Kinematic Viscosity Value Research Articles

Evaluation of the Transesterification Process And Physio-Chemical Properties of Jojoba Biodiesel

In this investigation, Jojoba bio-oil was converted to biodiesel through a process of transesterification. In the present work methanol is used as an alcohol and potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. Single stage transesterification process was employed as the content of free fatty acids was 1.2%. Physiochemical properties of the biodiesel like density, specific gravity, calorific value, flash and fire point, ash content, kinematic viscosity and acid value were found out using different methods and these properties are compared with those of petroleum diesel.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ethanol–Diesel Blend Fuel

In this research we are discussing the physicochemical characteristics of sweet diesel after desulphurization alone and also these characteristics are tested with the adding of high purity HPLC ethanol (99.9%). Those fuel properties of ethanol blended with diesel were experimentally determined to find their stability and to increase their properties and efficiency in the diesel engines. First we made 4 blends of diesel with ethanol and the fifth sample was pure diesel. The samples were 0% ethanol and 100 % diesel, the second sample was 5% ethanol and 95 % diesel, the third sample was 10 % ethanol and 90% diesel, the fourth sample was 15 % ethanol and 85 % diesel and the fifth and last sample was 20 % ethanol and 80 % diesel. The physicochemical characteristics of the diesel ethanol blends were determined by the following experiments (cetane number, ASTM distillation, flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, ASTM density and calorific value).the aim of this research is to obtain an optimum blend of diesel ethanol fuel to help in improving the diesel engines and to lower the emission in the engine and the exhaust gases produced in the engines. This blend we obtained in this research was done to meet the EURO 5 standards and regulations, also to help to make an economic improvement in the industry of diesel in Egypt and in the world. The diesel ethanol blend was to be an effective fuel as we will see in the different tests and ASTM methods. Many tests and experiments done during this research project and the obtained results were similar to the EURO 5 standard emissions regulation.

Reduced basis model order reduction for Navier–Stokes equations in domains with walls of varying curvature

ABSTRACTWe consider the Navier–Stokes equations in a channel with a narrowing and walls of varying curvature. By applying the empirical interpolation method to generate an affine parameter dependency, the offline-online procedure can be used to compute reduced order solutions for parameter variations. The reduced-order space is computed from the steady-state snapshot solutions by a standard POD procedure. The model is discretised with high-order spectral element ansatz functions, resulting in 4752 degrees of freedom. The proposed reduced-order model produces accurate approximations of steady-state solutions for a wide range of geometries and kinematic viscosity values. The application that motivated the present study is the onset of asymmetries (i.e. symmetry breaking bifurcation) in blood flow through a regurgitant mitral valve, depending on the Reynolds number and the valve shape. Through our computational study, we found that the critical Reynolds number for the symmetry breaking increases as the wall curvature increases.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems composed by biodiesel from Catolé oil (Syagrus cearensis) - methanol and glycerol

The biodiesel inclusion in the Brazilian energy matrix still faces challenges due to the lack of diversity of raw material and the high costs associated with the stages of production, purification and phase separation of the biofuel. In this work, the potential of Catol? (Syagrus cearensis) was evaluated as an alternative source for biodiesel production, through methyl transesterification by alkaline catalysis. Given the absence of reported data on this oilseed, the aim of the present paper is to characterize the oil and biodiesel in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value. A liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) study of Catol? biodiesel-methanol-glycerin systems at 298.15, 308.15 and 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure was also carried out. Results showed that Catol? seed oil is a viable alternative for biodiesel production, with parameters found in accordance with the quality standards and an ester yield of 97.1%. Ternary diagrams showed that the solubility of the components lowers at low temperatures. Tie-lines evidenced higher affinity of methanol with the glycerin-rich phase. Distribution and selectivity coefficients were determined and the Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations were applied to verify the quality of the experimental data. The determination indices (>0.97) proved the thermodynamic consistency of the data.

A facile preparation, performance and emission analysis of pongamia oil based novel biodiesel in diesel engine with CeO2:Gd nanoparticles

CeO2 and CeO2:Gd nanoparticles were synthesized by microwave assisted method and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Biodiesel was synthesized from pongamia oil using pre-synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalyst and the obtained biodiesel was blended with diesel at different ratios. The CeO2 and CeO2:Gd nanoparticles were dispersed in blended biodiesel to analyse the emission from four stroke single cylinder Diesel engine with pure diesel and blended biodiesel. The blended biodiesel was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). The physicochemical properties of blended biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, flash point and acid value were measured using ASTM test methods and compared with biodiesel which was produced using conventional catalysts. From the performance analysis of diesel engine, it was observed that the pollutant emission relatively decreased in the CeO2:Gd dispersed blended biodiesel compared to pure diesel and blended biodiesel without ceria nanoparticles. The results of the present study revealed that the prepared pongamia based biodiesel using cerium oxide nano catalyst with CeO2:Gd nanoparticle dispersion can be considered as potential alternate fuel to the conventional diesel.

Physical properties analysis of the liquid produced by polystyrene pyrolysis

The higher consumption of plastic causes environmental problems. This study was aimed at recycling plastic wastes by using a pyrolysis process with the variables were the ratio of polystyrene mixture and heating rate. The types of polystyrene were used namely, oriented polystyrene (OPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS). Ratios of raw material mixture (OPS: EPS: HIPS) of 1: 0: 0, 0: 1: 0, 0: 0: 1, 2: 1: 1, 1: 2: 1, 1: 1: 2, 1: 1 : 1. Heating rate variations were 2 °C/min, 4 °C/min, 6 °C/min, 8 °C/min and 10 °C/min. The analysis was conducted to the physical properties of liquid produced by pyrolysis, namely heating value, kinematic viscosity, density, and flash point. The heating value tended to increase with the increase of heating rate, the highest heating value was obtained at a ratio of a mixture of 2: 1: 1. The lowest kinematic viscosity value was at the ratio of a mixture of 1: 2: 1 and 1: 1: 1. Density fluctuated but tended to increase with the increase of heating rate. Flashpoint of the entire sample was below 32.6 °C. The ratio of a raw material mixture and heating rate affected the content of the compound of the liquid fuel produced. These compounds had different physical properties. The difference of physical property of each compound of the liquid fuel would affect the physical properties of the liquid produced by pyrolysis.

Characterization and optimization of endogenous lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris SDEC-3M ability to rapidly accumulate lipid for reversing nightly lipid loss

BackgroundDuring inevitable light/dark cycle, lipid productivity of outdoor microalgae photoautotrophic cultivation is lowered by nightly biomass and lipid loss. To minimize, or even reverse the nightly lipid loss, it was expected that lipid accumulation would not cease, even if at night. Without relying on photosynthesis and organic matter in media, endogenous lipid accumulation that consumes energy and carbon sources derived from cells themselves, namely endogenous accumulation, is the only way for lipid production. The main aims of the present study was to characteristic endogenously accumulated lipid, confirm feasibility to reverse nightly lipid loss, and determine optimal conditions and its quality suitability for biodiesel feedstock production under stress conditions.ResultsChlorella vulgaris SDEC-3M ability to rapidly accumulated lipid under stress conditions was cultivated for 12 h in darkness, and the effects of various conditions on lipid accumulation and biomass loss were analyzed. Under non-stress conditions, lipid contents dropped. Under certain stress conditions, conversely, the lipid contents were substantially improved so that net nightly endogenous lipid accumulation was observed. Under the optimal conditions (aeration mode with 0.10 vvm and 15% CO2, 5–10 mg L−1 of NO3−-N, 30–35 °C, approximate 2500 mg L−1 of biomass), the lipid content was doubled and increased lipid was approximately 180 mg L−1. Among stress conditions, N-deficiency had the most significant effect on endogenous lipid accumulation, and the optimum results were characterized under relatively low-N concentrations. Higher consistency between loss in carbohydrate and gain in lipid confirmed accumulated lipid endogenously conversed from carbohydrate. Based on the analyses of fatty acids profiles and prediction of kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, cetane number and iodine value, it was confirmed that the quality of lipid obtained under optimal conditions complied with biodiesel quality standards.ConclusionVia triggering endogenous lipid accumulation by stress conditions, even in darkness, SDEC-3M can synthesize enough lipid suitable for biodiesel feedstock. It implies that the lipid accumulation phase in two-phase strategy can be scheduled at night, and following biomass production stage in light, which should be a solution to improve the lipid yield and quality of large-scale outdoor photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation for biodiesel production.

Simplex lattice mixture design application for biodiesel production: Formulation and characterization of hybrid oil as feedstock

Simplex lattice design has been implemented for hybridization, processing and optimization, to have a relevant blend of oils for biodiesel synthesis. The study was done to check the impacts of starting oil amount on kinematic viscosity, density, cetane number and higher calorific value of hybrid oil in view of it use as biodiesel feedstock. Models significance is statistically assessed by analysis of variance. Based on superposition approach of the potential results, numerical optimization was done followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) for identification of compound. With desirability factor 0.790, the optimized formulation has high similarities among actual and predicted responses. Optimal composition suggested for the hybrid oil was 49.82 g WKO, 24.67 g NMO and 50.51 g SHB. GC–MS analysis result showed that hybrid feedstock contains 35.45% oleic acid, 28.13% linoleic acid and 18.24% palmitic acid. The determined fuel properties fitted well with the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications for biodiesel.

Study on novel nano mahua methyl ester powered DI diesel engine preheated with a thermoelectric waste heat recovery system

ABSTRACT This experimental research work aims at analyzing the combined effect of alumina nanofluid and thermo-electric principle on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of preheated novel nano mahua methyl-ester. The experimental test was carried out on single cylinder direct injection diesel engine at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. The 20% trans-esterified mahua biodiesel and different proportions of alumina nanofluid were blended with base diesel fuel, namely M20-D80, M20-D80 + 2 ml of ANF and M20-D80 + 4 ml of ANF on volume fraction. The fuel properties such as density, kinematic viscosity and heating value were measured and compared with BDF as per ASTM standards, and it is preheated before admission to the combustion chamber through biodiesel preheating arrangement. The test engine experiments were initially conducted on base diesel fuel under different loading conditions. Subsequently, experiments were repeated with novel nano mahua methyl ester (mahua biodiesel) blends. Among various fuel blends, a preheated fuel blend of M20-D80 + 2 ml of ANF resulted in improved brake thermal efficiency and lowered brake specific energy consumption as compared with BDF. For engine emission, the M20-D80 + 2 ml of ANF fuel blend resulted in lower hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke levels. However, oxides of nitrogen emission (NOx) were marginally higher at part load operation. At maximum power output, the in-cylinder pressure (p- θ curve) and heat release rate (HRR) curves were lower equated with BDF.

A Meshless Method for Burgers’ Equation Using Multiquadric Radial Basis Functions With a Lie-Group Integrator

An efficient technique is proposed to solve the one-dimensional Burgers’ equation based on multiquadric radial basis function (MQ-RBF) for space approximation and a Lie-Group scheme for time integration. The comparisons of the numerical results obtained for different values of kinematic viscosity are made with the exact solutions and the reported results to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm. It is shown that the numerical solutions concur with existing results and the proposed algorithm is efficient and can be easily implemented.

Analysis of changes in the value of selected lubricant characteristics during use

The problems connected with assessment of value changes of selected lubricants during the operation are addressed in this study. The lubricants which have been analyzed are engine oils used in internal combustion drive units of transport means. Selected results of tests of engine oils used for lubrication of passenger car drive units have been presented. The values of kinematic viscosity were determined for different temperatures. In order to evaluate the impact of the oil operation in real working conditions on the viscosity parameters, oil samples were collected from selected vehicles. The vehicles had been used in natural conditions providing transport services. Measurements of kinematic viscosity were performed by means of a rotary viscometer.

Lyophobic slippery surfaces on smooth/hierarchical structured substrates and investigations of their dynamic liquid repellency.

Slippery surfaces were prepared by infusing lubricant into smooth or hierarchical-structured superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) to compare different surface-free energies. The surfaces obtained showed good repellency towards liquids with various values of surface tension/molecular polarity/viscosity, including hexane, tetradecane, water, ethylene glycol and viscous engine oil. The lyophobicity could be realized on a relatively smooth surface, indicating that the first principle of preparing a lyophobic slippery surface is to perform a low surface-free energy modification. The dynamic liquid repellency was also studied: the sliding speeds of different liquids on lubricant infused SHS showed a negative correlation to their kinematic viscosity values, and a higher surface roughness was favorable for dynamic wettability, whereas for the smooth slippery surface, the travelling speeds showed randomness.

Improvement of fuel properties for palm oil methyl ester (POME) biodiesel blends using organic germanium as additives

Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative fuel but it is susceptible to lower calorific value due to autoxidation in the presence of oxygen, which hinders its widespread use. Organic germanium Ge-132 is a prospective solution to this problem. It is expected that Ge-132 may affect the energy content of blending biodiesel. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of Ge-132 addition to palm biodiesel on physicochemical properties. Three concentrations including 5ppm, 8ppm and 10ppm added to BD20 to study their fuel physical characteristics effect. The fuel and additive was blend by using ultrasonic emulsifier for 2 minutes before experiment. The results show that BD20 with additive Ge-132 produced 0.48%– 1.07% higher density and 0.7%–1.7% higher kinematic viscosity and 0.09%-0.6% higher calorific value compared to BD20 without the additive. The higher calorific value blending biodiesel attribute by the carbon content on Ge-132. Compared to BD20, the blended biodiesel with additive Ge-132 produce higher density, kinematic viscosity and calorific value which attribute the increase the performance and better fuel consumption.

Correlations of dynamics viscosity and kinematic viscosity of fatty acid from Gibbs energy additivity

Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity are important physical properties of a liquid. In this work, correlation of dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity of fatty acids (FA) are correlated to the Martin’s rule of free energy additivity for estimated kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity from their own equations. The proposed equations for estimating viscosity and density of FA are correlated to number of carbon atoms, number of double bond(s) and temperature. Data collected from literatures were used to validate and support the proposed models. The proposed equations are easy to use and the estimated dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity values of FA at different temperatures agree well with the literature values. The average absolute deviation of dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity of FA at 288.15 and 394.25K are 4.14 and 4.37, respectively. The estimated outside temperature between 288.15 and 394.25K may be possibly estimated by this model but accuracy may be lower.

COMPARISON OF BIODIESEL B-20 AND B-30 ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCES AND EMISSIONS

Biodiesel is renewable energy that is made from renewable sources such as vegetable oil (palm oil, soybean oil or jathropa oil) through a trans-esterification reaction. Biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel or as a mixture with diesel fuel. B-20 and B-30 fuel are a biodiesel mixture with diesel fuel which contains 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel and 30% biodiesel and 70% diesel fuel respectively. The aim of this study is to compare the performance tests of B-20 and B-30 on a diesel engine. Comparison of their performance comprises engine power, engine torque, specific fuel consumption (SFC) in various loads and emissions. Result shows that the B-20 and B-30 performance is affected by the chemical-physical characteristics of fuel, such as kinematic viscosity, cetane number, density and calorific values. Performance test results show that B-30 has 1.69% lower engine power and 0.62% higher SFC than B-20 at a full load condition. In contrast, B-30 has better emissions than B-20 with a 6.71% decrease in smoke opacity.

Optimisation of viscosity and density of refined palm Oil-Melaleuca Cajuputi oil binary blends using mixture design method

Abstract The increasing demand for global energy and declining oil reserves have driven the search for alternative biofuel as fossil fuel replacement. This study proposes new blends of a light biofuel based on Melaleuca Cajuputi oil (MCO) and refined palm oil (RPO) that has lowered viscosities and densities properties as compared to neat RPO. In addition, a statistical approach using mixture design method was used in the design of experiment (DOE) to evaluate the correlation between the ratio of RPO-MCO blends on their kinematic viscosity and density properties. Based on the mixture design algorithm, a total of eight experimental runs were conducted consisting of three combinations of RPO-MCO blends, two neat oils and three replicate samples. A good fit between the developed model and the experimental data was obtained for the models of kinematic viscosity and density, with corresponding R2 values 0.9992 and 0.9998, respectively. Discrepancies in the predicted values to the experimental results were within 0.1–2.5%, validating the accuracy of the developed models. The optimal blend calculated is 32RPO68MCO which gives 5.9 mm2/s and 881.5 kg/m3 for the response values of kinematic viscosity and density, respectively. Both responses values satisfy the requirement of the ASTM D6751/EN14214 standard for biodiesel.

Investigation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Simaruoba Methyl Ester and Diesel Blends

This paper presents the experimental study of physico-chemical properties of Simarouba methyl ester and diesel blends at the different temperatures and with varying volume percentage of Simarouba methyl ester in the blend. Blends are prepared adding different volume fraction of Simarouba methyl ester to neat diesel. The percentage of Simarouba methyl ester added to diesel is 10% to 90%, the prepared blends are stirred well for mixing of methyl ester and diesel. The prepared blends are kept in closed container for 24 hours for observation of separation of blends. It is observed that there is no separation of Simarouba methyl ester and diesel. Experiments are carried out to find density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and heating value of blends. These properties are investigated using standard equipments with standard procedure. Viscosity is determined by using standard Red-Wood viscometer with standard procedure of methyl ester and diesel blends at different temperatures. It is observed that as volume fraction of Simarouba methyl ester increases in the blend density, kinematic viscosity, flash point increases and heating value decreases. The percentage decrease in kinematic viscosity is more at lower temperature compared to higher temperature. Correlations for estimation of viscosity and density of blends at different temperatures are proposed.

Optimization of cultural conditions for lipid accumulation by Aspergillus wentii Ras101 and its transesterification to biodiesel: application of response surface methodology.

The present study is aimed to maximize biodiesel production by using the fungal strain Aspergillus wentii Ras101 as a feedstock. Response surface methodology was used to relate the interaction between some nutritional and environmental factors affecting the lipid productivity by A. wentii Ras101. By applying LINGO optimization program, the maximum lipid production of 40% dry biomass of this fungal isolate has been attained in a fermentation medium composed of 50g/l glucose, 1g/l nitrates, 1.5g/l phosphorous, and 0.5g/l NaCl. This medium was adjusted at pH of 6, and incubated at 28°C for 7 days. The values of correlation errors between the experimental and estimated values are less than 1%; this proves that the proposed correlation could be used effectively for estimating the fungal lipid production. Consequently, the effects of time and temperature on the amount of biodiesel produced in the extraction and transesterification one-step process have been investigated. The maximum biodiesel production of 28% dry biomass (80% lipid) has been achieved in the transesterification process at 70°C for 30min. Additionally, it is found that the combination of glucose, nitrogen and phosphorous contents has a positive influence on lipid production in the fungal biomass. The density, kinematic viscosity, water content and calorific value of the produced biodiesel were 800kg/m3, 2.8 mm2/s, 66ppm and 10122kcal/kg, respectively that matched well with biodiesel and fossil standard specifications.

Combined effects of fuel and intake air preheating for improving diesel engine operating parameters running with biodiesel blends

In this study, the combined effects of fuel and intake air preheating on the performance, combustion, and emission parameters of a diesel engine running on different preheated blends of fuel are studied. The preheated Palm oil methyl ester (POME) through waste heat exhaust gases is chosen as blended fuel to achieve better fuel injection characteristics. The increase in the fuel-preheated temperature shows the drop in kinematic viscosity and density values of POME. At a fuel preheating temperature of 114 °C, the viscosity and density of POME drop to 3.74 mm2/s and 871 kg/m3 which are closer to values for mineral diesel (3.35 mm2/s at 40 °C and 842 kg/m3 at 27 °C). Preheating optimized POME at inlet temperatures of 90 °C and 102 °C in a diesel engine results in the improvement of the brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), and emissions (CO, HC, and CO2) with a slight increase in NOx compared to unheated POME at varying loads. In addition, preheated intake air at elevated temperature assisted further enhancement of the engine performance, combustion, and reduction of emission parameters of a diesel engine fueled with preheated blends of fuel.

Evaluation of the kinematic viscosity in biodiesel production with waste vegetable oil, ultrasonic irradiation and enzymatic catalysis: A comparative study in two-reactors

In order to evaluate the biodiesel (BD) quality in a batch and a packed-bed reactor (PBR), a comparison was carried out in terms of the kinematic viscosity. Waste vegetable oil (WVO) and Burkholderia cepacia lipase were utilized as the main substrate and enzymatic catalyst, respectively. In the batch reactor, a kinematic viscosity of 36.75 mm2.s−1 at 20 °C was obtained in the first 2.5 min and 24.78 mm2.s−1 after 3 h with the application of ultrasound, without stirring. In the PBR, the lowest kinematic viscosity value was of 7.88 mm2.s−1 at 20 °C, and 5.83 mm2.s−1 at 40 °C, after 5 doses of 30 mL of methanol per round. The BD in both reactors was mainly produced by esterification of free fatty acids. The final mixture in the PBR met the requirement of kinematic viscosity of ASTM D6751-10, GB/T 19147-2003, and GB/T 265-1988 standards, respectively. Upon comparing the performance in both reactors, despite the limited BD yields, a common pattern of fast reduction in the kinematic viscosities was observed at the first reaction stages (approximately 70–80% reduction). Then flat-shape values were measured in the last reaction stages. At applying further strategies in both reactors, higher BD concentrations could be obtained.