Kinetics Of Photocatalytic Degradation Research Articles

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hydrozincite-TiO2 nanocomposite by copper for removal of pharmaceutical pollutant mefenamic acid in aqueous solution.

Nanocomposites based on hydrozincite-TiO2 and copper-doped HZ-xCu-TiO2 (x = 0.1; 0.25; 0.35) were synthesized in a single step using the urea method. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/TEM, and DRS. The study of adsorption capacity and photocatalytic efficiency of these nanocomposites have been tested on a pharmaceutical pollutant, mefenamic acid (MFA). Kinetic study of removal of MFA indicates that this pollutant was adsorbed on the surface of the synthesized phases, according to Langmuir's model. Such adsorption proved to be well adapted in a kinetic pseudo-second-order model with capacity of 13.08mg/g for HZ-0.25Cu-TiO2. Subsequently, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation under UV-visible irradiation was studied according to several parameters, which allowed us to optimize our experimental conditions. The nanocomposite HZ-0.25Cu-TiO2 showed significant removal efficiency of MFA. Elimination rate reached 100% after 20min under UV-vis irradiation, and 77% after 7h under visible light irradiation. Repeatability tests have shown that this nanocomposite is extremely stable after six photocatalytic cycles. By-products of MFA were detected by LC/MS. These photoproducts was produced by three types of reactions of hydroxylation: cyclization and cleavage of the aromatic ring. MFA underwent complete mineralization after 22h of irradiation in the presence of the HZ-0.25Cu-TiO2.

Photocatalytic removal of organic dye using green synthesized zinc oxide coupled cadmium tungstate nanocomposite under natural solar light irradiation

In this work, zinc oxide coupled cadmium tungstate (ZnO-CT) was prepared as a nano-photocatalyst through a green synthesis route using lemon leaf extract and characterized based on diverse microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. To explore the applicabilties of the prepared nanocomposite (NC), its photocatalytic activity has been investigated against Congo red (CR) dye under natural solar light irradiation conditions. ZnO- CT nano-photocatalyst showcases 97% photocatalytic degradation of the CR after 90 min of natural solar light irradiation with quantum yield of 1.16 × 10−8 molecules photon−1. The ZnO-CT NC has shown the enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance against CR when compared to its pristine forms (e.g., ZnO (70%) or CT (44%)). According to the free radical trapping and quenching experiments, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-CT NC appears to be driven efficiently by superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics for CR dye was also studied using the pseudo-first-order, diffusional, and Singh models. The high photocatalytic activity of ZnO-CT NC can be accounted for by the presence of electron-withdrawing functional groups like acids (-COOH) and aldehydes (-CHO) on its surface which helped maintain the prolonged recombination of charge carriers and enhanced stability of ZnO-CT (with moderately low leaching rate of cadmium ions (∼2–5%)).

Auramine O UV Photocatalytic Degradation on TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Heterogeneous Aqueous Solution

Amongst the environmental issues throughout the world, organic synthetic dyes continue to be one of the most important subjects in wastewater remediation. In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of the dimethylmethane fluorescent dye, Auramine O (AO), was investigated in a heterogeneous aqueous solution with 100 nm anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) under 365 nm light irradiation. The effect of irradiation time was systematically studied, and photolysis and adsorption of AO on TiO2 NPs were also evaluated using the same experimental conditions. The kinetics of AO photocatalytic degradation were pseudo-first order, according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, with a rate constant of 0.048 ± 0.002 min−1. A maximum photocatalytic efficiency, as high as 96.2 ± 0.9%, was achieved from a colloidal mixture of 20 mL (17.78 μmol L−3) AO solution in the presence of 5 mg of TiO2 NPs. The efficiency of AO photocatalysis decreased nonlinearly with the initial concentration and catalyst dosage. Based on the effect of temperature, the activation energy of AO photocatalytic degradation was estimated to be 4.63 kJ mol−1. The effect of pH, additional scavengers, and H2O2 on the photocatalytic degradation of AO was assessed. No photocatalytic degradation products of AO were observed using UV–visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming that the final products are volatile small molecules.

Photocatalysis of environmental organic pollutants and antioxidant activity of flavonoid conjugated gold nanoparticles

The unique properties of nanomaterials have the potential application in different fields of biomedical application along with the management of environmental pollutants. This research work involved the isolation of hesperidin from the orange peel and the preparation of hesperidin gold nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method. The high substrate specificity and lower band gap enable the excitation of gold nanoparticles in visible light. Hence gold nanoparticles are chosen nowadays for the management and removal of organic pollutants. The efficacy of hesperidin gold nanoparticles was evaluated by the photocatalytic activity on organic dyes and pollutants like methyl orange, methylene blue, bromocresol green, and 4 – nitro phenol with sodium borohydride as reducing agent and the antioxidant study by scavenging of free radicals of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radicals of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and 4 – nitro phenol was found to follow the first order with rate constants of 10 × 10−3, 37 × 10−3, 23 × 10−3 and 49 × 10−3 min−1 for methyl orange, methylene blue, bromocresol green and 4 – nitro phenol respectively. The hesperidin gold nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant activity as compared to ascorbic acid as standard. The flavonoid conjugated gold nanoparticles can be an efficient antioxidant and photocatalyst for the management of different diseases and wastewater treatment respectively.

TiO2 Deposited on Activated Sewage Sludge for Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline

AbstractTitanium isopropoxide and sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant were used as precursors to synthesize TiO2 deposited on activated sludge (TiO2/AS) using the sol‐gel method. The sewage sludge acted as a novel substrate to increase the surface area and as source of metals and non‐metals, which doped into the TiO2 lattice to enhance its photocatalytic activity. Thus, the synthesized TiO2/AS exhibited a narrow bandgap energy (2.61 eV) and a high surface area (138.7 m2g−1) for increased photocatalytic degradation with high mineralization of tetracycline in an aqueous environment. The study also demonstrates that the kinetics of photocatalytic tetracycline degradation by TiO2/AS follows a pseudo‐first‐order model. The optimized pH for the photocatalysis by TiO2/AS was 8.

Insights into kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of neurotoxic carbamazepine using magnetically separable mesoporous Fe3O4 modified Al-doped ZnO: Delineating the degradation pathway, toxicity analysis and application in real hospital wastewater

Rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-holes and difficulty in separating the photocatalysts from the aqueous medium severely limits the application of photocatalysis. In this context, a hybrid iron modified aluminum-doped ZnO-based microporous photocatalyst (Al-ZnO/Fe) has been prepared. Aluminum doping helped prevent electron-hole recombination, and iron modification facilitated easier separation. The degradation of carbamazepine was studied using the developed photocatalyst. At optimum conditions and natural pH (UV-A light intensity: 33 W/m2; photocatalyst dose: 0.5 g/L) CBZ concentration: 1000 μg/L, more than 99% of CBZ was degraded in 60 mins at a rate of 0.079 min−1. Furthermore, the photocatalyst could be activated under solar irradiation. The scavenger study revealed that superoxide radicals played the most significant role in CBZ degradation, followed by hydroxyl radicals. The Al-ZnO/Fe photocatalyst could provide more than 90% CBZ degradation up to ten cycles. A kinetic model has been implemented to predict the CBZ removal and degradation rate at different pH, light intensity, and CBZ concentrations. The photocatalyst could also remove up to 71% CBZ from hospital wastewater. The fast degradation kinetics and ease of separation of the prepared photocatalyst may open new avenues for the degradation of persistent organic contaminants.

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen in aqueous solution under UV/TiO2 system and neural networks modeling

Abstract In this study, the kinetic degradation of the anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen in aqueous solution by heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalytic was investigated. The data obtained were used for training an artificial neural network. Preliminary experiments of photolysis and adsorption were carried out to assess their contribution to the photocatalytic degradation. Both, direct photolysis and adsorption of Ibuprofen are very low-efficient processes (15,83% and 23,88%, respectively). The degradation efficiency was significantly elevated with the addition of TiO2 Catalyst (>94%). The photocatalytic degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction according to the L-H model. The hydroxyl radicals and photo-hole (h+‏) were found to contribute to the Ibuprofen removal. The higher the initial concentration of Ibuprofen resulted in the lower percentage of degradation. This can be credited to the fact that the created photon and radicals were constant. The higher the initial concentration of Ibuprofen the fewer radicals were shared for each Ibuprofen molecular and so the lower percentage of degradation. The maximum photoactivity from the available light is accomplished when the concentration of catalyst reaches to 1 g/L (0.8 g), which was adopted as the optimal amounts. Compared to the removal of ibuprofen, the mineralization was relatively lower. This decrease is due to the organic content of the treated solution, which is mainly composed of recalcitrant intermediate products. The network was planned as a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with three layer, four neurons in the input layer, fourteen neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer (4:14:1). The artificial neural network was trained until the MSE value between the simulated data and the experimental results was 10−5. The best results (R 2 = 0.999 and MSE = 1.5 × 10−4) were obtained with a log sigmoid transfer function at hidden layer and a linear transfer function at output layer.

Synthesis of new hybrid composite based on TiO2 for photo-catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole and pharmaceutical wastewater, optimization, performance, and reaction mechanism studies

In this study photo-catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous solutions using carbon quantum dot (CQD)-decorated Cu-TiO2 was investigated. The as-prepared photo-catalyst samples were characterized by various FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, and DRS techniques. The investigation of effective photo-catalytic operational parameters confirmed that the complete removal of SMX (20mg/L) can be accomplished at pH: 6.0 and light intensity: 75 mW/cm2 over a 30-min reaction time. DRS analysis demonstrated adding CQD to the Cu-TiO2 reduced its bandgap energy from 2.97 to 2.90eV. The photo-catalytic degradation kinetics of SMX fit well with the pseudo-first-order model. The radical trapping experiment indicates that HO• and O2•- active species were more effective species for SMX degradation, and the higher inhibition effect on the SMX degradation efficiency was assigned to O2•- ions. The water matrix species-inhibited effect in SMX removal was as follows: SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > CO3- > no ions. The synthesized photo-catalyst could be recycled after six consecutive cycles of SMX degradation with an insignificant decrease in performance. The total organic carbon (TOC) analysis suggested the mineralization of SMZ by composite photo-catalysts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli remained at 12.5mg L-1 SMX. A possible mechanism and pathway of SMX degradation in the photo-catalytic system was presented.

Assembling UiO-66@TiO2 nanocomposites for efficient photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl sulfide

• DMS efficiently degraded by UiO-66@TiO 2 synthesized through a solvothermal method. • UiO-66 served as adsorbent, support and photocatalyst in UiO-66@TiO 2 composite. • Highest photodegradation efficiency of DMS observed at 60% relative humidity. • U1T3 showed advantageous photodegradation and cycling performance. • Photocatalytic mechanism and degradation kinetics of DMS were illustrated. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) for the purification of odour pollutants, containing reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), could be largely improved by the coupling of porous materials. Herein, UiO-66@TiO 2 nanocomposites with different blending ratios were synthesized via a readily solvothermal method and characterized experimentally by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrum), N 2 isotherms, and UV–vis DRS (diffuse reflectance spectra). The photodegradation performance of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by synthesized UiO-66@TiO 2 was investigated under various photodegradation conditions, including photocatalyst dosage, DMS concentrations and relative humidity. The results showed that the U1T3 (UiO-66:TiO 2 = 1:3) composites exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, which was about 17.8 and 7.1 times higher than that of pristine UiO-66 and TiO 2 , respectively. This indicates that the intimate contact interfaces between UiO-66 and TiO 2 could promote the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. When relative humidity increased from 0% to 60%, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced because the moisture could assist to produce more hydroxyl radicals. However, when the relative humidity was further increased to 90%, the excessive water would compete with DMS on the surface of UiO-66 and subsequently weaken the photocatalytic effects. During the cycling experiments, U1T3 showed a stable photocatalytic performance, and the plausible photocatalytic reaction mechanism and reaction pathways of DMS were proposed. With a significant enhancement of photocatalytic performance, UiO-66@TiO 2 nanocomposites could promote the practical applications of MOF-based photocatalysts for the degradation of DMS.

Sol–gel method synthesized Ce‐doped TiO2 visible light photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants

The Ce‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by sophisticated analytical techniques such as XRD, FESEM with EDX, HR‐TEM, XPS, FTIR, TGA, and UV–visible spectroscopy, which gives structural features, morphology, elemental composition, and thermal stability of prepared nanoparticles. Based on the analysis, we conclude that increasing the dopant content of cerium in TiO2 results in a decrease in particle size, increase in thermal stability, and decrease in band gap. Further, on increasing the dopant content of cerium, there is an increase in photocatalytic activity due to changes in structural features due to doping, and 5 mol% Ce‐doped TiO2 has shown nearly four times higher photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2 for degradation of tetracycline. In this study, the photocatalytic activity and kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of antibacterial agent tetracycline have been studied by using these prepared catalysts. Further, effects of different parameters such as change in pH and change in concentration of tetracycline and amount of catalyst loading have been studied for the degradation of tetracycline. Also, Ce‐doped TiO2 has shown good photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of a mixture of textile dyes (methylene blue, rhodamine B, and brilliant green) and for degradation of a mixture of emerging contaminants (tetracycline, diclofenac, and triclosan).

Comparison of the Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Dye Using NiO and NiO-NiFe2O4 Composite

NiO and NiO-NiFe2O4, composite had been synthesized by the coprecipitation method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, and SEM-EDS. The photocatalytic degradation performances of the photocatalyst were investigated using visible irradiation, in which Congo red dye was used as a model. The photocatalytic degradation process was assessed through three variables: the pH of the solution, Congo red dye initial concentration, and irradiation time. The removal efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of 98.45% was achieved using NiO-NiFe2O4 at a pH of 6, an initial concentration of the dye of 100 mg/L, and an irradiation time of 120 minutes was higher than that obtained using NiO, which was 78.5%. Pseudo-first-order was suitable to describe the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of Congo red, with values of k = 0.0114 min-1 and t1/2 = 60.789 min using NiO as the photocatalyst, and with k =0.0225 min-1 and t1/2 = 30.8 min using NiO-NiFe2O4. The removal efficiency of the NiO-NiFe2O4 composite of consecutive reuse three-time was 98.45, 97.13, and 96.21%, while NiO was 78.30, 77.12, and 75.32%. Therefore, NiO-NiFe2O4 was considered more effective in reducing Congo red concentration than NiO.

Preparation and Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of La-Biocl/Ldhs Composites

Preparation and Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of La-Biocl/Ldhs Composites

Kinetics and Mechanism of Aniline and Chloroanilines Degradation Photocatalyzed by Halloysite-TiO2 and Halloysite-Fe2O3 Nanocomposites

The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of aniline, 2-chloroaniline, and 2,6-dichloroaniline in the presence of halloysite-TiO2 and halloysite-Fe2O3 nanocomposites, halloysite containing naturally dispersed TiO2, Fe2O3, commercial TiO2, P25, and α-Fe2O3 photocatalysts, were investigated with two approaches: the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and first-order equations. Adsorption equilibrium constants and adsorption enthalpies, photodegradation rate constants, and activation energies for photocatalytic degradation were calculated for all studied amines photodegradation. The photodegradation mechanism was proposed according to organic intermediates identified by mass spectrometry and electrophoresis methods. Based on experimental results, it can be concluded that after 300 min of irradiation, aniline, 2-chloro-, and 2,6-dichloroaniline were completely degraded in the presence of used photocatalysts. Research results allowed us to conclude that higher adsorption capacity and immobilization of TiO2 and Fe2O3 on the halloysite surface in the case of halloysite-TiO2 and halloysite-Fe2O3 nanocomposites significantly increases photocatalytic activity of these materials in comparison to the commercial photocatalyst: TiO2, Fe2O3, and P25.

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of cationic and anionic dyes using Au–ZnO nanorods: Role of pH for selective and simultaneous degradation of binary dye mixtures

Photocatalysis with ecofriendly and low cost materials is attractive for degradation of organic pollutants without aid of strong reagents. In this regard, Au nanoparticle decorated ZnO nanorods (Au–ZnO) with good crystalline quality was synthesized by cost-effective and scalable hydrothermal method followed by photo-reduction of Au salt. This study addresses variation of photocatalytic degradation kinetics of different nature of dyes with various scavengers and pH conditions. Further, the process versatility is demonstrated by selective or simultaneous degradation of binary dye mixtures with optimized parameters. From Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, dye concentration range for first order limiting case was determined, and further validated from measured surface area of photocatalyst and change in dye absorbance before irradiation. Better adsorption with faster degradation exhibited by Methylene Blue (MB) dye showed efficient mineralization, revealed from chemical oxygen demand measurements. In Au–ZnO photocatalysis, generation of hydroxyl radical and its significant role in dye degradation was demonstrated using different scavengers. Variation of dye adsorption with pH dependent surface charge characteristics of photocatalyst resulted about one order higher degradation rate constant of MB at high pH. Strong pH dependent MB degradation is shown to be useful for its selective or simultaneous degradation with other dyes. Results of this study are useful for designing photo-reactors and these nanoparticles are efficient for degradation of different dyes, their combinations and industrial effluents under low power UV lamp for treatment different organic pollutants.

Photocatalytic degradations of JWS-type kinetics

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Jurlewicz–Weron–Stanislavsky (JWS) type has been identified. Experimental data are taken from previous published works, and fitted with the JWS relaxation function as well as that of the Havriliak–Negami (HN) model. All experimental data can fit with either model fairly good. From the fitting parameters, the Jonscher indices are calculated and Jonscher diagram is plotted for the chemical kinetics of photocatalytic degradations. This work suggests that material parameters of photocatalysts can be well defined in the sense of fractional calculus.

Study on the adsorption-photocatalysis properties of g-C3N4/diatomite in the treatment of colour organic compound Rhodamine B

This paper reports the results of the study on the adsorption - photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) on graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 and g-C3N4dispersed on diatomite with 5, 10, 15, and 20% loading (%wt). The bare g-C3N4 exhibits good photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation but weak RhB adsorption. The apparent kinetics of RhB photocatalytic degradation is of order 1/2 regard to RhB. Increasing adsorption - catalysis effect is observed as g-C3N4 is dispersed on diatomite. This potential bifunctional material is capable of both adsorbing and catalysing RhB treatment. The optimum g-C3N4 content on diatomite is 15%.

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers: influencing factors and mechanisms

ABSTRACT Novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIP) were prepared for selective removal of norfloxacin by effectively utilizing photocatalytic degradation and magnetic separation techniques. The imprinted material with titanium layer and multihole surface showed an excellent photocatalytic property. In this paper, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin by MMIP was explored, and the influences of environmental factors, including solution pH, humic acid, common ions and water media on photocatalytic performance of MMIP were elucidated. The results showed that MMIP had good adaptability and could degrade norfloxacin within 60 min, but the degradation rate constant decreased in surface water. Based on the identification of intermediate products, the possible degradation pathways of norfloxacin were analysed, speculating that it might be degraded into small molecules in the form of de-piperazine ring, de-carboxyl group and de-fluorine. Moreover, the mineralization ratio of norfloxacin could reach 84.2% after ultraviolet irradiation for 150 min, and the low cobalt release of MMIP enhanced the security of the material. The results of adsorption and degradation cycle tests showed that MMIP obtained by molecular imprinting technology had excellent performance in sustainable use for micro organic pollutants removal.

Synthesis of g-C3N4-C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared from melamine (C3H6N6) by annealing it under an electric furnace at 550 °C for 3 h. The g-C3N4 solution was prepared by dissolving powdered g-C3N4 in an aqueous solution with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) method was used to prepare the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites from g-C3N4 solution, C60-saturated toluene, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. These were further used for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet (at 254 and 365 nm) irradiation. In addition, UV–vis spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the photocatalytic degradation activity of RhB over the g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites. Under UV irradiation, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of RhB using g-C3N4–C60 fullerene nanowhisker composites followed a pseudo first-order reaction rate law.

Preparation of tetrahedral Ag3PO4 and mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RB-42

In this study, silver nitrate and sodium phosphate were used as raw materials to prepare highly active Ag3PO4 photocatalyst with visible light response. The structure, morphology and composition of the samples of the obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and XPS. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity was also investigated by means of degradation of reactive black-42(RB-42) in water. The effect of solution on photocatalytic degradation of RB-42 was investigated through the analysis of photocatalytic degradation kinetics. The results were showed that the nano Ag3PO4 is tetrahedral crystal. exhibit excellent efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RB-42. when the addition of concentration of RB-42 was 10 mg·L, pH was 5.8 and the amount of catalyst was 50mg·L, the obtained sample removal efficiency was 80.7% under visible light irradiation. In addition, free radical capture experiments showed that •OH− was the main active substance in the reaction system.

Green synthesis of Ce‐doped ZnO nanoparticles using Hedyotis capitellata Leaf extract for efficient photocatalytic degradation of Methyl Orange

AbstractThis work presents a green route to synthesize single phase Ce‐doped ZnO nanoparticles using Hedyotis capitellata leaf extract (HC‐Ce@ZnO) as an effective reactant. The phase composition and crystalline nature of HC‐Ce@ZnO with various weight% Ce‐doping concentrations were examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) method. The organic functional groups that played the key role in the transformation of Zn2+ into ZnO were recognized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image revealed that HC‐Ce@ZnO nanoparticles were mainly spherical with the diameter of 2‐6 nm. The biosynthesized HC‐Ce@ZnO nanoparticles were then applied for the treatment of methyl orange (MO) using UV‐Vis measurement. It's been found that Ce3+ ions were easily incorporated into ZnO crystal lattice to form single crystals of Ce@ZnO. The optimal 1 %Ce‐doped ZnO nanoparticles can remove 92 % MO within 240 min under irradiation of visible light. The study on photocatalytic degradation kinetics showed that the reaction has pseudo first‐order nature with the rate constant k = 0.0133 min‐1.