Kinetic Motion Research Articles

Microwave transmission efficiency and simulations of electron plasma in ELTRAP device

A Thomson backscattering experiment has been performed in a Penning-Malmberg device ELTRAP. To estimate the minimum sensitivity of diagnostics, we have computed the signal to noise ratio and found that the present bunch has a number density of 4.3 × 108 cm−3, which is three orders of magnitude less than the desired density of 1011 cm−3. To increase the signal level from the RF studies to the GHz range, the transmission efficiency from the rectangular waveguide orthogonally coupled to a prototype circular waveguide was experimentally analyzed on a test-bench. It is observed that the lengths of waveguides play an important role in the transmission efficiency and return loss. When the length of the optimum rectangular waveguide (>2 λg = 31 cm) is reduced to 7 cm, due to geometrical constraints of the ELTRAP device, consequently, the transmission efficiency is also reduced and shifts away from the maximum 3 GHz operating frequency. The useful frequency band is then reduced with the increasing length of the prototype circular waveguide (102 cm). Using the electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell simulations involving the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), we have utilized a magnetic field of 0.1 T resonating with 2.8 GHz RF drive during each time step (1 ps) having the power level of 0.04 V to the middle and to the end of the trap. A more efficient increase in the radial and azimuthal temperature profiles is observed as compared to the axial temperature profile. The reason is the use of ECRH to heat electrons in cyclotron motion, which is completely kinetic and magnetron motion which is almost entirely potential based. The axial motion interchanges in between the kinetic and potential with a slight enhancement in axial motion to maintain the total canonical angular momentum conserved. The temperature profile of the confined electron plasma increases with the variation of densities from 5 × 107 m−3 to 1012 m−3. The major heating effect occurs when the RF power is injected from the position close to one end with respect to the middle position of the trap.

A self-aware paradigm for autonomous architectural systems within the Internet of Things

This research explores a newfangled approach for the notion that architecture is no longer concerned with the organization of space and matter, but rather a system of systems with self-organizational behavior and progressively complex programmatic interventions. Such system represents an Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm that has the capacity to self-organize a pre-defined architecture acclimating dynamically to the demands of the environment through a process of self-awareness and re-configurability. This paper is an attempt to develop spaces that bring computation into the physical world by introducing artificial intelligence into building systems so as to communicate, exchange information, and allow right responses and decisions within a sustainable manner. Environments with embedded computational systems and adaptive reconfiguration behavior will be precisely studied. With an intensive focus on smart, self reconfiguring architecture that has embraced kinetic motion as an approach for environmental adaptation and responsiveness. This study addresses the networked organization of sensory systems that incorporate computational platforms in relation to user’s desires, where architecture turns into an interactive intermediary between human and computation. Correspondingly, the authors are particularly aiming to propose three conceptual frameworks for delivering a smart system at the architectural scale which is capable of reconfiguring and interacting constantly in real time, precisely focusing on an initial implementation for the first framework utilizing an experimental customized prototype, while the other two frameworks would be subsequently studied through future work. Thus the IoT will foster a rapid development in intelligent systems which would directly introduce an advanced technological leap forward in accommodating a new way of demonstrating human-computer interaction within a novel architectural design approach.

Stochastic Stability of Pollicott–Ruelle Resonances

Kinetic Brownian motion on the cosphere bundle of a Riemannian manifold $${\mathbb{M}}$$ is a stochastic process that models the geodesic equation perturbed by a random white force of size $${\varepsilon}$$ . When $${\mathbb{M}}$$ is compact and negatively curved, we show that the L 2-spectrum of the infinitesimal generator of this process converges to the Pollicott–Ruelle resonances of $${\mathbb{M}}$$ as $${\varepsilon}$$ goes to 0.

Binding efficacy and kinetics of chitosan with DNA duplex: The effects of deacetylation degree and nucleotide sequences

The binding process of DNA duplex with various types of chitosan polymers were studied at atomic level through molecular dynamics simulations. The interaction kinetics and binding strength, complex morphology and DNA structure evolution were systematically accessed. The binding efficacy of chitosan to DNA reduces (both in complexation speed and binding strength) when deacetylation degree is decreased, because protonated amine groups on chitosan backbone are more prone to bind with DNA, especially the phosphate oxygen, through coulomb interaction. The Watson Crick hydrogen bonds of A-T base pairs are more easily to break because chitosan is capable to form competitive hydrogen bonds with them. It is surprising to find that the G-C nucleotides have highly restrained kinetic motion than that of A-T nucleotides, which would be important for DNA-chitosan complexation and condensation to happen at the microscopic level. From our current results, the degree of chitosan deacetylation is found to play a certain role in regulating the DNA-chitosan complexation process, but is not as important as being believed before. Other types of chemical functionalization that can tune the chitosan’s hydrophobicity should deserve more attentions in the experiment.

Fast mass transport across two-dimensional graphene nanopores: Nonlinear pressure-dependent gas permeation flux

Mass transport across two-dimensional nanopores is very essential to the porous graphene and other atomically thin membranes for gas separation. Due to the contribution of gas adsorption and diffusion over the two-dimensional surfaces, mass transport across graphene nanopores cannot be described only by the kinetic theory of gases. We show that the combination of the linear pressure-dependent direct flux, governed by the kinetic motion of gas molecules, and the nonlinear pressure-dependent surface flux, caused by the Langmuir isothermal adsorption characteristics of gas molecules on the two-dimensional surfaces, results in an overall nonlinear pressure dependence of the gas permeation flux through graphene nanopores. Based on the mass transport resistance network connecting the multiple molecular transport processes in direct flux and surface flux, a theoretical model that captures the pressure dependence of permeation flux is established, offering a possible avenue to predict the mass transport rates through the two-dimensional nanopores.

「気体の分子運動」を視覚的にとらえさせる方法の開発 : パソコンによるシミュレーションを利用して

「気体の分子運動」を視覚的にとらえさせる方法の開発 : パソコンによるシミュレーションを利用して

“Mixer-Dresser” Hybrid Device

Objectives: The article is devoted to experimental research on the possibilities and the need for a flexible hybrid model mixing-dresser development. Methods: The purpose of the device creation is the intensification of mixing and etching (improving the quality and productivity of the process), the exclusion of the harmful effects of etching compounds on service staff at the simplification and design cost reduction without any additional power. Finding: The experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the use of membranes as mixing devices made of elastic materials, considerably reduces the time of homogeneous mixture preparation due to the ability to accumulate a potential energy and transfer it to a loose body in the form of kinetic motion energy for the mixed particles Conclusion: The hybrid elastic mixersdressers may be used in agricultural enterprises involved in the issues of multi-component granular mixtures production and dressing.

“Mixer-Dresser” Hybrid Device

Objectives: The article is devoted to experimental research on the possibilities and the need for a flexible hybrid model mixing-dresser development. Methods: The purpose of the device creation is the intensification of mixing and etching (improving the quality and productivity of the process), the exclusion of the harmful effects of etching compounds on service staff at the simplification and design cost reduction without any additional power. Finding: The experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the use of membranes as mixing devices made of elastic materials, considerably reduces the time of homogeneous mixture preparation due to the ability to accumulate a potential energy and transfer it to a loose body in the form of kinetic motion energy for the mixed particles Conclusion: The hybrid elastic mixersdressers may be used in agricultural enterprises involved in the issues of multi-component granular mixtures production and dressing. Keywords: Cyclical Fluctuations, Dresser, Multi Component Loose Mixture, The Mixer With Flexible Working Bodies, The Mixer With Hard Working Elements

Study of channel formation and relativistic ultra-short laser pulse propagation in helium plasma

In this study, plasma channel formation in pure He plasma (ionization electron density 0.01–0.1nc) interacting with ultra-short relativistic laser pulses (50 fs, >1019 W cm−2) was observed and analyzed. By appropriately selecting the laser pulse and gas backing pressure of the gas jet, a clear density channel longer than 300 μm and wider than 25 μm was achieved in less than 1.5 ps following the passage of the laser pulse, with a radial electron density gradient of ~1023 cm−4 at the channel walls. Numerical simulations for studying the affects of the plasma density, kinetic motion of electrons and ions, and nonlinear laser propagation on the plasma channel formation were carried out, which reproduced the experimental features. These density channels were mainly driven by the radial expulsion of plasma ions, with strong continuous laser self-focusing acting to improve the channeling efficiency. These channels can guide the propagation of ultra-intense laser pulses and supply several advanced applications in high-energy physics, including fast-ignition inertial confinement fusion, plasma-based particle accelerations, and sources of radiation.

Multilayer wavy-structured robust triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy

Recently, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been invented as a new energy technology and widely utilized in renewable and sustainable energy harvesting. Here we report a regular dodecahedron device integrated with 12 sets of multilayer wavy-structured robust triboelectric nanogenerators (WS-TENGs) for harvesting water wave energy. Each WS-TENG is composed of a wavy-structured Cu–Kapton–Cu film and two fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) thin films sputtered with metal electrodes as a sandwich structure. A hard ball is enclosed inside a polyhedron made by WS-TENGs as the walls; a collision of the ball with the WS-TENG in responding to the kinetic motion of water wave converts mechanical energy into electricity. A high output voltage and current of about 250V and 150μA, respectively, are measured by a single unit of WS-TENGs in water. Considering the units can be connected into a net structure, the average output power is expected to be 0.64MW from 1km2 surface area in a depth of 5m. By the virtues of cost effective, low-carbon and environmentally friendly, the development of WS-TENGs can be a significant step towards the large-scale water wave energy harvesting and have great prospects for the blue energy.

Parametric-based designs for kinetic facades to optimize daylight performance: Comparing rotation and translation kinetic motion for hexagonal facade patterns

Recent literature shows that experimentation in kinetics and architectural skins is more widely introduced as a solution for environmental-related design issues. Facades and elements are transformed in kinetic living creatures changing in synchrony with the surrounding environment. Through the lens of morphology, this research explores the possibilities of kinetic composition afforded by facades in motion. It presents a method for the evaluation of kinetic facades system performance using experimental approach. The experiments investigate improving daylight performance through the design and motion of kinetic facades using various integrated software. The impact of kinetic motion of hexagonal pattern on south-facing skin to control the daylight distribution in an office space is studied using parametric simulation technique. Results demonstrate the analysis of rotational and translation kinetic motions at the early design stage compared to a traditional window (base case). Finally, possible configurations to enhance daylight performance are suggested.

Selective Imaging of Discrete Polyoxometalate Ions on Graphene Oxide under Variable Voltage Conditions.

Monosubstituted lacunary Keggin [CoSiW11O39](6-) ions on graphene oxide (GO) were used in a comparative imaging study using aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy at two different acceleration voltages, 80 and 200 kV. By performing a set of static and dynamical studies, together with image simulations, we show how the use of lower voltages results in better stability and resolution of the underlying GO support while the use of higher voltages permits better resolution of the individual tungsten atoms and leads to less kinetic motion of the cluster, thus leading to a more accurate identification of cluster orientation and better stability under dynamical imaging conditions. Applying different voltages also influences the visibility of both GO and the lighter Co at lower or higher voltages, respectively.

Nanocrystalline inclusions as a low-pass filter for thermal transport ina-Si

We use atomistic simulations to study the resonant acoustic modes and compare different calculations of the acoustic mean-free path in amorphous systems with nanometric crystalline spherical inclusions. We show that the resonant acoustic properties are not a simple combination of the vibrations in the inclusions and in the amorphous matrix. The presence of the inclusion affects the transport properties mainly in the frequency range separating simple scattering from multiple scattering processes. However, propagation of acoustic wavepackets is spatially heterogeneous and shows that the amorphous/crystalline interface acts as a low energy pass filter slowing down the high kinetic energy motion whatever the vibration frequency. These heterogeneities cannot be catched by the mean free path, but still they must play an important role in thermal transport, thus raising the question of the correct modeling of thermal transport in composite systems.

Movers and Shakers: Kinetic Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things

Numerous energy harvesting wireless devices that will serve as building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT) are currently under development. However, there is still only limited understanding of the properties of various energy sources and their impact on energy harvesting adaptive algorithms. Hence, we focus on characterizing the kinetic (motion) energy that can be harvested by a wireless node with an IoT form factor and on developing energy allocation algorithms for such nodes. In this paper, we describe methods for estimating harvested energy from acceleration traces. To characterize the energy availability associated with specific human activities (e.g., relaxing, walking, cycling), we analyze a motion dataset with over 40 participants. Based on acceleration measurements that we collected for over 200 hours, we study energy generation processes associated with day-long human routines. We also briefly summarize our experiments with moving objects. We develop energy allocation algorithms that take into account practical IoT node design considerations, and evaluate the algorithms using the collected measurements. Our observations provide insights into the design of motion energy harvesters, IoT nodes, and energy harvesting adaptive algorithms.

Systematic review of ground reaction force measurements in cats

Although orthopaedic abnormalities in cats are frequently observed radiographically, they remain clinically underdiagnosed, and kinetic motion analysis, a fundamental aspect of orthopaedic research in dogs and horses, is not commonly performed. More information obtained with non-invasive measurement techniques to assess normal and abnormal gait in cats would provide a greater insight into their locomotion and biomechanics and improve the objective measurement of disease alterations and treatment modalities. In this systematic review, 12 previously performed studies that investigated ground reaction force measurements in cats during locomotion were evaluated. The aims of these studies, the measurement methods and equipment used, and the outcomes of parameters used to assess both sound and diseased cats are summarised and discussed.All reviewed studies used pressure sensitive walkways to gain data and all provided an acclimatisation period as a prerequisite for measurements. In sound cats during walking, the forelimb peak vertical force was greater than in the hindlimb and the peak vertical force in the hindlimb was greater in cats than in dogs. This review confirms that ground reaction forces can be used to evaluate lameness and treatment effects in the cat.

Kinetic magnetic resonance imaging analysis of lumbar segmental motion at levels adjacent to disc herniation.

A retrospective radiographic study was carried out to analyze the effect of lumbar disc herniation on the kinetic motion of adjacent segments. A total of 162 patients with low back pain or radicular pain in the lower limbs without a prior history of surgery were evaluated using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging. Translational motion, angular variation, and disc height were measured at each segment from L1-L2 to L5-S1. Other factors including the degree of disc degeneration, age, gender, and vertebral segment location were analyzed to determine any predisposing risk factors for segmental instability adjacent to disc herniations. Spinal levels above the disc herniation exhibited, on average, a 6.4 % increase in translational motion per mm of disc herniation (P = 0.496) and a 21.4 % increase in angular motion per mm herniation (P = 0.447). Levels below the herniation demonstrated a 5.2 % increase in translational motion per mm of disc herniation (P = 0.428) and a decrease of 10.7 % in angular motion per mm (P = 0.726). The degree of disc degeneration had no significant correlation with adjacent level motion. Similarly, disc herniation was not significantly correlated with disc height at adjacent levels, although there was a significant relationship between gender and adjacent segment disc height. Although disc height, translational motion, and angular variation are significantly affected at the level of a disc herniation, no significant changes are apparent in adjacent segments. Our results indicate that herniated discs have no effect on range of motion at adjacent levels regardless of the degree of disc degeneration or the size of disc herniation, suggesting that the natural progression of disc degeneration and adjacent segment disease may be separate, unrelated processes within the lumbar spine.

Kinetic Brownian motion on Riemannian manifolds

We consider in this work a one parameter family of hypoelliptic diffusion processes on the unit tangent bundle $T^1 \mathcal M$ of a Riemannian manifold $(\mathcal M,g)$, collectively called kinetic Brownian motions, that are random perturbations of the geodesic flow, with a parameter $\sigma$ quantifying the size of the noise. Projection on $\mathcal M$ of these processes provides random $C^1$ paths in $\mathcal M$. We show, both qualitively and quantitatively, that the laws of these $\mathcal M$-valued paths provide an interpolation between geodesic and Brownian motions. This qualitative description of kinetic Brownian motion as the parameter $\sigma$ varies is complemented by a thourough study of its long time asymptotic behaviour on rotationally invariant manifolds, when $\sigma$ is fixed, as we are able to give a complete description of its Poisson boundary in geometric terms.

Establishment of the Dynamics Modal for the Fire-Suction Hydraulic Impactor

The drilling speed to shorten the drilling cycle plays a decisive role in drilling process.Using the fire-suction hydraulic impactor can achieve percussive-rotary drilling.The fire-suction hydraulic impactor can transform drilling fluid’s pressure energy into mechanical energy.Withing bit static pressure,rotational cutting and vertical impact loading,the way of rock breaking will be faster and more efficient.Using Newton's second law to establish the corresponding kinetic equations,motion equations and displacement equations.The comparison between parameters and measured data validated the correctness of the formulas,which provides a theoretical basis for the products to improve and seriation.

Movers and shakers

Numerous energy harvesting wireless devices that will serve as building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT) are currently under development. However, there is still only limited understanding of the properties of various energy sources and their impact on energy harvesting adaptive algorithms. Hence, we focus on characterizing the kinetic (motion) energy that can be harvested by a wireless node with an IoT form factor and on developing energy allocation algorithms for such nodes. In this paper, we describe methods for estimating harvested energy from acceleration traces. To characterize the energy availability associated with specific human activities (e.g., relaxing, walking, cycling), we analyze a motion dataset with over 40 participants. Based on acceleration measurements that we collected for over 200 hours, we study energy generation processes associated with day-long human routines. We also briefly summarize our experiments with moving objects. We develop energy allocation algorithms that take into account practical IoT node design considerations, and evaluate the algorithms using the collected measurements. Our observations provide insights into the design of motion energy harvesters, IoT nodes, and energy harvesting adaptive algorithms.

Collective translational and rotational Monte Carlo moves for attractive particles.

Virtual move Monte Carlo is a Monte Carlo (MC) cluster algorithm forming clusters via local energy gradients and approximating the collective kinetic or dynamic motion of attractive colloidal particles. We carefully describe, analyze, and test the algorithm. To formally validate the algorithm through highlighting its symmetries, we present alternative and compact ways of selecting and accepting clusters which illustrate the formal use of abstract concepts in the design of biased MC techniques: the superdetailed balance and the early rejection scheme. A brief and comprehensive summary of the algorithms is presented, which makes them accessible without needing to understand the details of the derivation.