Trunk Kinematics Research Articles

Do Cutting Kinematics Change as Boys Mature? A Longitudinal Cohort Study of High-School Athletes.

Examine longitudinal changes in trunk, hip, and knee kinematics in maturing boys during an unanticipated cutting task. Prospective cohort study. Biomechanical laboratory. Forty-two high-school male basketball, volleyball, and soccer athletes. Trunk, hip, and knee range-of-motion (RoM), peak angles, and angles at initial contact during an unanticipated 45 degrees sidestep cutting task were estimated using laboratory-based three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture. Maturation was classified using a modified Pubertal Maturational Observational Scale (PMOS) into prepubertal, midpubertal, or postpubertal stages. Trunk total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; peak trunk flexion, right lateral flexion and right rotation angles; hip total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; hip flexion angle at initial contact; peak hip flexion and adduction angles; knee total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; knee flexion angle at initial contact; peak knee flexion and abduction angles. As boys matured, there was a decrease in hip sagittal-plane RoM (49.02 degrees to 43.45 degrees, Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted P = 0.027), hip flexion at initial contact (29.33 degrees to 23.08 degrees, P = 0.018), and peak hip flexion (38.66 degrees to 32.71 degrees, P = 0.046), and an increase in trunk contralateral rotation (17.47 degrees to 25.05 degrees, P = 0.027). Maturing male athletes adopted a more erect cutting strategy that is associated with greater knee joint loading. Knee kinematic changes that increase knee joint loading were not observed in this cohort.

Trunk Kinematics of Experienced Riders and Novice Riders During Rising Trot on a Riding Simulator

Asymmetry of horses and humans is widely acknowledged, but the influence of one upon the other during horse riding is poorly understood. Riding simulators are popular for education of beginners and analysis of rider biomechanics. This study compares trunk kinematics and saddle forces of 10 experienced riders (ER) and 10 novice riders (NR) performing rising trot on a simulator. Markers were placed on the 4th lumbar (L4) and 7th cervical (C7) spinous processes, and both acromion processes. Displacements in three axes of motion were tracked using 10 high-speed video cameras sampling at 240 Hz. Displacement trajectories at L4 and C7 were similar between both groups, displaying an asymmetrical butterfly pattern in the frontal plane, which reversed when changing diagonal. Comparison between groups, NR displayed greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces at L4 (P = .034), greater amplitude of medio-lateral displacement on the right diagonal between C7 and L4, and on the right diagonal while seated they rotated left (acromion processes) while the ER rotated right. Within group comparison demonstrated that on the right diagonal both groups produced significantly greater medio-lateral displacement at L4, and NR displayed significantly greater medio-lateral displacement between C7 and L4. On the left diagonal NR produced significantly greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces.The findings of this study suggest that ER were more stable, symmetrical, and had lower impact force on the saddle. These issues could be addressed in beginners using a simulator to avoid unnecessary stresses on horses.

Fatigue Increases Muscle Activations but Does Not Change Maximal Joint Angles during the Bar Dip.

The purpose of this study was to profile and compare the bar dip's kinematics and muscle activation patterns in non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. Fifteen healthy males completed one set of bar dips to exhaustion. Upper limb and trunk kinematics, using 3D motion capture, and muscle activation intensities of nine muscles, using surface electromyography, were recorded. The average kinematics and muscle activations of repetitions 2-4 were considered the non-fatigued condition, and the average of the final three repetitions was considered the fatigued condition. Paired t-tests were used to compare kinematics and muscle activation between conditions. Fatigue caused a significant increase in repetition duration (p < 0.001) and shifted the bottom position to a significantly earlier percentage of the repetition (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the peak joint angles measured. However, there were significant changes in body position at the top of the movement. Fatigue also caused an increase in peak activation amplitude in two agonist muscles (pectoralis major [p < 0.001], triceps brachii [p < 0.001]), and three stabilizer muscles. For practitioners prescribing the bar dip, fatigue did not cause drastic alterations in movement technique and appears to target pectoralis major and triceps brachii effectively.

Influence of Pelvic Rotation on Lower Extremity Kinematics, Elbow Varus Torque, and Ball Velocity in Professional Baseball Pitchers.

Early pelvic rotation has been associated with decreased throwing arm kinetics in college baseball pitchers, though professional pitchers have yet to be examined. To investigate the effect of pelvic rotation on trunk, pelvis and lower extremity kinematics, as well as throwing arm kinetics and pitch velocity in professional baseball pitchers. Descriptive laboratory study. Data were analyzed for 157 professional baseball pitchers throwing fastballs using 3-dimensional motion capture (480 Hz). Pitchers were divided into an open pelvis (rotated toward target; n = 78) and a closed pelvis (n = 79) group based on pelvic rotation at foot contact. Variables of interest were compared between the groups using t tests and 2-way analysis of variance, while Spearman correlation was used to measure relationships between the variables of interest. Pitchers in the open group had a longer stride length (81% ± 5% vs 77% ± 5% body height; P < .01, d = 0.74), greater lead knee flexion (49° ± 6° vs 47° ± 10°; P = .043, d = 0.33), faster peak knee extension velocity (424°/s ± 158°/s vs 325°/s ± 142 °/s; P < .01, d = 0.66), and faster ball velocity (39.1 ± 1.7 m/s vs 38.4 ± 2.1 m/s; P = .029, d = 0.35) compared with those in the closed group. There was no significant difference in elbow varus torque between the 2 groups (open: 87.8 ± 14.7 N·m, closed: 90.5 ± 17.2 N·m; P = .311). There were moderate negative relationships between pelvic rotation at foot contact and stride length (r S = -0.385, P < .001), lead knee extension (r S = -0.429, P < .001), and peak lead knee extension velocity (r S = -0.359, P < .001). Professional pitchers who landed with an open pelvis demonstrated longer stride length, greater lead knee extension, faster lead knee velocity, and faster ball velocity compared with pitchers with a closed pelvis at foot contact. This increase in segment velocities and ball velocity was not associated with an increase in elbow varus torque and displays a potentially efficient method in which pitchers can increase ball velocity without an increase in elbow varus torque. Instructing pitchers to rotate their pelvis toward the target at foot contact may allow pitchers to transfer momentum up the kinetic chain more efficiently, while producing greater ball velocity and limiting the torque sustained at the elbow.

Pilot study into single limb landing biomechanics following quadriceps tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Introduction: As the optimal graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction continues to be debated, scientific interest into using the quadriceps tendon autograft (QT) has increased. Reported benefits of a QT graft include satisfactory structural size for graft harvesting, similar properties to the native ACL, and similar knee joint stability outcomes compared to other autografts. However, very little is known about biomechanical outcomes following QT ACL reconstruction. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to examine trunk and lower limb kinematic variables of the operated limb and non-operated limb during single limb landings.

Pilot Validation Study of Inertial Measurement Units and Markerless Methods for 3D Neck and Trunk Kinematics during a Simulated Surgery Task.

Surgeons are at high risk for developing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS), like neck and back pain. Quantitative analysis of 3D neck and trunk movements during surgery can help to develop preventive devices such as exoskeletons. Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and markerless motion capture methods are allowed in the operating room (OR) and are a good alternative for bulky optoelectronic systems. We aim to validate IMU and markerless methods against an optoelectronic system during a simulated surgery task. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC (2,1)), root mean square error (RMSE), range of motion (ROM) difference and Bland-Altman plots were used for evaluating both methods. The IMU-based motion analysis showed good-to-excellent (ICC 0.80-0.97) agreement with the gold standard within 2.3 to 3.9 degrees RMSE accuracy during simulated surgery tasks. The markerless method shows 5.5 to 8.7 degrees RMSE accuracy (ICC 0.31-0.70). Therefore, the IMU method is recommended over the markerless motion capture.

Kinematic adaptations to restricting spine motion during symmetrical lifting

When lifting an object from the ground a person has many possible whole-body movement solutions to accomplish the task. It is unclear why lifters use most of their available lumbar spine flexion range-of-motion despite many ergonomic guidelines advising against doing so. Experimentally restricting spine motion and observing compensatory movement strategies is one approach to address this knowledge gap. A kinematic analysis was performed on 16 participants who completed symmetrical lifting tasks with and without wearing a spine motion-restricting device. Sagittal trunk, lumbar spine, and lower extremity kinematics, along with stance width and foot orientation in the transverse plane were evaluated between restricted and unrestricted lifting conditions. Restricting spine motion required greater ankle dorsiflexion (p < 0.001), knee flexion (p < 0.001), and hip flexion (p < 0.001) motion in comparison to unrestricted lifting. Motion was reallocated such that hip flexion showed the largest increase in restricted lifting, followed by ankle dorsiflexion, then knee flexion compared to unrestricted lifting. Trunk inclination decreased (i.e., more upright) in restricted compared to unrestricted lifting (p < 0.001). Neither stance width (p = 0.163) nor foot orientation (p = 0.228) were affected by restricting spine motion. These adaptive movements observed indicate lower extremity joint motion must be available and controlled to minimize lumbar spine flexion during lifting.

Comparisons of lumbar spine loads and kinematics in healthy and non-specific low back pain individuals during unstable lifting activities

Evaluation of spinal loads in patients with low back pain (LBP) is essential to prevent further lumbar disorders. Many studies have investigated the relationship between lifting task variables and lumbar spine loads during manual lifting activities. The nature of the external load (stable versus unstable loads) is an important variable that has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure trunk kinematics and estimate compressive-shear loads on the lumbar spine under lifting a 120 N stable load and 120 ± 13.63 N sensual unstable load in 16 healthy and 16 non-specific LBP individuals during lifting activities. The maximal lumbar loads were estimated using a quasi-static electromyography (EMG)-driven musculoskeletal model of the spine with 18 degrees of freedom (3 rotational degrees of freedom at 6 lumbar T12-S1 joints), seven rigid bodies (pelvis, thoracic, and five vertebrae), and 76 muscle fascicles. Moreover, the maximum velocity and acceleration of the thorax, lumbar, and pelvis, as well as their timing during the lifting activities were analyzed to investigate trunk kinematics. Results indicated that unstable, as compared to stable, lifting activities caused significantly larger peak L5-S1 (4677 N versus 4446 N, p = 0.021) and L4-L5 (4567 N versus 4366 N, p = 0.024) compressive loads in LBP individuals. Larger co-contraction of trunk muscles were found responsible for the larger compressive loads in LBP patients during unstable load lifting. The hand-load type (stable versus unstable) and group (LBP versus healthy) had no effects on kinematic variables and only the onset of peak kinematic parameters was significantly later in LBP patients. Slower movements with a change in movement strategy were observed in the LBP group. It was concluded that the nature of the external load adversely affected spinal loads in LBP patients thereby increasing the likelihood of further injury or pain.

Movement Variability and Loading Characteristics in Athletes With Athletic Groin Pain: Changes After Successful Return to Play and Compared With Uninjured Athletes.

Athletic groin pain (AGP) can lead to altered movement patterns during rapid deceleration and acceleration. However, the effect of AGP on movement variability and loading patterns during such actions remains less clear. To investigate, using a continuous lateral hurdle hop task, how movement variability and magnitude measures of 3-dimensional (3D) kinematic, kinetic, and vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) variables are (1) affected by AGP (AGP vs uninjured controls [CON]) and (2) changed after successful rehabilitation (AGP prerehabilitation vs AGP postrehabilitation vs CON). Controlled laboratory study. A total of 36 athletes diagnosed with AGP and 36 uninjured CON athletes matched on age (18-35 years), level (subelite), and type of sports played (multidirectional field sport) performed a continuous lateral hurdle hop test that involved 10 side-to-side hops over a 15-cm hurdle. The 3D joint kinematic, kinetic, and vGRF variables (total, eccentric, and concentric; ground contact time, peak force, and impulse; and eccentric rate of force development) were examined. The AGP and CON groups were tested at baseline, and the AGP group was retested after participants successfully completed a standardized, exercise-based rehabilitation program targeting intersegmental control. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the AGP (mean ± SD: age, 27.5 ± 4.8 years; height, 179.8 ± 6.3 cm; mass, 80.3 ± 7.1 kg) and CON (mean ± SD: age, 24.1 ± 4.5 years; height, 181.0 ± 5.8 cm; mass, 80.4 ± 8.2 kg) groups. At baseline, athletes with AGP demonstrated altered loading patterns in the vGRF (longer ground contact times, reduced peak force, and reduced rate of force development) compared with CON athletes, while no significant difference in any movement variability variables was evident. After rehabilitation, the athletes with AGP demonstrated significant changes in transverse and coronal plane hip and trunk kinematics, with no significant differences in vGRF variables compared with the CON group. The differences in baseline vGRF measures between the AGP and CON groups were no longer evident after athletes with AGP underwent rehabilitation. No differences in movement variability were evident between the AGP and CON groups, either before or after rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programs should consider targeting intersegmental hip and trunk movement patterns to positively influence loading patterns in athletes with AGP.

Uncontrolled Manifold Analysis of the Effects of Different Fatigue Locations on Kinematic Coordination During a Repetitive Upper-Limb Task.

Fatigue at individual joints is known to affect interjoint coordination during repetitive multijoint tasks. However, how these coordination adjustments affect overall task stability is unknown. Twelve participants completed a repetitive pointing task at rest and after fatigue of the shoulder, elbow, and trunk. Upper-limb and trunk kinematics were collected. Uncontrolled manifold framework was applied to a kinematic model to link elemental variables to endpoint fingertip position. Mixed and one-way analysis of variances determined effects (phase and fatigue location) on variance components and synergy index, respectively. The shoulder fatigue condition had the greatest impact in causing increases in variance components and a decreased synergy index in the late phase of movement, suggesting more destabilization of the interjoint task caused by shoulder fatigue.

Kinematic Compatible Design and Analysis of a Back Exoskeleton via a Hyper Redundant Hybrid Mechanism

Back exoskeletons can reduce low-back pain and injury for workers engaged in manual handling operations. However, conventional back exoskeletons are incompatible with human trunk kinematics, arousing uncomfortable human-exoskeleton interaction and limiting natural human movement. This article proposes a novel back exoskeleton design to solve this problem. A hyper redundant hybrid mechanism is synthesized as the exoskeleton mechanism to be compatible with the multi-DOF anatomy of the human spine. We establish the kinematic model of the coupled human-exoskeleton system and analyze the kinematic incompatibility problem. The movement of the human back is characterized by a multi-joint lumbar spine combined with a rigid thoracic spine. The proposed back exoskeleton is composed sequentially of five six-DOF passive parallel mechanisms with one cable actuation, generating active assistance in the sagittal plane and passive assistance in the coronal and transverse planes. The kinetics of the coupled human-exoskeleton system is analyzed to show effective assistance. Experimental tests on kinematic compatibility are finally implemented to demonstrate that the proposed exoskeleton allows the wearer to perform natural movements in all directions with large ranges of motion.

Objective monitoring of functional recovery after total knee and hip arthroplasty using sensor-derived gait measures.

BackgroundInertial sensors hold the promise to objectively measure functional recovery after total knee (TKA) and hip arthroplasty (THA), but their value in addition to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) has yet to be demonstrated. This study investigated recovery of gait after TKA and THA using inertial sensors, and compared results to recovery of self-reported scores of pain and function.MethodsPROMs and gait parameters were assessed before and at two and fifteen months after TKA (n = 24) and THA (n = 24). Gait parameters were compared with healthy individuals (n = 27) of similar age. Gait data were collected using inertial sensors on the feet, lower back, and trunk. Participants walked for two minutes back and forth over a 6m walkway with 180° turns. PROMs were obtained using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score.ResultsGait parameters recovered to the level of healthy controls after both TKA and THA. Early improvements were found in gait-related trunk kinematics, while spatiotemporal gait parameters mainly improved between two and fifteen months after TKA and THA. Compared to the large and early improvements found in of PROMs, these gait parameters showed a different trajectory, with a marked discordance between the outcome of both methods at two months post-operatively.ConclusionSensor-derived gait parameters were responsive to TKA and THA, showing different recovery trajectories for spatiotemporal gait parameters and gait-related trunk kinematics. Fifteen months after TKA and THA, there were no remaining gait differences with respect to healthy controls. Given the discordance in recovery trajectories between gait parameters and PROMs, sensor-derived gait parameters seem to carry relevant information for evaluation of physical function that is not captured by self-reported scores.

Trunk and lower-extremity kinematics differ based on step-down tap variation: An assessment of methodology for a return-to-play protocol using motion analysis

BackgroundThe step-down tap (SDT) is a commonly used task to assess unilateral neuromuscular control and to identify deficient movement patterns of the trunk and lower extremities. However, instruction of the SDT varies greatly in recent reports, which may alter the clinical interpretation of potential movement deficiencies. Research questionThe purpose of this study was to identify differences in trunk and lower extremity kinematics between variations of a step-down tap that differ based on step direction, fixing the arms or stance foot, and trial collection methods. MethodsThis study followed a single-group repeated measures design in a laboratory setting. Three-dimensional angles of the trunk, hip, and knee of 18 participants were evaluated at 60 degrees of knee flexion and at maximum squat depth during six SDT variations. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to determine the effects of an anterior verse lateral step direction, a fixed arm or stance foot position, and an individual verse continuous trial collection method. ResultsKnee flexion, external pelvic rotation, and external trunk rotation were greater in the anterior SDT, while the lateral SDT elicited greater pelvic tilt and hip flexion. Additionally, overall squat depth was greater across participants during the anterior SDT. Few clinically significant differences (≥3°) were observed due to fixing arm or stance foot position, and no differences were identified based on trial collection methods. SignificanceThe standardization of task instructions for motion analysis protocols utilized for research purposes and/or clinical decision-making is crucial. Specifically, for the SDT, the authors recommend using the anterior step direction. A fixed arm and stance foot position is not necessary, and trials may be collected individually or continuously based on convenience for a small number of repetitions.

Comparison of Walking Biomechanics After Physical Therapist–Led Care or Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome is characterized by chondrolabral damage and hip pain. The specific biomechanics used by people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome during daily activities may exacerbate their symptoms. Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome can be treated nonoperatively or surgically; however, differential treatment effects on walking biomechanics have not been examined. Purpose: To compare the 12-month effects of physical therapist–led care or arthroscopy on trunk, pelvis, and hip kinematics as well as hip moments during walking. Study Design: Secondary analysis of multi-centre, pragmatic, two-arm superiority randomized controlled trial subsample; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A subsample of 43 participants from the Australian Full randomised controlled trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Hip Impingement versus best cONventional (FASHIoN trial) underwent gait analysis and completed the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33) at both baseline and 12 months after random allocation to physical therapist–led care (personalized hip therapy; n = 22; mean age 35; 41% female) or arthroscopy (n = 21; mean age 36; 48% female). Changes in trunk, pelvis, and hip biomechanics were compared between treatment groups across the gait cycle using statistical parametric mapping. Associations between changes in iHOT-33 and changes in hip kinematics across 3 planes of motion were examined. Results: As compared with the arthroscopy group, the personalized hip therapy group increased its peak hip adduction moments (mean difference = 0.35 N·m/body weight·height [%] [95% CI, 0.05-0.65]; effect size = 0.72; P = .02). Hip adduction moments in the arthroscopy group were unchanged in response to treatment. No other between-group differences were detected. Improvements in iHOT-33 were not associated with changes in hip kinematics. Conclusion: Peak hip adduction moments were increased in the personalized hip therapy group and unchanged in the arthroscopy group. No biomechanical changes favoring arthroscopy were detected, suggesting that personalized hip therapy elicits greater changes in hip moments during walking at 12-month follow-up. Twelve-month changes in hip-related quality of life were not associated with changes in hip kinematics.

Biomechanical assessment of a passive back-support exoskeleton during repetitive lifting and carrying: Muscle activity, kinematics, and physical capacity

Introduction: Most people have experienced low back pain (LBP) more or less in their lifetime. Heavier load weight could increase the risk of LBP, especially in repetitive lifting and carrying tasks. The risk could also increase with the frequency of lifting. This study aims to investigate the effects of a passive back-support exoskeleton (PBSE) on trunk muscle activation, kinematics, and physical capacity in a repetitive lifting task and a carrying task in consideration of load weights in a laboratory setting. Results: Results showed that using the PBSE, the activities of the thoracic erector spinae and lumbar erector spinae muscles were reduced significantly by nearly 7% MVC and 3% MVC in the repetitive lifting task and the carrying task, respectively. There was no significant effect of the PBSE on the spine kinematics and physical capacity. Practical Applications: This study supports the use of the PBSE to reduce trunk muscle activity in repetitive lifting and carrying tasks.

Trunk kinematics during walking in children and adult with cerebral palsy

Trunk kinematics during walking in children and adult with cerebral palsy

Task-specific fear rather than general kinesiophobia assessment is associated with kinematic differences in chronic low back pain during lumbar flexion: a preliminary investigation.

Kinematic data obtained during a movement task by individuals with chronic low back pain seem to be related to pain-related fear. General kinesiophobia assessments, such as Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, are often used to assess pain-related fear. However, these questionnaires could suffer from a lack of sensitivity and do not measure the fear of specific movements. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the task-specific assessment of pain-related fear exhibits a closer association with trunk kinematics during lumbar flexion compared with the general kinesiophobia in individuals with chronic low back pain. We assessed pain-related factors, task-specific fear, and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 scores of 51 company employees. The lumbar angle during a lumbar flexion task was recorded by 2 wireless Axivity Ax3 accelerometers attached to the subject's spinous process (L3) and sacral spine (S2). Only task-specific fear was evaluated after the lumbar flexion task. We calculated the maximum lumbar flexion angle (°) and the peak angular velocity of lumbar flexion/return from flexion (°/s2). We conducted a hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis to determine variance explained in lumbar flexion task performance by task-specific fear after controlling for demographic, pain, and general kinesiophobia. The results showed that task-specific fear was associated with the peak angular velocity of lumbar return from flexion (R 2 adj. = 0.36, P < 0.01) and lumbar flexion (R 2 adj. = 0.3, P = 0.01). Our results suggest that clinicians should consider the potential added value of task-specific fear assessment over the sole use of conventional kinesiophobia assessment.

The Influence of Trunk Impairment Level on the Kinematic Characteristics of Alpine Sit-Skiing: A Case Study of Paralympic Medalists

This study aimed to examine the relationship between the trunk impairment level and the trunk kinematic characteristics during alpine sit-skiing from a classification perspective. Three Paralympic medalists in sitting classes (LW10-2, LW11, and LW12-2) participated in the present study. To simulate the racing conditions, giant slalom gates were set. To measure the kinematics of the skier and sit-ski during skiing, a motion capture method with inertial measurement units was used. The muscle activities of the trunk muscles were evaluated using electromyography. Chest lateral flexion, chest flexion, and hip flexion/extension angle during sit-skiing were reduced due to impairment. Additionally, the insufficient lateral flexion (angulation) caused a decrease in edging angle, and that the insufficient chest and hip flexion/extension caused a lower loading in the latter half of the turn through smaller vertical movement. Since edging angle and loading are key factors in ski control, the three joint motions could be measures of sport-specific activity limitation in sit-skiing classification. Between the LW10-2 and LW11 skiers, no distinct differences in trunk kinematics were found. Assuming the scaling factor of race time as a measure of skiing performance, one possible reason is that the difference in skiing performance the LW10-2 and LW11 skiers is considerably smaller relative to differences between the LW11 and LW12-2 skiers. There were no distinct differences among classes in the results of muscle activity, and therefore, this information appears to play a minimal role for classification.

Age- and sex-specific changes in trunk kinematics during gait

Age- and sex-specific changes in trunk kinematics during gait

Trunk and pelvis kinematics in children with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP): A comparison of bilateral clinical data to published data

Trunk and pelvis kinematics in children with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP): A comparison of bilateral clinical data to published data