Kinematic Viscosity Value Research Articles

Experimental Studies on Performance and Emission Analysis in Diesel Engine Using Bio-Fuel (Neem Oil)

In present scenario Bio-fuel act as the major role in todays fuel compensation. In India Neem tree is a broadly grown up termed as a divine tree due to its large revalance in many areas of study. The current research study is projected to consider aspect related to the possibility of preparation of Biodiesel from Neem oil. This research deals with Biodiesel preparation from neem oil, which is mono ester prepared using transesterification process. Biodiesel is a safe substitute fuel to replace established petroleum diesel. It has maximum lubricity is a clean burning fuel and can be a fuel component for use in existing unmodified diesel engine. Neem (Azadirachita Indica) is a tree. Various habitual uses of pure neem oil in agriculture, medicine, etc. Neem oil has natural fungicidal, pesticidal, and medicinal properties. Neem a natures gift it categorized in to non edible oil and mainly used in medicine and cosmetic product. Biodiesel has been gaining increased concentration from Internal Combustion Engine researcher in observation of the energy crisis and increasing environmental problems. Neem oil is being considered for biodiesel and more research is being done in this area and also lot of research going on. Biodiesel designed for complete compatibility with petroleum diesel and can be blended in any ratio from additive levels to 100% Biodiesel. The fuel properties of biodiesel including kinematic viscosity and acid value were checked. The engine power and pollutant emissions characteristics under different biodiesel percentages were also studied. Experiments demonstrated in the single cylinder diesel engine that the biodiesel produced using neem oil could reduce smoke and Carbon monoxide emissions, extensively while the NOx emission changed a little. Thus, the ester of this oil can be used as eco-friendly substitute fuel for (C I) diesel engine.

Production of palm and Calophyllum inophyllum based biodiesel and investigation of blend performance and exhaust emission in an unmodified diesel engine at high idling conditions

Rapid depletion of fossil fuels, increasing fossil-fuel price, carbon price, and the quest of low carbon fuel for cleaner environment – these are the reason researchers are looking for alternatives of fossil fuels. Renewable, non-flammable, biodegradable, and non-toxic are some reasons that are making biodiesel as a suitable candidate to replace fossil-fuel in near future. In recent years, in many countries of the world production and use of biodiesel has gained popularity. In this research, biodiesel from palm and Calophyllum inophyllum oil has been produced using the trans-esterification process. Properties of the produced biodiesels were compared with the ASTM D6751 standard: biodiesel standard and testing methods. Density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point and calorific value, these are the six main physicochemical properties that were investigated. Both palm biodiesel and Calophyllum biodiesel were within the standard limits, so they both can be used as the alternative of diesel fuel. Furthermore, engine performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine run by both palm biodiesel–diesel and Calophyllum biodiesel–diesel blends were evaluated at high idling conditions. Brake specific fuel consumption increased for both the biodiesel–diesel blends compared to pure diesel fuel; however, at highest idling condition, this increase was almost negligible. Exhaust gas temperatures decreased as blend percentages increased for both the biodiesel–diesel blends. For low blend percentages increase in NOX emission was negligible but as blend percentages increase, emission increased significantly. CO and HC emission for both biodiesel–diesel blends were lower compared to pure diesel fuel. 20% Calophyllum biodiesel–diesel blends emitted lowest HC and CO emission.

Biodiesel Blend, Fuel Properties and its Emission Characteristics Sterculia Oil in Diesel Engine

In the wake of current energy scenario, major research is focused on sustainable energy solution with major emphasis on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation and power sectors due to their higher efficiency and ruggedness. Depending upon the availability and production capabilities, biodiesel is derived from a large variety of oilseed. Sterculia bio fuel is identified and proved to be the best alternative to the diesel engine. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point, fire point and calorific value of the fuels used. The overall performance and emission tests have given good results except for the NOX component of the emission, which is a potential cause for smog and acid rain. This paper also focuses on the reduction of this component to a great extent with the implementation of a technique called Exhaust Gas Recirculation. In this method the water cooled exhaust of the engine is circulated back to the inlet manifold to crack the harmful NOX. This makes the bio diesel a completely emission free alternative.

Preparation and characterisation of Citrulus colocynthis oil biodiesel: Optimisation of alkali‐catalysed transesterification

AbstractA non‐edible oil of Citrulus colocynthis was investigated as a prospective feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification reaction with methanol. The content of fatty acid methyl ester in the produced oil obtained by four alkaline‐catalysed transesterifications, i.e. sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide and potassium hydroxide was evaluated. Important fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as ester content, density, kinematic viscosity and acid value were measured and compared. The ester ingredients in the biodiesel product were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolenic. The best quality of Citrulus colocynthis oil at the highest yield of 97.8% was produced at a constant mixing rate of 600 rpm, methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, 60°C reaction temperature for 60 min, using 1.0 wt% of NaOH.

The effect of genotype and environment on biodiesel quality prepared from Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) grown in Australia

Two experiments were conducted in north-western New South Wales, Australia to determine the effect of genotype (G), growing site (S) and year (Y) on the suitability of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as a biodiesel feedstock. The first experiment analyzed the effect of growing environment on six mustard genotypes while the second experiment analyzed the effect of sowing on the same genotypes across two seasons. The results demonstrate that late sowing forced maturity of the seed and decreased the yield whilst early sowing resulted in economically viable seed yields (>1.3t/ha). The oil content of the seed ranged from 34 to 39.8% and the main fatty acids present in the oil were oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) in both experiments. The main factor that impacted on the fatty acid profile in a single season was the seed genotype while in the second experiment the growing year and interactions between year and the other parameters had a major impact on the fatty acid profile. The main fatty acids affected by the growing year were oleic, linoleic and erucic (C22:1). Oleic and linoleic acids were inversely correlated with erucic acid content which tended to be higher in cooler growing conditions. Two of the genotypes were processed into biodiesel and assessed for quality and the fuel met most requirements except for oxidation stability and kinematic viscosity. The relatively high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was deemed to be responsible for the poor oxidation stability and higher amounts of erucic acid and glycerol would contribute to poor kinematic viscosity values. The mustard genotypes analyzed may prove to be both a viable break crop as well as providing a good feedstock for the establishment of a biodiesel industry in this area.

Performance of a Diesel Engine with Ethyl Levulinate-Diesel Blends: A Study using Grey Relational Analysis

The combustion and emission characteristics of ethyl levulinate (EL)–diesel blended fuels were investigated using engine bench tests. Blended fuels properties, including the kinematic viscosity (KV), density, EL proportions, oxygen content, cetane number (CN), and lower heating value (LHV) were considered. The combustion and emission characteristics of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), as well as hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as smoke opacity, were tested. The relationship between the blended fuel properties and the combustion–emission characteristics were analyzed using grey relational analysis (GRA). The correlation degree between the fuel properties and the combustion–emission results indicated that the BSFC was influenced most by the density of the blended fuels. NOx, CO, and CO2 emissions were influenced most by the oxygen content. The KV was the most influential parameter for HC emissions and the opacity of the blended fuels. The oxygen content was the foremost influential parameter. The results show that GRA could be used to increase the comprehensiveness of combustion–emission blended-fuel studies, by providing a reference for the reasonable use of biofuel-diesel mixtures.

Glycerol, trehalose and glycerol–trehalose mixture effects on thermal stabilization of OCT

The stabilization effects of trehalose, glycerol and their mixtures on ornithine carbamoyltransferase catalytic activity has been studied as a function of temperature by complementary techniques. The obtained results show that the kinematic viscosities of trehalose (1.0M) and protein mixture are higher than the one of glycerol plus protein. Changing the trehalose/glycerol ratio, we notice a decrease of the kinematic viscosity values at almost all the analyzed ratio. In particular, the solution composed of 95% trehalose-5% glycerol shows a peculiar behavior. Moreover the trehalose (1.0M) solution shows the higher OCT thermal stabilization at 343K, while all the other solutions show minor effects. The smallest stabilizing effect is revealed for the solution that shows the maximum kinematic viscosity. These results support Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) and Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) findings, which pointed out a slowing down of the relaxation and diffusive dynamics in some investigated samples.

Biodiesel from Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange) seed oil, a potential non-food feedstock

Oil extracted from Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange) seeds was investigated as a potential feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel was prepared by sodium methoxide-catalyzed transesterification of the oil with methanol. Fuel properties that were determined include cetane number, cloud, pour, and cold filter plugging points, kinematic viscosity, oxidative stability, flash point, sulfur content, ash content, density and acid value. The citrus seed oil methyl esters were found to satisfy both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. The NMR spectra of the methyl esters of C. reticulata seed oil are reported.

Viscous, thermal and tribological characterization of oleic and ricinoleic acids-derived estolides and their blends with vegetable oils

This work deals with the viscous, thermal and tribological characterization of a variety of estolides, obtained from both oleic and ricinoleic acids, using different acid-catalysed synthesis protocols, and their blends with vegetable (high-oleic sunflower, HOSO, and castor, CO) oils. Estolides with molecular weights between 4.4 and 6.9 times higher than the originating fatty acids were obtained. Polymerization degree was larger when using the sulphuric acid-catalysed synthesis protocol. Estolides obtained from oleic acid displayed higher freezing temperatures than the fatty acid, whereas the crystallization process was delayed in estolides obtained from ricinoleic acid, yielding improved low-temperature properties. Ricinoleic acid-derived estolides showed much higher viscosity values than those prepared from the oleic acid, with values of kinematic viscosity up to around 6700mm2/s. In general, viscosities were related to estolide molecular weight. Significant increments in HOSO and CO viscosities were found when they were blended with estolides, especially those prepared from the ricinoleic acid using the sulphuric and p-toluensulphonic acids-catalyzed methods. Relative increments in kinematic viscosities up to 1500% and 700% were obtained for HOSO and CO, respectively. HOSO's viscosity-temperature dependence was significantly improved when it was blended with different estolides, whereas CO/oleic acid-derived estolides blends showed a more moderate improvement of CO thermal dependence. The sulphuric acid-catalysed method influences friction and wear in the ball-on-plates contact lubricated with estolides. The addition of the different estolides to HOSO or CO does not modify their frictional behavior, resulting in just one single Stribeck curve for all samples, and significantly reduces wear.

Vplyv skladovania a teploty na reologické a termofyzikálne vlastnosti vzoriek whisky

Temperature and storing time can be included between the most significant parameters that influence physical properties of food. This article deals with selected rheologic and thermophysical properties of alcohol drink whisky. Our research was oriented on measuring of rheologic and thermophysical characteristics of whisky. There were measured two types of whisky – Grant’s and Jim Beam from two different producers, both samples had 40 % of alcohol content. During the experiments were analyzed rheologic parameters as: dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity and fluidity and thermophysical parameters as: thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volume specific heat. Selected parameters were measured in temperature range (-5 – 27) °C. Measurements were done on whisky samples in different days during the storage. Measuring of dynamic viscosity was performed by digital rotational viscometer Anton Paar (DV-3P). Principle of measuring is based on dependency of sample resistance against the probe rotation. Density of whisky samples was determined by pycnometric method. Average density at given temperature along with dynamic viscosity value was used at calculation of kinematic viscosity and fluidity was also determined. Measuring of thermophysical parameters was performed by instrument Isomet 2104. Measurement by Isomet is based on analysis of the temperature response of the measured sample to heat flow impulses. Relations of rheologic and thermophysical parameters to the temperature were made and influence of storing time was discussed. From obtained results is clear that dynamic and kinematic viscosity is decreasing exponentially with temperature and fluidity has increasing exponential progress. We found out that both whisky samples had at the beginning and after one week of storage very similar values of rheologic parameters. Very small difference in rheologic parameters of whisky samples was found after two weeks of storing. Values of dynamic and kinematic viscosity were a bit higher and values of fluidity were a bit smaller after storing, that can be caused by loosening of the water during storage. Thermophysical parameters are increasing linearly with temperature for both whisky samples. Higher values of thermophysical parameters were in all cases obtained for whisky Grant’s.

Waste Frying Oils-Based Biodiesel: Process and Fuel Properties

The conversion of waste frying oil into a valuable methyl ester (biodiesel) has been successfully conducted and also the acid pre-treatment process was carried out prior to the main biodiesel production process for lowering waste frying oil free fatty acid (FFA) content below 1%. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel were analyzed to ensure the product could meet the standards of fuel properties. The methanolysis was selected as the biodiesel production technique under various mixing speeds namely 350, 400 and 450 rpm, while the other parameters are maintained at the optimum process conditions such as methanol to oil molar ratio is 6:1, percentage of catalyst loading is 1.0% wt, reaction temperature is 60℃, and reaction time is 50 min. Also, the investigation on the kinematic viscosity, density and flash point of biodiesel was performed against a number of rpm. The standards of ASTM D 6751 were applied to measure the entire prescribed properties of biodiesel. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained was 99%. The values of flash point, kinematic viscosity and density were in the range of specified limitations. Other biodiesel properties fulfilled the diesel engine application requirements.

Biodiesel from Neem Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine

Abstract In the current energy scene of fossil fuel, renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy sources such as these could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. For these reasons they are known as “alternative fuels”. Vegetable oil cannot be directly used in the diesel engine for its high viscosity, high density, high flash point and lower calorific value. So it needs to be converted into biodiesel to make it consistent with fuel properties of diesel. Biodiesel production is a valuable process which needs a continued study and optimization process. The present study was intended to consider aspects related to the production of biodiesel from Neem oil and investigating its fuel properties. The seeds of Neem contain 30-40% oil. This report deals with biodiesel obtained from Neem oil which are mono alkyl esters produced using ‘Transesterification’ process. The optimum conditions to achieve maximum yield of biodiesel were investigated at different temperatures and with different molar ratio of Neem oil and methanol. The most expected result including layer of glycerin and soap has been investigated at 3:1 molar ratio of methanol and Neem oil at 55 to 61 °C temperature ranges. It was apparent that the fuel properties of biodiesel including density, kinematic viscosity and calorific value lie within the standards biodiesel properties especially (ASTM 6751-02) recommended standard of kinematic viscosity lies between 1.90 to 6.0 centistokes. Biodiesel can make a major contribution in the future if it meets the few percent of petroleum and it can provide improved fuel properties lower emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide but higher level of oxides of nitrogen.

Influence of Fatty Acid Structure on Fuel Properties of Algae Derived Biodiesel

Physical and chemical properties of biofuel are influenced by structural features of fatty acid such as chain length, degree of unsaturation and branching of the chain. A simple and reliable calculation method to estimate fuel property is therefore needed to avoid experimental testing which is difficult, costly and time consuming. Typically in commercial biodiesel production such testing is done for every batch of fuel produced. In this study 9 different algae species were selected that were likely to be suitable for subtropical climates. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of all algae species were analysed and the fuel properties like cetane number (CN), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), kinematic viscosity (KV), density and higher heating value (HHV) were determined. The relation of each fatty acid with particular fuel property is analysed using multivariate and multi-criteria decision method (MCDM) software. They showed that some fatty acids have major influences on the fuel properties whereas others have minimal influence. Based on the fuel properties and amounts of lipid content rank order is drawn by PROMETHEE-GAIA which helped to select the best algae species for biodiesel production in subtropical climates. Three species had fatty acid profiles that gave the best fuel properties although only one of these (Nannochloropsis oculata) is considered the best choice because of its higher lipid content.

Comparative Study of Used and Unused Engine Oil (Perodua Genuine and Castrol Magnatec Oil) based on Property Analysis basis

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the viscosity index (VI) and wear elements of two different engine oil brands. The two engine oil brands used were Perodua Genuine (PG) Oil SAE5W-30 and Castrol Magnatec (CM) oil SAE5W-30. The value of VI is obtained by comparing the kinematic viscosity value of engine oil at 40 oC and 100 oC according to ASTM D2770. Wear elements analysis was performed by using optical emission spectrometer (Baird MOA Lube Analyst). All wear elements obtained such as Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Silver (Ag), Tin (Sn) and Copper (Cu) were discussed. The result revealed that VI value for both PG and CM oil increased as compared to the unused oil and the Lead (Pb) element exhibited higher value of wear elements (in parts per million unit) especially in the CM oil.

Biodiesel production from microalgal isolates of southern Pakistan and quantification of FAMEs by GC-MS/MS analysis

BackgroundMicroalgae have attracted major interest as a sustainable source for biodiesel production on commercial scale. This paper describes the screening of six microalgal species, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Nannochloropsis sp., Anabaena sp., Chlorella sp. and Oscillatoria sp., isolated from fresh and marine water resources of southern Pakistan for biodiesel production and the GC-MS/MS analysis of their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).ResultsGrowth rate, biomass productivity and oil content of each algal species have been investigated under autotrophic condition. Biodiesel was produced from algal oil by acid catalyzed transesterification reaction and resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content was analyzed by GC/MS. Fatty acid profiling of the biodiesel, obtained from various microalgal oils showed high content of C-16:0, C-18:0, cis-Δ9C-18:1, cis-Δ11C-18:1 (except Scenedesmus quadricauda) and 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic (except Scenedesmus acuminatus). Absolute amount of C-14:0, C-16:0 and C-18:0 by a validated GC-MS/MS method were found to be 1.5-1.7, 15.0-42.5 and 4.2-18.4 mg/g, respectively, in biodiesel obtained from various microalgal oils. Biodiesel was also characterized in terms of cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value and compared with the standard values.ConclusionSix microalgae of local origin were screened for biodiesel production. A method for absolute quantification of three important saturated fatty acid methyl esters (C-14, C-16 and C-18) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode, was employed for the identification and quantification of biodiesels obtained from various microalgal oils. The results suggested that locally found microalgae can be sustainably harvested for the production of biodiesel. This offers the tremendous economic opportunity for an energy-deficient nation.

Estimation of Viscosity of Biodiesel-Diesel Blends with near Infrared Spectroscopy

Biodiesel is one of the most important substitutes for diesel oil. This work reports the use of near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) to estimate the kinematic viscosity value of biodiesel-diesel blends. Partial least squares models were developed using data of different spectra regions and different pre-processing methods were employed for developing the calibration models. The results indicate that NIR can be used in biodiesel-diesel blends properties detecting.

Optimization of fish-oil-based biodiesel synthesis

In this study, the optimum conditions (methanol/oil mole ratio, temperature, and so on) for producing biodiesel with fish oil (menhaden oil) were established. The length of the carbon chain of fish oil is frequently greater than that of general vegetable oils. Therefore, the use of fish-oil based biodiesel with larger cetane number may improve diesel engine performance and result in a reduction of pollutant emissions. The optimum conditions of the manufacture of biodiesel with menhaden oil were reaction time of 120min, reaction temperature of 55°C, methanol/fish oil molar ratio of 12, and alkaline catalyst content of 2.0wt%. In the performance evaluation of the biodiesel produced, the acid value (0.20mgKOH/g), kinematic viscosity (4.60cSt at 40°C), and higher heating value (42.1MJ/k) biodiesel quality standards were suitable.

Biokerosene from Babassu and Camelina Oils: Production and Properties of Their Blends with Fossil Kerosene

Babassu and camelina oils have been transesterified with methanol by the classical homogeneous basic catalysis method with good yields. The babassu fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) has been subjected to fractional distillation at vacuum, and the low boiling point fraction has been blended with two types of fossil kerosene, a straight-run atmospheric distillation cut (hydrotreated) and a commercial Jet-A1. The camelina FAME has been blended with the fossil kerosene without previous distillation. The blends of babassu biokerosene and Jet-A1 have met some of the specifications selected for study of the ASTM D1655 standard: smoke point, density, flash point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, oxidative stability and lower heating value. On the other hand, the blends of babassu biokerosene and atmospheric distillation cut only have met the density parameter and the oxidative stability. The blends of camelina FAME and atmospheric distillation cut have met the following specifications: density, kinematic viscosity ...

Fuel Properties of Highly Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. Prediction of Fuel Properties of Algal Biodiesel

Biodiesel, defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, can be derived from other triacylglycerol-containing feedstocks. Algae are being considered for this purpose due to their claimed high production potential. However, there are no comprehensive reports regarding the fuel properties of biodiesel obtained from algal oils. Algal oils, with examples of some exceptions also mentioned here, often contain significant amounts of saturated and highly polyunsaturated (≥4 double bonds) fatty acid chains which influence fuel properties of the resulting biodiesel. In this connection, the relevant fuel properties of biodiesel from algal oils and the important fuel properties of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters as they would occur in many biodiesel fuels obtained from algal oils, have not yet been reported. To fill this gap, in the present work for the first time two neat highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with more than three double bonds, methyl 5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoate (C20:4) and methyl 4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),16(Z),19(Z)-docosahexaenoate (C22:6), were investigated. The cetane numbers were determined as 29.6 for C20:4 and 24.4 for C22:6. Kinematic viscosity values were observed as 3.11 mm2/s for C20:4 and 2.97 mm2/s for C22:6, while oxidative stability values were below 0.1 h for both by the Rancimat test while densities were above 0.9 g/cm3. Two polyunsaturated C20 methyl esters, methyl 11(Z),14(Z)-eicosadienoate and 11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-eicosatrienoate, were also studied for kinematic viscosity, density, and oxidative stability to expand the database on these properties of C20 compounds and provide additional data to predict the properties of other highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Properties of biodiesel from algal oils are predicted with cetane numbers expected in the low to upper 40s and kinematic viscosity between 3 and 4 mm2/s for most algal biodiesel.

BLENDING STUDY OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTERS WITH JATROPHA OIL METHYL ESTERS TO IMPROVE FUEL PROPERTIES

Palm oil methyl esters (POMEs) showed high induction period (IP) of 21.15 h whereas Jatropha oil methyl esters (JOMEs) exhibitedsignificantly lower value of 4.6 h. The IP of JOMEs was improved during the blending with POMEs. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis ofblended biodiesel indicated the reduction in saturated fatty acids and increase in unsaturated fatty acids as compared to pure POMEs. Due toreduction in saturated fatty acids of blended biodiesel, a significant improvement was observed in the cold flow properties. Moreover,important fuel properties i.e. kinematic viscosity, water content, density and acid values of POMEs and JOMEs and their blends weredetermined. All the tested fuel properties were within the specified permissible limits of biodiesel standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).
 Keywords: Palm oil; Jatropha oil; Gas chromatography; Induction period; Cold flow properties.