Kinetic Theory Research Articles

Analysis of the Needs for the Development of Interactive Multimedia Based on Augmented Reality in Physics Learning

Purpose of the Study: This study investigates the initial needs of teachers for the development of interactive multimedia based on Augmented Reality (AR) for physics education, specifically in the context of kinetic gas theory. As part of development research at the preliminary study stage, the goal is to design innovative teaching tools that simplify complex physics concepts and enhance student engagement. Methodology: A survey-based research design was adopted, with data collected via questionnaires distributed to middle and high school physics teachers using the Google Form platform. The study examined teacher perspectives on AR-based learning media's necessity, usability, and potential impact in their classrooms. Main Findings: The results revealed a strong demand among physics teachers for AR-based interactive multimedia, highlighting its potential to address the challenges of teaching physics concepts often perceived as abstract and complex by students. Teachers emphasized the need for tools that make the learning process more engaging, interactive, and relatable. The findings also indicated that AR-based multimedia offers a promising solution, aligning with the growing integration of digital technology in education. Teachers noted that AR tools could increase efficiency, foster active learning, and cater to diverse learning styles, making physics more accessible and enjoyable. Novelty/Originality of the Study: This study contributes to the growing field of digital education by emphasizing the application of AR technology in physics learning. It provides a novel perspective on how AR can bridge the gap between theoretical physics and practical understanding, fostering curiosity and deeper comprehension.

Mechanistic Insights into Chloride-Dependent Uncaging Reaction of Propargyl and Allene-Protected Substrates by Pd-Complexes.

This study investigates the effect of chloride levels on the mode of action of palladium complexes for the activation of propargyl- and allene-protected fluorophores and chemotherapeutic drugs through uncaging reactions. Four Pd(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques to confirm their structure and electronic properties. Kinetic studies and density functional theory calculations revealed that chloride ions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) significantly enhance catalytic efficiency, particularly for allenyl-protected substrates compared to propargylic counterparts. This enhancement is attributed to the neutral charge nature of the Pd complex. The data suggest that neutral complexes are less prone to chloride exchange by water molecules. Additionally, chloride ligands counterbalance the unusually high stability of the key σ-bound η1-Pd intermediates in the aquo complexes in PB, leading to an overall higher reactivity. These results highlight the impact of fine-tuning the electronic properties of the metal center through both designed ligands and environmental factors. Bench evaluations and tests with living breast cancer cells demonstrated that a Pd catalyst complex with a bidentate ligand effectively activates the prodrugs propargyl-5-fluorouracil (Prop-5FU) and allene-5-Fluorouracil (Alle-5FU), the latter being a novel prodrug. The Pd catalyst successfully released the active drug, inducing significant cytotoxicity, especially with Alle-5FU, which operates at lower catalyst concentrations than Pro-5FU.

Bulk viscosity, speed of sound, and contact structure at intermediate coupling

Thermal QCD systems like strongly coupled quark gluon plasma require not only a large ’t Hooft coupling but also a finite gauge coupling [Natsuume, ] in the large-N gravity dual. Unlike almost all top-down holographic models in the literature, holographic large-N thermal QCD models based on this assumption, therefore, necessarily require addressing this limit from M theory. In the context of strongly coupled (very large ’t Hooft coupling) thermal QCD-like theories, the bulk-viscosity(ζ)-to-shear-viscosity(η) ratio using the type-IIA-theory dual of thermal QCD-like theories was shown to vary like 13−cs2 [Czajka , Bulk viscosity at extreme limits: From kinetic theory to strings, ] (cs being the speed of sound), and the same (ζη) at weak coupling using kinetic theory and finite temperature field theory was shown and is known to vary like (13−cs2)2 [Czajka , Bulk viscosity at extreme limits: From kinetic theory to strings, , and references therein]. The novelties of the results of this paper are that we not only show for the first time from M theory that at intermediate coupling, with the inclusion of the O(R4) corrections, the result obtained for ζη interpolates between the strong- and weak-coupling results in a way consistent with lattice computations of SU(3) gluodynamics [Meyer, Calculation of the bulk viscosity in SU(3) gluodynamics, ] within statistical errors (and within the temperature range permissible by our M-theory uplift), but also observe that this behavior is related to the existence of contact 3-structures that exist only at intermediate coupling effected by the intermediate-N “MQGP” limit of Misra and Yadav []. We also obtain an explicit dependence of ζη on (fractional powers of) the temperature-dependent and running gauge coupling (and its temperature derivative) and verify that the weak-coupling result dominates at large temperatures. We further conjecture that the aforementioned fractional-power dependence of ζη on the gauge coupling is related to the lack of “N-connectedness” in the parameter space of contact 3-structures (as shown in ). Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Effects of Rock Water with Different Alkalinity and Pre-Oxidation on Re-Ignition Characteristics of Residual Coal

ABSTRACT To investigate the impact of alkaline rock water (pH = 8, 9) combined with pre-oxidation on changes in pore structure and functional groups of residual coal in goaf, and consequently, on the secondary oxidation and spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal samples, an analysis was conducted. This analysis focused on examining changes in pore morphology and functional group content of pre-oxidized coal (OI0) and water-immersed oxidized coal (OI) through experiments utilizing low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Secondary oxidation and spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal samples were analyzed using thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis incorporating oxidation kinetic theory. The findings indicated that after the combined effect of pre-oxidation and alkali leaching, the mesopore volume of the coal decreased, pore complexity increased, oxygen storage capacity was enhanced, and the apparent activation energy of the coal samples was significantly reduced. This reduction in activation energy was pronounced at lower temperatures but less so at higher temperatures. Specifically, the methyl and methylene contents of OI9 were significantly higher than those of other coal samples within the temperature range of 80–160°C. Meanwhile, the heat release of the low-temperature oxidation stages of OI0, OI8, and OI9 increased by 70.82%, 190.25%, and 75.05%, respectively, compared with RC. The study indicates an elevated risk of spontaneous coal combustion following the combined treatment of alkaline leaching and pre-oxidation. This research elucidates the mechanism of spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal by alkaline rock water and pre-oxidation, providing valuable insights for the control of coal fires in alkaline mine-water environments.

Kinetic Theory of Self-Propelled Particles with Nematic Alignment.

We present the results from kinetic theory for a system of self-propelled particles with alignment interactions of higher-order symmetry, particularly nematic ones. To this end, we use the Landau equation approach, a systematic approximation to the BBGKY hierarchy for small effective couplings. Our calculations are presented in a pedagogical way with the explicit goal of serving as a tutorial from a physicists' perspective into applying kinetic theory ideas beyond mean-field to active matter systems with essentially no prerequisites and yield predictions without free parameters that are in quantitative agreement with direct agent-based simulations.

Rational Design of Porous Y2O3-MnOx/Carbon Heterostructures with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies for High-Efficiency and Ultrastable Zinc-Ion Storage.

Manganese oxides have been considered as the most competitive cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) on account of their inherent safety, high operating voltage, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, the manganese dissolution, inherently poor electronic conductivity, and the sluggish reaction kinetics of commercial manganese-based oxides severely hinder their practical applications. To address the above issues, we creatively developed hierarchical porous Y2O3-MnOx/C nanorods (named OV-YMO/C) with unique heterostructures and abundant oxygen vacancies via a facile MOF-assisted synthetic process and employed as the advanced cathode. Owing to the well-constructed porous structure, larger surface areas, abundant oxygen vacancies, and strong synergetic coupling effect at the heterogeneous interface, the as-obtained OV-YMO/C cathode exhibited a fascinating discharge capacity of 389.6 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1. Simultaneously, it demonstrated remarkable rate performance (233 mAh g-1 at 4.0 A g-1) and cycling durability (90.6% capacity retention over 3000 cycles at 4.0 A g-1). The fabricated Zn//OV-YMO/C pouch cell could deliver superior flexibility and electrochemical stability under extreme bending conditions. Furthermore, the electrochemical reaction mechanism was comprehensively explored by kinetic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The synergistic strategy by subtly combining the MOF-assisted approach, heterojunction engineering, and oxygen defects engineering provides valuable insights into the construction of cathode materials for high-rate and ultrastable aqueous ZIBs.

Breaking the Thermodynamic Equilibrium for Monocrystalline Graphene Fabrication by Ambient Pressure Regulation.

Developing high-quality monocrystalline graphene has been an area of compelling research focus in the field of two-dimensional materials. Overcoming growth cessation presents a significant challenge in advancing the production of monocrystalline graphene. Herein, methods for sustaining a steady and consistent growth driving force are investigated based on the single-crystal growth theory. Comparative analysis revealed that each dynamic regulation method significantly increased the size of graphene compared to samples grown under stable pressure conditions. The grain size of high-quality graphene was significantly increased from ∼400 μm to ∼3 mm. Moreover, experimental measurements and numerical simulations were employed to investigate the impact of ambient pressure on the temperature and flow field. By considering the influence of pressure on the boundary layer and reaction rate constant, the mechanism underlying the dynamic regulation of ambient pressure was elucidated. Ultimately, the crystal growth kinetics theory, initially formulated with considerations of undercooling ΔT and supersaturation Seff, was developed by inducing the individual parameter of ambient pressure P. Due to diameter expansion and mechanical property promotion, a bilayer graphene Fabry-Perot interference (1100 μm) sensor with a stable signal response (52 dB) and superior minimum detection pressure at 20 kHz (87 μPa/Hz1/2) was prepared. This innovative approach to regulating ambient pressure during crystal growth enables monocrystalline graphene to possess superior structure and properties for future technologies and provides insights into the production of other two-dimensional materials.

Fabrication of nanocellulose-based high-mechanical and super-hydrophobic xerogels for speedy oil absorbents

Cellulose-based porous materials are promising for various fields and preferred for sustainable development. However, the low mechanical properties and high hydrophilicity of cellulose-based xerogels had a direct influence on their application in oil absorption. To address the challenge, an environmentally friendly and economical method for synthesizing MTMS/C0.2-TOCN0.9 xerogels with high hydrophobicity and excellent mechanical strength was successfully established. In this work, shape-recoverable using nanocellulose (TOCN)-based xerogels with porous structure (porosity of 91.5–98.7 %), as well as excellent hydrophobic properties were prepared by TOCN-stabilized wet foams with physical crosslinking, ice crystal-induced phase separation and MTMS modification through simple air-drying instead of the traditional freeze-drying. At the optimized ingredients of TOCN and crosslinker (Ca2+), the xerogel (MTMS/C0.2-TOCN0.9) exhibited superior compressive performance (approximately 35 KPa) and exceptional structural stability after 50 cycles at a compression deflection of 60 %, which was still maintained at 71.5 % of the original stress. Moreover, the MTMS/C0.2-TOCN0.9 xerogel achieved stable superhydrophobicity (128.3°) and excellent oil absorption capacity (59.6 g/g), rendering it a desirable adsorbent for oil spill cleaning. Compared to the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-secondary model had higher validity in oil absorption kinetic theories. The MTMS/C0.2-TOCN0.9 xerogel was recyclable and nontoxic, which has the potential to promote environmental applications.

Enhancing actuation control in monolithic liquid crystal elastomer films with dual heat and light responsiveness

This study presents a dual heat and light-responsive monolithic liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) film designed to enhance actuation control. The LCE films were capable of various motion types, including curvature reversal, oscillation, and sustainable flipping. By incorporating an azobenzene compound, the films exhibited additional functionalities such as enhanced curvature reversal, accelerated oscillation, and the ability to lock continuous flipping motion upon light stimulation. Furthermore, by adjusting the aspect ratio (AR) of a single film, different thermal motion states were realized, demonstrating the flexibility of this approach. Observations using an NIR camera confirmed temperature fluctuations corresponding to thermal exchange, and the influence of UV light on motion regulation was quantitatively analyzed. The ability to regulate motion through dual stimuli paves the way for improved dynamic motion control and thermal management in advanced robotic applications.

On the gravitational hysteresis in the kinetic theory

General theory of relativity is non-linear in nature and therefore can result in hysteresis-like effects and cause systems to remember the footprint of the gravitational field. Here we have investigated this effect using the Kinetic theory in curved spacetime. It is shown that the entropy rate experiences this hysteresis behavior. The effect is then considered for some special spacetimes, including Schwarzschild black hole, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmological solution, and the flat Minkowski spacetime perturbed by a gravitational wave pulse. It is shown that there is some hysteresis effect for the entropy rate.

Kinetic theory of stellar systems: A tutorial

Stellar systems—globular and nuclear star clusters, elliptical and spiral galaxies and their surrounding dark matter haloes, and so on—are ubiquitous characters in the evolutionary tale of our Universe. This tutorial article is an introduction to the collective dynamical evolution of the very large numbers of stars and/or other self-gravitating objects that comprise such systems, i.e., their kinetic theory. We begin by introducing the basic phenomenology of stellar systems, and explaining why and when we must develop a kinetic theory that transcends the traditional two-body relaxation picture of Chandrasekhar. We then study the individual orbits that comprise stellar systems, how those orbits are modified by linear and nonlinear perturbations, how a system responds self-consistently to fluctuations in its own gravitational potential, and how one can predict the long-term evolutionary fate of a stellar system in both quasilinear and nonlinear regimes. Though our treatment is necessarily mathematical, we develop the formalism only to the extent that it facilitates real calculations. Each section is bolstered with intuitive illustrations, and we give many examples throughout the text of the equations being applied to topics of major astrophysical importance, such as radial migration, spiral instabilities, and dynamical friction on galactic bars. Furthermore, in the 1960s and 1970s, the kinetic theory of stellar systems was a fledgling subject which developed in tandem with the kinetic theory of plasmas. However, the two fields have long since diverged as their practitioners have focused on ever more specialized and technical issues. This tendency, coupled with the famous obscurity of astronomical jargon, means that today relatively few plasma physicists are aware that their knowledge is directly applicable in the beautiful arena of galaxy evolution, and relatively few galactic astronomers know of the plasma-theoretic foundations upon which a portion of their subject is built. Yet, once one has become fluent in both Plasmaish and Galacticese, and has a dictionary relating the two, one can pull ideas directly from one field to solve a problem in the other. Therefore, another aim of this tutorial article is to provide our plasma colleagues with a jargon-light understanding of the key properties of stellar systems, to offer them the theoretical minimum necessary to engage with the modern stellar dynamics literature, to point out the many direct analogies between stellar- and plasma-kinetic calculations, and ultimately to convince them that stellar dynamics and plasma kinetics are, in a deep, beautiful and useful sense, the same thing.

Refined Unbiased Stochastic Approach for Fredholm Integral Equations

Abstract Integral equations are highly relevant across various fields such as applied mathematics, physics, engineering, geophysics, electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, quantum mechanics, mathematical economics, and queuing theory. This underscores the importance of creating and examining efficient and dependable methods to solve integral equations. In the context of multidimensional issues, traditional biased stochastic algorithms, which rely on a finite set of integration points, are particularly challenged by the complexities of higher dimensionality. Therefore, it is critical to develop sophisticated unbiased algorithms to address these challenges, as discussed in this paper. We introduce and evaluate a novel unbiased stochastic approach for solving multidimensional Fredholm integral equations of the second kind.

A new application of the kinetic type theory in immunology

Abstract The kinetic type theory for active particles is a methodology actively used for modeling processes and phenomena in biology and life sciences. One of the fields of its application is immunology, in particular the processes observed in the competition between immune system and foreign antigens. In this paper we present a new mathematical model describing such a complex system and possible occurrence of contemporary diseases. Preliminary qualitative analysis of the model is presented. The role of some of the main model parameters is studied using simulations.

Suppression of Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection in the High Ion β, Strong Guide Field Limit

In magnetic reconnection, the ion bulk outflow speed and ion heating have been shown to be set by the available reconnecting magnetic energy, i.e., the energy stored in the reconnecting magnetic field (B r ). However, recent simulations, observations, and theoretical works have shown that the released magnetic energy is inhibited by upstream ion plasma beta β i —the relative ion thermal pressure normalized to magnetic pressure based on the reconnecting field—for antiparallel magnetic field configurations. Using kinetic theory and hybrid particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate the effects of β i on guide field reconnection. While previous works have suggested that guide field reconnection is uninfluenced by β i , we demonstrate that the reconnection process is modified and the outflow is reduced for sufficiently large βi>(Br2+Bg2)/Br2 . We develop a theoretical framework that shows that this reduction is consistent with an enhanced exhaust pressure gradient, which reduces the outflow speed as vout∝1/βi . These results apply to systems in which guide field reconnection is embedded in hot plasmas, such as reconnection at the boundary of eddies in fully developed turbulence like the solar wind or the magnetosheath as well as downstream of shocks such as the heliosheath or the mergers of galaxy clusters.

Sustained release of RNA nanoparticles from reservoir implant for ocular delivery.

Previous studies of RNA nanoparticles have demonstrated the potential of these nanoparticles in ocular delivery via the subconjunctival route. Sustained ocular delivery is beneficial for chronic eye disease treatment, and utilizing a reservoir implant in the periocular space (e.g., episcleral implant) can prolong ocular delivery of these nanoparticles. The objectives of the present study were to (a) demonstrate the fabrication of the reservoir implants, (b) evaluate the performance of the implants with model permeants and RNA nanoparticles in vitro, and (c) investigate the applicability of hindered transport theory for the release kinetics from the implants. In vitro release testing was performed with the implants to determine the release kinetics and implant membrane permeability. In addition to RNA nanoparticles, model permeants fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled dextrans (10, 40, and 150 kDa) were examined. The results indicated that the rates of permeant release from the implants were a function of the (a) size and structure of the permeant/nanoparticle and (b) type and pore size of the implant membrane. The model analyses provided insights into implant membrane transport and ocular pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles for transscleral delivery. The results suggested the potential of prolonged delivery of the RNA nanoparticles with the episcleral implant approach.

Exploring the Enhanced Zinc Storage Performance of α-MnSe Polyhedral Microspheres and H+/Zn2+ Co-Insertion Mechanism.

The newly emerged Mn-based selenides as cathodes for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have drawn researchers' interest because of their lower electronegativity and better electronic conductivity compared with the corresponding Mn-based oxides. Nevertheless, the energy storage mechanism of Mn-based selenides still needs to be further clarified. Herein, the MnSe/Se and MnSe polyhedral microspheres are reported as cathodes for ZIBs, and the MnSe cathode achieves significantly enhanced specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. In-depth kinetic analysis confirms that the MnSe cathode presents better kinetic behavior and density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the fast diffusion kinetics of the MnSe cathode. More importantly, systematic ex situ characterizations reveal that the microstructured MnSe can exist stably during the charge-discharge process and store energy with H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism, which is greatly different from the phase transformation of the nanostructured α-MnSe reported in the literature. Additionally, it is verified that the different types of separators exhibit remarkably different zinc storage performance of the MnSe cathode. This study not only offers a good guidance for developing high-performance ZIBs Mn-based cathode materials and explores the effect of separators on the zinc storage performance, but also provides new insights into the energy storage mechanism of the MnSe cathode.

Synthesis of activated carbon by microwave-assisted sulfuric acid activation for the adsorption of Congo Red in aqueous medium: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, molecular dynamic, and functional theory studies

Synthesis of activated carbon by microwave-assisted sulfuric acid activation for the adsorption of Congo Red in aqueous medium: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, molecular dynamic, and functional theory studies

Flexible graphene/PPy/cotton fabric with great Joule heating performance and sensing capabilities for thermal management and motion sensing

Wearable electronics are a prevalent technology for personal heat management and health detection. However, these devices prepared by metal wires usually face challenges that inflexibility, insecurity and easy to damage. Here, the knitted cotton fabric, which has been decorated with conductive graphene and polypyrrole (PPy), has been developed into a flexible multifunctional fabric (G-PPy-COT). Conductive G-PPy-COT fabrics are constructed by a process of loading cotton yarns with graphene and PPy. The good synergy between graphene and PPy significantly improves the electrical conductivity of knitted cotton fabric. The great conductive properties of the G-PPy-COT fabric facilitate remarkable Joule heating performance (141.9 ℃ at 10V) and strain sensing capabilities (GF=3.75). The good Joule heating performance exhibited by G-PPy-COT fabrics have the potential for thermal therapy. When the G-PPy-COT fabrics was attached on the arthrosis and powered by 7V, the blood circulation of the arthrosis was improved in 200s. This study establishes a foundation for the advancement of crop-derived electronic products with promising cost-effective and environmentally friendly applications in wearable technology.

Multiscale derivation of deterministic and stochastic cross-diffusion models in a fluid: A review.

This paper presents a survey and critical analysis of the mathematical literature on modeling of dynamic populations living in a fluid medium. The present review paper is divided into two main parts: The first part deals with the multiscale derivation of deterministic and stochastic cross-diffusion systems governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The derivation is obtained from the underlying description at the microscopic scale in kinetic theory models according to the micro-macro decomposition method. In the second part of this review, we are delighted to present a new variety of mathematical models describing different applications, namely, the pursuit-evasion dynamics, cancer invasion, and virus dynamics. Finally, critical analysis and future research perspectives are discussed.

Far-from-equilibrium attractors in kinetic theory for a mixture of quark and gluon fluids

Far-from-equilibrium attractors in kinetic theory for a mixture of quark and gluon fluids