Kinetic Energy Distributions Research Articles

Nuclear fission properties of super heavy nuclei described within the four-dimensional Langevin model

Understanding of fission properties of super-heavy nuclei (SHN) is essential not only for the synthesis of new elements but also for astrophysical nucleosynthesis because fission fragments from SHN are recycled as the seed nuclei of the r-process. A recent discovery of the r-process site by the gravitational wave observations requires more precise nuclear information for the detailed simulation of the r-process nucleosynthesis. However, the fission mechanisms of the SHN are not understood well, and therefore theoretical predictions of distributions of the fission fragments of SHN are very model-dependent. Our four-dimensional Langevin model can calculate various properties of the fission fragments, such as the distribution of fission yields, kinetic energies, and deformation of fission fragments and their correlations just after scission. Those results are consistent with the experimental data, especially in the actinide region without adjusting parameters. Based on such a reliable model, we previously investigated the fission of representative SHN where the experimental data exist and found that doubly-magic shell closure of 132Sn and 208Pb dominates the fission process. This paper demonstrates the results of our calculations for the systematics of fission yield and the total kinetic energies from the neutron-rich to the neutron-deficient side of SHN. We also show decomposition of fission modes, such as standard/super-long/super-short modes, based on a Brosa-like concept.

Angle-Resolved Time-of-Flight Electron Spectrometer Designed for Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Electron Scattering and Diffraction

We developed an apparatus for measuring kinetic energy and two-dimensional angular distributions of femtosecond laser-assisted electron scattering (LAES) signals with a high detection efficiency, consisting of a photocathode-type ultrashort pulsed electron gun, a gas injection nozzle, an angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer, and a time-and-position sensitive electron detector. We also established an analysis method for obtaining the kinetic energy and two-dimensional angular distributions of scattered electrons from raw data of their flight times and the detected positions at the detector recorded using the newly developed apparatus. From the measurement of the LAES processes of Ar atoms in a femtosecond near-infrared intense laser field, we obtained a two-dimensional angular distribution image of the LAES signals and showed that the detection efficiency of the LAES signals was raised by a factor of 40 compared with that achieved before in 2010.

Interatomic Coulombic decay in small helium clusters.

Interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) is an ultrafast non-radiative electronic decay process wherein an excited atom transfers its excess energy to a neighboring species leading to the ionization of the latter. In helium clusters, ICD can take place, for example, after simultaneous ionization and excitation of one helium atom within the cluster. After ICD, two helium ions are created and the system undergoes a Coulomb explosion. In this work, we investigate theoretically ICD in small helium clusters containing between two and seven atoms and compare our findings to two sets of coincidence measurements on clusters of different mean sizes. We provide a prediction on the lifetime of the excited dimer and show that ICD is faster for larger clusters. This is due to (i) the increased number of neighboring atoms (and therefore the number of decay channels) and (ii) the substantial decrease of the interatomic distances. In order to provide more details on the decay dynamics, we report on the kinetic-energy distributions of the helium ions. These distributions clearly show that the ions may undergo charge exchange with the neutral atoms within the cluster, such process is known as frustrated Coulomb explosion. The probability for these charge-exchange processes increases with the size of the clusters and is reflected in our calculated and measured kinetic-energy distributions. These distributions are therefore characteristics of the size distribution of small helium clusters.

Development of Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Tropical Western North Pacific Associated with the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation and the Interannual Pacific–Japan Pattern

The development mechanism of synoptic-scale disturbances over the tropical western North Pacific (WNP) associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) under different phases of the interannual Pacific-Japan (PJ) pattern is investigated. Intraseasonal convection is enhanced widely over the WNP for BSISO phases 5-7 in the positive PJ years, when seasonal-mean convective activity over the tropical WNP is enhanced. By contrast, developed convection is confined over the South China Sea in the negative PJ years. Similar features are also found in the horizontal distributions of eddy kinetic energy (K′) representing the activity of synoptic-scale disturbances and of tropical cyclone occurrences. The differences in location of intraseasonal convection and the activity of synoptic-scale disturbances between the positive and negative PJ years likely lead to different teleconnection to midlatitude East Asia. The non-PJ years show mixed features of the positive and negative PJ years. A K′ budget analysis reveals that the energy conversion from eddy available potential energy to K′ (PeKe) associated with synoptic convection primarily contributes to K′ generation during the convectively active phases of the BSISO. The barotropic energy conversion from mean kinetic energy to K′, KmKe, is the second largest contributor to the K′ increase in the lower troposphere, especially during the early stage of development of synoptic disturbances. Large K′ produced by PeKe and KmKe in the tropics is advected to the subtropics by the mean flow in the late to mature stages of development. There are two factors that can determine the different locations where synoptic disturbances develop associated with PeKe and KmKe. One is intraseasonal sea surface warming during convectively suppressed phases of the BSISO preceding the active phases. The other is convergence or shear of seasonal-mean horizontal winds associated with interannual fluctuations of monsoon westerlies over the WNP.

Scale Analysis on Unstructured Grids: Kinetic Energy and Dissipation Power Spectra on Triangular Meshes

AbstractFourier spectra are powerful tools to analyze the scale behavior of turbulent flows. While such spectra are mathematically based on regular periodic data, some state‐of‐the‐art ocean and climate models use unstructured triangular meshes. Observational data is often also available only in an unstructured fashion. In this study, scale analysis specifically for the output of models with triangular meshes is discussed and the representable wavenumbers for Fourier analysis are derived. Aside from using different interpolation methods and oversampling prior to the computation of Fourier spectra, we also consider an alternative scale analysis based on the Walsh–Rademacher basis, that is, indicator functions. It does not require interpolation and can be extended to general unstructured meshes. A third approach based on smoothing filters which focus on grid scales is also discussed. We compare these methods in the context of kinetic energy and dissipation power of a turbulent channel flow simulated with the sea ice‐ocean model FESOM2. One simulation uses a classical viscous closure, another a new backscatter closure. The latter is dissipative on small scales, but anti‐dissipative on large scales leading to more realistic flow representation. All three methods clearly highlight the differences between the simulations as concerns the distribution of dissipation power and kinetic energy over scales. However, the analysis based on Fourier transformation is highly sensitive to the interpolation method in case of dissipation power, potentially leading to inaccurate representations of dissipation at different scales. This highlights the necessity to be cautious when choosing a scale analysis method on unstructured grids.

Turbulence and Diffusion on Weakly Stable and Stable Nights near a 300 m Tower in a Complex Landscape

Abstract Turbulence and winds below 328 m were measured on 5 successive nights in a program to study tracer transport in the nocturnal boundary layer at a site with moderately complex terrain and mixed land use. The instruments included sonic anemometers and CO2/H2O analyzers at four levels on a 328 m tall tower, a minisodar/RASS system, a midrange sodar, a ceilometer, and an array of 61 m towers. Preliminary simulations indicated satisfactory perfluorocarbon mixing to 68 m but insufficient transport to the 328 m level on both weakly stable and stable nights, possibly due to insufficient turbulence kinetic energy and/or small vertical mixing lengths, or the presence of meso-β fronts, e.g., sea-breeze fronts, that could transport trace chemicals efficiently to 328 m. To examine the problem further, time–height distributions of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), mixing length, Richardson number, potential temperature, and winds were derived from the observations of mean winds and temperature and the TKE budget equation, interpolated to fit the observations, under the flux/gradient and z-less scaling assumptions, and displayed with aerosol profiles. The results indicated higher and more variable levels of TKE and mixing lengths above a typical turbulence maximum at 30–50 m. Oscillations with periods of ∼2 h were common and occasional meso-β fronts and shear zones between 75 and 150 m were seen, which increased TKE aloft and in some cases led to a poorly defined boundary layer top. Significance Statement The atmosphere’s boundary layer is the interface between the free atmosphere and natural and human activity near Earth’s surface. The daytime boundary layer has been studied extensively and, because of vigorous sun-driven mixing, is well understood and readily parameterized in forecast and global climate models. In contrast, the nocturnal boundary layer is less well understood or predictable because turbulence is weak and tends to decouple it from the surface and the free atmosphere above. This paper focuses on the least-studied upper part of the nocturnal boundary layer over the southeastern United States where topography and land–sea contrast affect winds, turbulence, and chemical transport.

An experimental study on the effects of wall heating on coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer

An experimental investigation was conducted for a better understanding of the turbulence behavior and the coherent structure in a turbulent boundary layer over a heated plate, which is horizontal facing upwards. To explore the effects of wall temperature on the turbulent boundary layer behavior, the boundary layer flow was observed at four different temperatures between the plate and inlet flow (δT=0, 15, 30, and 50 K), with the momentum Reynolds number of the inlet flow set to Reθ=1196. We show that based on the comparison of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) distribution between unheated- and heated-wall cases, the wall-heated turbulent boundary layer can be divided into three regions, namely, the near-wall region, the intermediate region, and the outer region. The relationship between the TKE distribution and the coherent structures in each region is explored by comparing the detailed flow-field measurement results for the unheated- and heated-wall cases. In the near-wall region, the decrease in fluid viscosity caused by wall heating has stabilization effects on the turbulent fluctuation. With the increase in wall temperature, the streaky structures display a continuous decrease in their spanwise meandering and an increase in their streamwise coherency. The intermediate region ranges from the logarithmic region to the thermal boundary layer edge. The buoyant force caused by wall heating has a significant effect on the turbulence behavior in this region. Under the influence of buoyant force, the large-scale coherent structures for the wall-heating case were found to contain more kinetic energy and incline away from the wall with a larger angle, which leads to the increased TKE in the intermediate region for the wall-heating case. In the outer region, the occurrence of separated turbulent structures is measurably more common for the wall-heating case. Owing to the shedding of the turbulent structures from the turbulent production source (i.e., large-scale coherent structures originating from the near-wall region), the TKE in the outer region for the wall-heating case is less than that of the unheated case.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER OF SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE CO2 IN A BENT PIPE

The flow characteristics and heat transfer mechanism of supercritical pressure CO<sub>2</sub> in a bent pipe were studied by the method of numerical simulation. The velocity, temperature, secondary flow, and turbulent kinetic energy distribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> under different heating conditions are analyzed. The effects of pipe bend and sharp changes in the thermal properties of CO<sub>2</sub> on the flow field and temperature field are discussed and compared. The results show that a narrow high-temperature region appears on the inside wall, where the turbulent kinetic energy is low. Here, the local heat transfer coefficient decreases by 60%, compared with the other areas of the bend. Under the conditions of high heat flux and low mass flux, this narrow region transfers from the inside wall to the outside wall, and a reduction in heat transfer occurred. More specifically, the heat flux increases from 20 to 50 kW·m<sup>-2</sup>, and the heat transfer coefficient decreases by 35%, while the mass flux decreases from 600 to 400 kg·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>, and the heat transfer coefficient decreases by 50%. When the pressure changes from 7.58 MPa to 9.00 MPa, the heat transfer coefficient is maximum of 5% reduction. At higher pressures, the heat transfer coefficient is slightly affected by the pressure. Meanwhile, the secondary flow significantly enhances the convective heat transfer, and the range and intensity increase with the flow development.

Non-invasive cardiac kinetic energy distribution: A new marker of heart failure with impaired ejection fraction (KINO-HF)

Non-invasive cardiac kinetic energy distribution: A new marker of heart failure with impaired ejection fraction (KINO-HF)

Single- and multi-photon-induced ultraviolet excitation and photodissociation of CH3I probed by coincident ion momentum imaging.

The UV-induced photodissociation dynamics of iodomethane (CH3I) in its A-band are investigated by time-resolved coincident ion momentum imaging using strong-field ionization as a probe. The delay-dependent kinetic energy distribution of the photofragments resulting from double ionization of the molecule maps the cleavage of the carbon-iodine bond and shows how the existence of a potential well in the di-cationic potential energy surfaces shapes the observed distribution at small pump-probe delays. Furthermore, the competition between single- and multi-photon excitation and ionization of the molecule is studied as a function of the intensity of the UV-pump laser pulse. Two-photon excitation to Rydberg states is identified by tracking the transformation of the delay-dependent singly-charged iodomethane yield from a pure Gaussian distribution at low intensity to a Gaussian with an exponentially decaying tail at higher intensities. Dissociative ionization induced by absorption of three UV photons is resolved as an additional delay-dependent feature in the kinetic energy of the fragment ions detected in coincidence.

Influence of energy partition in fission and pre-neutron fragment distributions on post-neutron fragment yields, application for 235U(nth,f)

The key role in the calculation of post-neutron fragment yields (independent FPY) is played by the pre-neutron fragment distributions Y(A,TKE) and the prompt neutron multiplicity (calculated in the frame of a prompt emission model). The knowledge of excitation energies of fully accelerated fragments is crucial in any prompt emission model. So that the influence on independent FPY of two methods of total excitation energy (TXE) partition, one based on modeling at scission and another on a parameterization at the full acceleration of fragments, and of two reliable Y(A,TKE) data of 235U(nth,f) is investigated by using the deterministic prompt emission model with a detailed treatment of sequential emission DSE. The independent FPY results Y(Ap) and Y(Z,Ap) obtained with both methods of TXE partition and both Y(A,TKE) distributions describe reasonably well the experimental data. The use of different TXE partitions and Y(A,TKE) data does not change the positions of the most pronounced peaks and dips in the Y(Ap) structure, only their magnitude is influenced by Y(A,TKE), while the TXE partition influences the position of less pronounced peaks and dips in the structures of Y(Ap) and Y(Np) (Np=Ap-Z). The influence of both the TXE partition and the Y(A,TKE) data on different kinetic energy distributions of post-neutron fragments is less pronounced than that on Y(Ap) and Y(Np)

Influence of frequency and intensity of bilateral audible sound waves on heat transfer performance of air-to-air heat exchange systems

To enhance the air heat transfer performance, this study applied the bilateral audible sound waves to an air-to-air heat exchanger. The effect of the frequency and intensity of sound waves on heat transfer performance was investigated from the viewpoint of flow instability and heat flux, and the sound power efficiency was also explored to reveal the efficiency of sound waves on the heat transfer performance. The results showed that the flow instability intensified with the increase in sound pressure level (SPL) and decrease in frequency, which was reflected by the distribution of turbulence kinetic energy. The change in sound waves has different effects on the turbulence kinetic energy at different locations, and the directivity distribution characteristics of the turbulence kinetic energy inside and outside the heat tube caused similar directivity distribution characteristics of the heat flux, in which the maximum value of the heat flux was located perpendicular to the flow direction. Additionally, the heat flux at different locations increased with an increase in SPL and a decrease in frequency. The heat transfer performance was relatively superior when the SPL was higher than 120 dB and the frequency was lower than 100 Hz, and a decrease in frequency could increase the sound power efficiency. This study can guide the application of sound waves in the heat transfer enhancement of air-to-air heat exchange systems.

Electronic Spectroscopy and Dissociation Dynamics of Vinyl-Substituted Criegee Intermediates: 2-Butenal Oxide and Comparison with Methyl Vinyl Ketone Oxide and Methacrolein Oxide Isomers

The 2-butenal oxide Criegee intermediate [(CH3CH═CH)CHOO], an isomer of the four-carbon unsaturated Criegee intermediates derived from isoprene ozonolysis, is characterized on its first π* ← π electronic transition and by the resultant dissociation dynamics to O (1D) + 2-butenal [(CH3CH═CH)CHO] products. The electronic spectrum of 2-butenal oxide under jet-cooled conditions is observed to be broad and unstructured with peak absorption at 373 nm, spanning to half maxima at 320 and 420 nm, and in good accord with the computed vertical excitation energies and absorption spectra obtained for its lowest energy conformers. The distribution of total kinetic energy released to products is ascertained through velocity map imaging of the O (1D) products. About half of the available energy, deduced from the theoretically computed asymptotic energy, is accommodated as internal excitation of the 2-butenal fragment. A reduced impulsive model is introduced to interpret the photodissociation dynamics, which accounts for the geometric changes between 2-butenal oxide and the 2-butenal fragment, and vibrational activation of associated modes in the 2-butenal product. Application of the reduced impulsive model to the photodissociation of isomeric methyl vinyl ketone oxide reveals greater internal activation of the methyl vinyl ketone product arising from methyl internal rotation and rock, which is distinctly different from the dissociation dynamics of 2-butenal oxide or methacrolein oxide.

Simulation of flow through an equispaced in-line cylinder in open channels

In this work, a numerical simulation using Computation Fluid Dynamics technique was used to investigate the flow properties and turbulence characteristics through flow of one-line cylinder in an open channel with uniform flow conditions. A two-dimensional turbulence model was applied using ANSYS. Flow properties were investigated against varying cylinder diameters that forms a one-line cylinder physical model and varying flow rates. Three cylinders diameters D were used (5.0 cm, 2.5 cm and 1.25 cm) and located at 12.5 cm apart along the flume centreline. Spatial distributions of mean-stream-wise velocity, pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, and eddy viscosity were estimated. Results showed symmetrical distribution of flow velocity, turbulence eddy, and turbulent kinetic energy along the one-line cylinder for the largest cylinder diameter. Vortex shedding patterns were well predicted by the numerical simulation behind the cylinders. Different configurations of vortices distribution behind the cylinders were recorded for the diameters of 1.25 cm and 2.5 cm. The flow pattern difference between the largest diameter (5 cm) and the small diameters (2.5 cm and 1.25 cm) was leaded to the strong overlap for the vortices in the wake for the lined cylinders with the large diameter in comparison to the other diameters. Consequently, this study is investigated the different diameter sizes of a one-line cylinder with the same spacing between them on the flow pattern along the channel.

Development of adaptive granular metamaterials for impact mitigation

Granular crystals exhibit highly nonlinear impulse responses and are therefore excellent candidate materials for applications such as vibration absorption, impact mitigation, and shock protection. This work presents a new class of adaptive metamaterials in the form of granular crystals immersed in MR fluids which offer the unique ability to reversibly generate rheological defects at any spatial location using external magnetic fields. To demonstrate the utility and efficacy of these tunable metamaterials, a novel experimental methodology was developed to visualize the wave propagation through granular crystals immersed in opaque fluids subjected to low-speed impact loading. This experimental approach relied on a drop-tower-based setup to subject the granular crystals immersed in MR fluids to low-speed impact loading. The kinematic and strain fields in each grain at any instant during impact loading were calculated using a combination of high-speed imaging and digital image correlation. The experimental methodology was employed to illustrate the influence of “point” defects generated by using an external magnetic field on the wave propagation in granular immersed granular crystals. In this letter, a single rheological “point” defect was introduced in the center of the granular crystals using external magnetic fields of varying magnitudes, and the influence of the strength of the magnetic field on the wave dynamics was quantified. The experimental measurements demonstrated that the strength of the magnetic field has a significant influence on the wave propagation process, and it is possible to control the spatial kinetic and strain energy distribution by varying the magnetic field.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Non-Reacting Flow in a High-Fidelity Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine DLN Combustor

A dry, low-NOx (DLN) combustor for a heavy-duty gas turbine using lean premixed technology was studied. A high-fidelity test model was built for the experimental study using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The non-reacting flow in the DLN combustion chamber was investigated experimentally and numerically. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that recirculation zones were formed downstream of each swirl nozzle and that the flow pattern in each section was self-similar under different working conditions. For two adjacent swirl nozzles with opposite swirling directions, the entrainment phenomenon was present between their two flows. The two flows gradually mixed with each other and obtained a higher speed. If the two adjacent swirl nozzles had the same swirling direction, then the mixing of the two flows out of the nozzles was not present, resulting in two separate downstream recirculation zones. The interaction of swirling flows out of different nozzles can enhance the turbulent fluctuation inside the combustion chamber. Based on the analysis of the recirculation zones and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) distribution downstream of each nozzle, it can be found that nozzle coupling results in stronger recirculation and turbulent mixing downstream counterclockwise surrounding nozzles.

Simulation of operating loads of ablative composite shields used in flight data recorders

The objects of the mathematical simulation were two covers of the same shape, but different geometrical dimensions. The covers were made of aramid fabric, alternating and uniformly distributed in the composite - in a polymer matrix of epoxy resin, modified with 15% addition of MMT. For each of the two guards, four variants of the composite material were considered in correlation with the metal casing, as well as three load cases, in accordance with the normative documents. A numerical analysis of dynamic tests was performed to determine the durability of the recorder. As a result of the conducted analyses, stress values were obtained in all load cases and for all kinds of placement of the composite in correlation with the metal reinforcement casing. The displacements of the entire model and stress σx were analyzed as a possible cause of delamination, while the shear stress τyz is a possible cause of inter-cutting. Also, a detailed distribution of stresses reduced in subsequent layers of the cover material was analyzed. The distribution of kinetic and potential energy during piercing of the composite thermo-protective casing was determined by numerical simulation and the design of the recorder housing made of an epoxy ablation composite, with a metal casing located inside the casing, was considered.

A study of wave-driven flow characteristics across a reef under the effect of tidal current

Recent field observations have improved our understanding of the role of tidal currents in modulating the wave dynamics over coral reefs. In this study, detailed flow measurements are conducted across an idealized reef profile in a wave-current flume. A typical plunging breaker propagating over both the flooding (shoreward) and the ebbing (seaward) tides are tested, respectively, and compared to the scenario without tidal current (wave only). Laboratory results are reported for the cross-shore distributions of wave height and mean water level as well as the vertical variation of cross-shore mean current below wave trough across a reef. Subsequently, to reproduce the laboratory measurements, the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with a stabilized k-ω SST turbulence model are solved to establish a numerical wave tank. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the free surface and an existing wave generation module is modified to consider the tidal current effect on waves. The numerical model is first validated by the experimental measurements based on the aforementioned three wave-current scenarios. Subsequently, the mean flow field around the reef surf zone and the cross-shore distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and Reynolds shear stress along the reef profile are examined via numerical simulations.

Identification of flow structures in a closed chamber in the presence of a needle plasma actuator

This study deals with the experimental characterization of the induced flow dynamics by a disk-needle-type plasma actuator driven by a sinusoidal generator and located in a rectangular cross-section burner. Flow characterization was performed using different plasma actuation conditions and standoff distances. Experiments were conducted under non-reactive flow conditions. Electrical characterization was carried out. Airflow behavior was also analyzed using smoke flow visualization. Smoke flow visualization showed the dynamic behavior of the plasma-induced flow. Post-processing of high-quality images was performed by using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique to recognize the dominant flow vortexes and coherent structures. This could support the design of plasma actuation devices in real combustors and be useful for the implementation of numerical models. Moreover, it has been concluded that flow dynamics can be controlled by a variation of the plasma power or the gap distance between two electrodes. Laser Droplet Velocimetry (LDV) was used to investigate the distribution of flow velocities and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) at different plasma power values of the sinusoidal alternating current generator and standoff distances. From POD and LDV analyses, it has been observed that there is quite a linear relation between the POD energy of the first mode and the maximum TKE. The POD method could be used to identify motions in the flow field carrying the most TKE. TKE peaks are present in the area with the most energetic flow structures, as identified by the POD.

Numerical simulation of bubbly jets in crossflow using OpenFOAM

This paper conducted a computational fluid dynamics study of bubbly jets (not bubble plumes due to pure gas injection) in crossflow to explore the hydrodynamics that are still unknown. A three-dimensional model was developed, calibrated, and validated by coupling the Euler–Euler two-fluid model with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach in OpenFOAM. The results showed that the modeled gas void fraction, bubble velocity, water jet centerline trajectory, and jet expansion agree well with the experimental data. The vertical distribution of turbulent kinetic energy evolves from mono-peak to dual-peaks as the jet penetrates farther for the bubbly jet due to the interactions between bubbles and ambient water flow. Water velocity distribution was examined at cross sections of both the air- and water-phases of bubbly jets in crossflow, and counter-rotating vortex pairs can be clearly observed for both phases. Generally, the center-plane maximum concentration decreases in the crossflow direction. Compared to pure water jets, bubbly jets are stretched wider in the vertical direction due to the lift of bubbles, and thus, dilution is larger. Interestingly, the vorticity at water jet cross sections of bubbly jets evolves from two vertical “kidney-shapes” to two axisymmetric “thumb-up-shapes.” Moreover, effects of ambient crossflow on bubbly jet behaviors were systematically examined. As the crossflow velocity increases, the locations of maximum concentration, maximum velocity magnitude, maximum vorticity magnitude, as well as water jet centerline, all tend to be lower for bubbly jets.