court property in the 1780s and they were purchased at an auction in 1809 by Countess Rozália Bethlen (1754–1826) and transported to Transylvania. They can be identified in the chattels inventory for 1839 of the Jósika palace in Kolozsvár. Later the panneaux were inherited within the Jósika family. Elected minister a latere in 1895, Sámuel Jósika (1848–1923) had the cycle transported to Vienna and put them up in the “Hungarian house”, his official place, today the house of the Hungarian embassy. When his incumbency expired, the pictures went back to Transylvania and passed down in the Jósika family. In 1945 four of the pictures got lost. The two surviving pictures were purchased by the Hungarian State and hung up in the gala room of the Hungarian Embassy in Vienna in 2008 where they can still be seen.

Bird remains from ecclesiastical sites in medieval Hungary

AbstractThis comprehensive paper, based on already published avian material, provides an overview of the exploitation of birds at ecclesiastical settlements in medieval Hungary, with an outlook on other European religious establishments. Owing also to the differences in excavation methods, sample size, and measurements used during the identification of bird remains, the seven discussed ecclesiastical sites in the Carpathian Basin, which was part of the Hungarian Kingdom during the Middle Ages, showed considerable variability from this point of view. It is certain that poultry constituted the lion's share of the bird meat consumed, even in the wealthiest religious houses, such as bishopric centers. The presence of sexed specimens in some of these bone collections made it possible to distinguish between a small and a large phenotype of domestic chicken based on biometric data. However, in cases when finds were not only collected by hand but the food refuse deposit was also screened, one finds that these assemblages are both quantitatively and qualitatively more varied in terms of the presence and frequency of certain taxa including small game, suggesting the value and special role of (wild) fowl at ecclesiastical establishments. The avian remains that suggest the use of trained birds, as well as the evidence for the use and curation of crossbows, contribute to our knowledge about the hunting and fowling customs at certain religious houses.

A haderő részvétele a Magyar Királyság belső rendjének fenntartásában 1867-1918

Aim: As forces originally designed to protect the country against attacks from the outside are required in maintaining the public order amidst extraordinary circumstances today, it was no different in the civic Hungarian state born with the Compromise. The aim of this study is to present a specific segment of the internal policing structure before 1918, the tasks of the armed forces.Methodology: document and content analysis.Findings: The dualist setup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the relationship within the Hungarian Kingdom’s public order defense organisations and to the civil administration created a unique environment which military units ordered to support police organs of insufficient staffing or capacity had to comply with. In the examined time period, the army’s participation in the joint fighting service of the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s and the Royal Hungarian Army’s engagement in maintaining the public order was common practice, since until the 1885 establishment of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, there was no military organised armed guard force bearing sufficient staffing, equipment and authorization, except in certain towns. As per its military organisational structure, the gendarmerie worked together with the defense forces in an effective way, and has practically taken over the majority of tasks from the armed forces. The current study examines how the armed forces’ activities by the military fit into the Hungarian public administration and what was the relationship like between the administrative authority ordering and the tactical combat force being ordered. Examining the armed forces’ tasks in the era is therefore necessary, both in its narrow and wider context, and paying special attention to the unique position of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie is also important, which could both be in the position to order the force of arms unites and be ordered.Value: Due to space constraints, the present study does not allow for detailed presentation of the wider range of armed force tasks and their background laid down in the law and various rules, it rather focuses on systematically reviewing the topic and painting a general picture. The topic is still relevant today in the context of the contribution of the armed forces to law enforcement. The historical context explored in this study may also help to inform the development of regulation in the present.

Institutional Care for Orphaned Children in the Kingdom of Hungary (From Private Charity to a State System)

Institutional Care for Orphaned Children in the Kingdom of Hungary (From Private Charity to a State System)

Dominique Kirchner Reill. The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire.

Dominique Kirchner Reill. <i>The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire</i>.

Georg B. Michels. The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76).

Georg B. Michels. <i>The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76)</i>.

The Fortress: The Siege of Przemyśl and the Making of Europe's Bloodlands

The Fortress: The Siege of Przemyśl and the Making of Europe's Bloodlands

Géza Pálffy. Hungary between Two Empires 1526–1711.

Géza Pálffy. <i>Hungary between Two Empires 1526–1711</i>.

The Seals of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom as Means of Communication in Court Practice and Property Protection

Konštantínove listy/Constantine’s Letters is an international scientific journal which has been published in Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra since 2008. The main goal of the journal is to present problems and themes intertwined with the cultural and political history of Great Moravia during the 9th century as well as continuity of Cyrillo-Methodian tradition in later times. Next, there is also space for other adjacent topics connected with Slavonic and Byzantine history, philology, philosophy, literature, cultural relations as well as medieval and early modern age ecclesiastical history and iconography.

Identity, Ethnicity, and Religious Changes in Bihor County, Romania. Reflections on the Changes of Romanian and Hungarian Christian Denominations in Bihor County during the 20th Century. The Case of Érselénd/Șilindru

"The purpose of the research is to offer a three-dimensional examination of a chosen population’s make-up, examining ethnicity, native language, and religious denomination during the 20th century in the Romanian Bihor County. This paper examines the changing process of how identity in Érselénd/Șilindru was influenced by outside forces coming from different social, political, religious, and even economic directions. The village was chosen, as it was originally a Ruthenian-speaking Greek Catholic settlement that moved to the Hungarian Kingdom centuries ago. They kept their religious identity but became Hungarian-speaking people. Then, during the twentieth century, this homogenous settlement, due to external political, historical, and economic influences, experienced a profound change to a degree that had not been predicted. However, this fragmentation into various Christian denominations, the changes of language and ethnic identity clearly demonstrates the complex history of the geopolitical region of Partium, Romania. Keywords: Greek Catholics, identity change, Ruthenians, minority, religion, ethnicity, Partium "

ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS OF CARPATHO-UKRAINIAN STUDENTS DURING 1939 – 1943: CZECHOSLOVAK HERITAGE IN THE TIMES OF THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY (BASED ON PERIODICALS AND MEMOIRS)

Based on the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign historiography, as well as an analysis of a significant database of published sources (periodicals, memoirs, etc.), the article analyzes the attempts of Carpatho-Ukrainian students to organize their public activities in the period after the break-up of Czechoslovakia and integration of the Transcarpathia into the Kingdom of Hungary. The analyzed material makes it possible to assert that the Carpatho-Ukrainian student movement, formed during the Czechoslovak Republic, had an inevitable logical continuation in a new reality. During this period, several Carpatho-Ukrainian student associations operated in the Kingdom of Hungary. In particular, in 1940, the «Центральный Союзъ Русскихъ Студентовъ» (Central Union of Russian Students) was established. Its backbone was formed by activists of Russophile student organizations of the Czechoslovak Republic. Due to its own national and linguistic orientation, its structure was not legalized. Still, it operated de facto for the next few years, uniting small groups of students in Debrecen, Budapest, Pécs, Sopron, and Szeged. In 1941, after a long preparatory process, the "Society of Subcarpathian Rus Higher Education Students" ("Kárpátaljai Ruszin Egyetemi és Főiskolai Hallgatók Egyesülete") was formed in Debrecen. The organization followed the official course of "Ugro-Rusynism" and, for some time, was under the care of the Regent's Commissariat of the Carpathian Territory. Many student activists from the Czechoslovak period were also members of the executive board. At the same time, ideological orientation and loyalty to the Hungarian authorities caused apathy among a large part of the students. As a result, the society failed to expand its activities to other educational centers in the country. At the same time, during this period, there were attempts to involve Carpatho-Ukrainian students in international fellowship organizations (Debrecen Felvidéki Egyetemi és Főiskolai Hallgatók Egyesülete) and to establish informal creative associations ("Budapest club"). At the same time, the government's attempts to interfere in the student movement mainly met with resistance from the activists meanwhile strengthening their (students') opposition.

The Merits and Dangers of Latin:

Abstract: In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century in the kingdom of Hungary, intellectuals and politicians were fiercely debating the merits and dangers of Latin. In a country in which Latin was still the official language, and the second language of elites, this was no mere academic discussion. Rather, it concerned both the practical aspects of coexistence in a complex multi-ethnic feudal polity and the question of the identity of the nation and its development. The social and political role of Latinity was negotiated by its supporters and detractors in the Diet, the county assemblies of the nobles, and in countless pamphlets and newspaper articles. In 1808, a surreptitious attempt to steer the public debate on the topic led to an essay competition known as the “Tübingen Call”, which attracted a fair number of submissions. The surviving essays from the competition present a wide range of arguments for and against the use of Latin from various points of view, which are reviewed and analysed here.

Burgenland or West-Hungary: The aspirations and limits of Austrian and Hungarian geography, 1918–1938

At the end of World War I, peace treaties wiped the Austro-Hungarian Empire off the map, and as a result of the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920, the Kingdom of Hungary was dismembered. As a part of this process, a thin band of mainly German-speaking territory of some 4000 km2, West-Hungary, became a part of Austria. This paper investigates both the arguments used by Hungarian geographers in defence of that country's territorial unity, notably those aimed at retaining and potentially recovering West-Hungary, and the arguments used by Austrian and German geographers to justify the annexation of that area. Analysing published and unpublished sources (articles, books, maps, propaganda material, and popular science literature), we show that scholars from both sides of the new border based their detailed arguments on similar theories, and used the same methods and mapping technologies for their own causes. We demonstrate that geographical arguments and analyses cannot be divorced from their political context, and that the politics of the new Europe that emerged after 1918 were profoundly geographical in nature.