Kinds Of Weapons Research Articles

‘They Collected Money and Used Hammer to Remove My Front teeth’: ‘One-Chance’ Criminality and Victimisation Experiences in Lagos Transport Corridors

ABSTRACT “One-chance” criminality has become public transport threat in Lagos State where passengers are trapped through deceit, robbed, and victimized by individuals or groups pretending to offer public transportation services. Understanding the strategies and victimization experiences may help illuminate this phenomenon toward developing preventive cues and appropriate institutional response. This study, therefore examines “one-chance” strategies and the victimization experiences of passengers in Lagos public transportation corridors. The Routine Activities Theory (RAT) is used to explain the phenomenon using exploratory research design. The snowball technique was used to reach victims of one-chance robbery who responded to in-depth interview guide questions which probed into the strategies, victimization experiences and coping strategies. Findings show that timing, disguise/deception, taking unusual routes, tampering with the vehicle central lock, reworking the seatbelt, and winding up glasses are methods adopted by the one-chance robbery perpetrators to victimize. Physical assaults (beating with all kinds of weapons, sexual assaults, and forced pushing out of the vehicle at top speed which could lead to the victim’s disability or death) and loss of valuables (dispossession of jewelleries, monies, and phones). Participants increased vigilance before boarding, hailing a private taxi and instrumentalised religion for protection as coping strategies. The study provokes mapping of “one-chance” hot-spots by law enforcement authorities and routine adjustment for commuters.

What Kind of Weapon Is Education? Teleological Violence, Local Integration, and Refugee Education in Northern Ethiopia

Abstract Why does education damage refugees? To understand this, we need to ask how education frames refugees’ thinking about their future, specifically related to questions of waiting in the camp or migrating through dangerous, irregular channels. Between 2016 and 2019, Ethiopia was at the forefront of trends in migration policy that prioritized education as part of a global strategy to prevent irregular, northward migration. However, despite increased educational opportunities, refugees rejected schooling as they weighed the decision to migrate onwards, citing a sharp disconnect between aspirations connected to schooling and the constraints on professional and personal progress that they face in hosting states. Drawing on long-term, multi-sited, ethnographic research on temporal violence, and temporal agency among Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia, we develop the concept of teleological violence to describe the harm generated by this disconnect, as risky secondary migration may come to seem like the only path toward a desired future.

Modeling of wound ballistics in biological tissues simulators

Modern weapons cause severe damage, accompanied by high rates of complications and mortality. The investigation of such kinds of weapons is in high demand considering the ongoing active phase of russia's war against Ukraine since February 2022. In order to understand the pathological processes that occur in and outside the gunshot wound, we conducted an experimental study using mathematical simulation. The results presented in the article will help to choose the appropriate surgical management and improve the results of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the damaging effect of a 5.45 mm 7N6M bullet and a 5.45 mm V-max expansive bullet using numerical modeling of wound canals in ballistic plasticine. The Ansys Explicit Dynamics engineering complex was used to simulate the dynamics of the bullet’s motion. The basic equations, solved by the explicit dynamic analysis, express the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in Lagrange coordinates. Together with the material model and the set of initial and boundary conditions, they determine the complete solution to the problem. Taking into account that the initial velocity of the bullet is 1185 m/s at a mass of 3.9 g, we obtain energy 2740 J. All this energy acts at the area of the wound canal with a depth of 150 mm. Injury with a conventional 7N6M bullet is characterized by the fact that it passes through the block and loses only part of the kinetic energy. The simulation results showed that the velocity of the bullet at the outlet is 220 m/s. Taking into account the initial velocity of the bullet 918 m/s with a mass of 3.4 g, we obtain the kinetic energy acting on the walls of the wound canal with a depth of 200 mm of about 830 J. Mathematic analyses showed that the expansive bullet has a soft core that deforms and transfers all the kinetic energy to the tissues immediately after penetration into the tissues. The loss of kinetic energy of the bullet (ΔE, J) is defined as the difference between the kinetic energy at the time of injury (Ec, J) and the residual energy of the bullet when leaving the material (Er, J). Numerical modeling of wound ballistics in biological tissue simulators allows us to determine with high accuracy the features of wound canal formation and tissue response to damage of bullets having different kinetic energy, which contributes to the choice of adequate surgical management during surgery for gunshot wounds.

ANALYSIS OF MEDICOLEGAL AUTOPSIES OF UNNATURAL DEATHS IN MARDAN, PAKISTAN

Background: A medicolegal autopsy is a scientific examination of a deceased person’s corpse conducted to ascertainthe cause and method of death as well as to confirm or rule out any suspicion of foul play about the dead person.Objectives: This prospective investigation aimed to examine 169 medicolegal autopsies performed at Mardan MedicalComplex Hospital in 2018. In addition to providing important information for medicolegal inquiries in the area, theresearch sought to ascertain the reason and manner of death, evaluate gender and age distribution, and pinpoint themost common causes of unnatural deaths.Study design: A Prospective studyDuration and setting: Cases were sent to the Mardan Medical Complex Hospital Mardan’s medicolegal divisionbetween January 1 and December 31, 2018.Methods: Included were all 169 deceased corpses that the police had requested be autopsied. Age, gender, modeof death, kind of weapon used, and place of residence were taken into account while analysing criminal fatalities.Numbers and percentages were used to represent the data and results that were gathered.Results: 169 medicolegal autopsies were performed in a single year. There were 42 (24.85%) girls and 127 (75.14%)men. The number of accidental fatalities was much higher than the number of homicidal (61, 36.09%) and suicide(40, 23.66%) deaths (65, 38.46%). Accidents involving cars caused the majority of fatalities, which were thenfollowed by weapons, both blunt and pointed. Ninety-two (53.25%) cases were from rural regions, while forty-seven(46.74%) were from urban areas.Conclusion: Males were more prevalent than females. The age range of 20 to 29 was found to be the most oftenafflicted. The majority of unnatural death victims were killed in car accidents, then by firearms. There were morecasualties in rural areas than in cities.Keywords: Autopsy, Cause of death, Unnatural Death, Homicide, Suicide, Accidents

Experimental Investigation of the Muzzle Blast for the Amphibious Rifles when Shooting Underwater

Designed for amphibious combat forces, the amphibious rifle is a revolutionary new kind of weapon. This firearm's design and the determination of the effect of shooting on the shooter are both dependent on the development of the underwater muzzle blast. In this work, an experiment to evaluate the muzzle blast overpressure and gas bubble characteristics of an amphibious rifle when shooting underwater is performed in order to better understand the weapon's capabilities. This inquiry is focused on the 5.56 mm amphibious rifle with 5.56x45 mm underwater ammunition. The results of the experiments indicated that the Rayleigh-Plesset equation may be used to describe and predict the size of gas bubbles. The experimental data may be utilized to compute the law of change of overpressure based on the experimental results. Also, it is a very important base for studying, designing, making, and mastering weapon technology, which are all very important steps in the development of weapon technology

Abstracts: ALA 2022-Chicago

AbstractsALA 2022-Chicago Adam Fales Melville's Authorship Throughout his career, Herman Melville offered diverse characterizations of authorial personae. For Melville, authorship is a "ditcher's work," whereby the author "dig[s] in [his] soul for the fine gold of genius." It's also a practice of architecture that leaves "the crane still standing upon the top of the uncompleted tower." Literature can be a kind of weapon that the author aims at a reading public, "every canto a twenty-four-pound shot." The list goes on, but as generations of feminist scholars have shown, Melville's authorial labor was also deeply unequal, relying on the uncompensated and unrecognized work of the women in his life. Over the past two centuries, the author has been differently characterized as a tormented genius, a commercial failure, a grieving father, an abusive husband, a poet who wrote novels, a novelist who wrote poems, and in the words of one contemporary reviewer: "HERMAN MELVILLE CRAZY." Considering all this, it's unclear whether Melville's authorship should be understood as one thing—or even as the work of one person. This panel provided new approaches to studying Melville and the question of authorship, focusing on two aspects of his authorial representations. Two of our panelists turned to Melville's Spanish-language intertexts, with Maria H. Barrera-Agarwal uncovering a previously overlooked and unpublished Spanish translation of Typee. Leah Leone Anderson turns to a later interlocutor of Melville, studying the shifts in meaning that take place in Jorge Luis Borges's own translation of "Bartleby, the Scrivener." The other half of our panel took up one of Melville's novels most preoccupied by the presentation of [End Page 147] the author: Pierre; or, the Ambiguities. Timothy Morris traces Melville's complex play of identification and representation across his depictions of authorship. Samantha O'Connor turns not to the character of Pierre but to the character of Isabel as Melville's authorial figure in the novel, tracing her depiction as a "poisonous muse," which she historicizes alongside criminal cases of the period. Across these various papers, Melville's authorial figurations are multilingual, multigendered, and never straightforward. _______ Imaginary Authorship: The Unknown First Translator of Typee into Spanish Maria H. Barrera-Agarwal Independent Scholar The process of translating Herman Melville's works into Spanish was arduous and belated. The first publication of one of his works—unsurprisingly, Moby-Dick—occurred only in 1940, almost ninety years after the book had appeared in English. Typee would be rendered two years later, in 1942, and Benito Cereno in 1943. The reasons for these late editions run parallel to Melville's authorial fame in the English-speaking world: without wide prominence and critical approval, it was rare for a nineteenth-century author to be translated into Spanish. In Melville's case, even when posthumous celebrity finally arrived, the difficulties created by the specialized language he used in his fiction added to the delay, as well to the contrasting readability of the versions published. This paper unveils for the first time the existence of the earliest translator of Melville into Spanish. A Spaniard and a contemporary of Melville, the translator was a man eminently suited to the task: he was a polyglot, knew English exceedingly well, and had full command of nautical nomenclature, having worked as a seaman and become an erudite in sea-related subjects. He chose Typee as the book to render into Spanish, and he likely achieved the task within the three decades subsequent to the original publication of the book. Despite these facts, his translation was never published, and his close circle of friends believed that he used the name of Herman Melville as a pseudonym, a façade for the creation of a book they fully ascribed to his imagination. _______ Borges Translates "Bartleby": From Moral Allegory to Fantastic Narrative Leah Leone Anderson John Jay University As one of the twentieth century's major innovators of unreliable narration in fiction, and a champion for irreverent translation practices that privilege translators' own artistic sensibilities, Jorge Luis Borges is the last author one would expect to make a narrator more reliable. Yet in his translation [End Page 148...

Weapons in transition: Reappraisal of the origin of complex projectiles in the Levant based on the Boker Tachtit stratigraphic sequence

The affiliation of complex, i.e., mechanically delivered projectiles, with Anatomically Modern Humans has led to a growing interest in the origin of these weapons in different geographic regions. The focus of these inquiries comprise processes related to human evolution, in particular trajectories of human expansion out of Africa, where the earliest complex projectiles had been documented. While the Levant constitutes the only land bridge connecting Africa with Eurasia – the earliest complex projectiles identified so far among the narrow elongated points characteristic of the local Upper Paleolithic (UP) Ahmarian do not have direct parallels in African contexts. Here we investigate the hypothesis of a local origin of Levantine complex projectiles based on the four-layered Emiran/Initial UP (IUP) stratigraphic sequence of Boker Tachtit – the best documented time span usually defined as Middle Paleolithic-UP transition in the Levant. The study incorporates analysis of diagnostic impact fractures, point metric characteristics, as well as their hafting-related features. The results indicate the use of high velocity weapons all through the Boker Tachtit sequence, starting with the Emiran and, in particular, with the thinned-base Emireh points – the type fossil of the culture. Furthermore, the comparison of the Boker Tachtit data with preceding and succeeding relevant archaeological record shows that the major increase in weapon velocity was associated with the emergence of the Emiran/IUP, thus supporting the possibility that complex projectiles in the Levant originated during this period. We further hypothesize that the prominent change in points' metrics associated with the subsequent UP Ahmarian – the transition from broad-based to narrow-based points – may have been related to transformations in weapon design, e.g., an introduction of lateral hafting, and not necessarily with the introduction of a new kind of weapon. This study allows considering the origin of complex projectiles in the Levant within the framework of the Emiran-UP technological continuity that is characteristic of the local record. Even though the precise kind of projectiles applied in Boker Tachtit cannot be delineated at the current phase of the research - the use of high velocity weapons can be incorporated into the technological package that defines the Emiran. This additional technological trait can contribute to future attempts to allocate the origin of this culture – yet another issue which has long been discussed in the context of modern human evolution.

Бритва как принадлежность воина европейского бронзового века: знак и функция

Razors are frequently found in warrior graves of the later half of the second millennium BC in Scandinavia, central Europe, Italy and Greece. It is common to treat such razors as indicating a status and symbolizing an elite lifestyle. This view is justified, but it offers no explicit explanation of why the razor acquired such a role. It was repeatedly observed that razors are frequently found in the graves that contain a sword as well. It is further worth noting that Nordic razors (the most remarkable class within the type) appear in graves during period II of Montelius when also a new kind of weapon — the slashing swords appear there. This epoch-making weapon spread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean in the course of a few centuries. A close association between the slashing sword and the razor is clarified by occasional remarks by Greek authors. One learns from them (Plutarch, Theseus, 5 is particularly important passage) that swordsmen, being close fighters, cut off their hair in the fore part of their heads not to give their enemies a hold of their hair and beards. It remains true that the razor was used as a symbol, but this happened because of its function.

Sejarah dan Akulturasi dalam Pedang Cikeruh

Cikeruh is a village located in Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency. In the colonial period, the village was famous as the production center of various kinds of weapons in the Priangan region. Consumers of the Cikeruh bladesmith varied, ranging from indigenous groups to Europeans groups in the Dutch East Indies. This article aims to reveal the history of Cikeruh’s bladesmith and explain the acculturation which is seen on the Cikeruh sword. The method used in this study is a historical method consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the study, it can be seen that the existence of Cikeruh bladesmith cannot be separated from the history of the Sumedang Larang Kingdom because the pioneer of Cikeruh bladesmith came from the royal descent of the kingdom. In addition, cultural acculturation can be witnessed from the Cikeruh blades that shows mixed models between Priangan and European styles.

A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 2014-2015 National Violent Death Reporting System.

Approximately 1000 people are killed by police acting in the line of duty each year. Historically, research on these deaths, known as legal intervention homicides (LIH), has been limited by data that is either contextually rich but narrow in scope and not readily available to the public (e.g., police department reports from a single city), or detail-poor but geographically broad, large, and readily available (and maintained by federal agencies) (e.g., vital statistics and supplemental homicide reports). Over the past 5years, however, researchers have turned to the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), which captures nearly all lethal police shootings in participating states while providing detailed incident and victim information. The current study extends prior work on police-involved lethal shootings in three important ways. First, we use latent class analysis to construct a data-driven, exhaustive, mutually exclusive typology of these events, using NVDRS data 2014-2015. Second, rather than fitting some, but not all cases into predefined sub-types, every case is assigned membership to a particular emergent class. Third, we use a validated case identification process in NVDRS to identify incidents of lethal police-involved shootings. Seven classes emerge. Classes differ across important incident and victim characteristics such as the event that brought the victim and law enforcement together, the highest level of force used by the victim against law enforcement, and the kind of weapon, if any, used by the victim during the incident. Demographic variables do not distribute uniformly across classes (e.g., the latent class in which the victim appeared to pose minimal threat to law enforcement was the only class in which the plurality of victims was a non-white race). Our approach to generating these typologies illustrates how data-driven techniques can complement subjective classification schemes and lay the groundwork for analogous analyses using police encounter data that include fatal and non-fatal outcomes.

Identification of GSR on the Shooters Hands Using Energy Dispersive Experiments

Background: Gunshot residues are collected after shooting incident or firearms used, using to determine the composition of the GSR reference by various techniques to choose methods and techniques most suitable for this type of analysis, such as SEM-EDX, NAA, LBIS and etc. Objectives: Our proposed study is to determine the elemental analysis of GSR using EDX – 8000 set-up. All the GSR constituents lead-barium-antimony (Pb-Ba-Sb) are verified in the Indian made ammunition. Methods: Samples of metallic powder residue were realized after several shoots by different kind of weapons (country made firearms) with local ammunitions. So, this study was undertaken to develop chemical ballistic specialty in order to improve forensic investigations and drive benefit to Indian police and forensic experts. Results: Our results reveals that the non-destructive - EDX method is quite adequate to analysis the proposed investigation.

ЗОБРАЖЕННЯ КЛИНКОВОЇ ЗБРОЇ НА СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧНІЙ КЕРАМІЦІ ТАВРИКИ

The research of the edged weapons requires an involvement of different types of sources. The visual ones are among the most informative. Images depicting medieval edged weapon could be found on different objects, in particular, on pottery. Most of such engravings are schematic; that is why an informative value of such sources is rather modest. Nevertheless, engrawings on pottery depicting edged weapons may attract scholar’s attention. Images on medieval pottery from Taurida (Crimea peninsula) are especially interesting in this context. In the article the author analyses 17 artifacts decorated with images of edged weapons that were found in Crimea. In each case an image of weapon was part of a larger composition depicting a warrior. Scholars tend to interpret such figures as saint warriors or epic heroes. Local life contexts as well as the general historical situation in Europe during the 12-13th centuries shaped favorable conditions for increasing popularity of the military themes in fine arts. The swords, sabres and items that cannot be reliably interpreted are depicted on the artifacts that are dealt with. The author reveals a spesific type of weaponry which have no analogies among the medieval archaeological materials by now. The upper date of exploitation of most of the atrifacts can be clearly identified as far as the artifacts were found in the cultural layer which corresponds with destruction of Chersonesus in the 13th century. The artists used to engrave weapons schematiclly, however sometimes the one can be sure what kind of weapon an artist tried to depict. Comparison of the images on pottery with the archaeological findings allows us to jydge on specific military traditions of both the Bizantine Empire and the Northern Black Sea region during the 11-12 centuries. The findings of the 13th century weapons in the Crimean peninsula are rather scarce, so the visual sources are very important for studing of the local edged weapon. Such sources are interesting in the broad context of studying of the medieval culture of Mediterranean and Black Sea regions as well.

ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL AND STATISTICAL MEASURES OF MORBIDITY IN CONSCRIPTS OF THE NAVY AND GROUND FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2003–2018

Relevance. The Navy of Russia and the Ground Forces of Russia recieve new kinds of weapons, hence high requirements to the somatic and mental health of the conscripts.Intention: To analyze morbidity in conscripts of the Russian Navy and the Ground Forces in 2003–2018. Methodology. A selective statistical analysis was performed using medical reports on the state of health of personnel and activities of the medical service according to Form 3 / MED in military units, in which about 60 % of the total number of conscripts of the Armed Forces of Russia served in 2003–2018. Commonly accepted medical and statistical morbidity indicators were analyzed by disease categories of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems, 10th revision.Results and Discussion. The average annual morbidity rates were (1833.3 ± 84.9) ‰ in conscripts of the Russian Navy and (2008.,0 ± 102.4) ‰ in conscripts of the Russian Ground Forces; primary morbidity rates were (1019.9 ± 54,8) and (1014.0 ± 79.2) ‰, respectively; the need for case follow up was (166.5 ± 19.0) and (128.2 ± 8.1) ‰, respectively; hospital admissions were (968.5 ± 71.3) and (1033.5 ± 89.6) ‰, respectively; work days lost (13,166 ± 7.99) and (11,104 ± 595) ‰, respectively (p < 0.01); dismissal rates were (33.38 ± 1.79) and (18.28 ± 1.66) ‰, respectively; mortality rates were (24.87 ± 5.12) and (50.67 ± 7.84) per 100 thou sand conscripts of the respective cohort (p < 0.05). With determination coefficients of various significance, the polynomial trends show an increase in primary and general morbidity, hospital admissions and work days lost, as well as decrease in dismissal rates and mortality rates. The trends in almost all morbidity types are moderately and statistically significantly consistent, suggesting the influence of uniderectional factors, for example, military professional ones. There is a functional consistency between mortality trends in Russian male population aged 20–24 and conscripts of the Russian Navy and Ground Forces (r = 0.83 and 0.87; p < 0.001), thus suggesting the influence of uniderectional factors, for example, of macro social, behavioural or other nature. In the co horts of conscripts under study, the leading disease categories from military epidemiological point of view were similar: respiratory diseases (ICD 10 category X) ranked 1st; injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (XIX) ranked 2nd; mental and behavioural disorders (V) ranked 3rd; diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (XII) ranked 4th; diseases of the digestive system (XI) ranked 5th. In conscripts, the leading diseases from military epidemiological point of view were as follows: acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (J00–J06 by ICD 10); head injuries (S00–S09); injuries to unspecified part of trunk, limb or body region (T00–T07); diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20–К31). In the Navy conscripts, neurotic and stress related and somatoform disorders (F40–F48) played an important role; in conscripts of the Ground Forces, infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00–L08).Conclusion. Prevention, timely treatment and rehabilitation will help improve the health status of conscripts. Taking into account the rates and structure of morbidity will optimize allocation of resources the medical service of the Armed Forces of Russia.

The Perspective of Using Biological Agents in Terrorist Attacks: History and the Contemporary Threats in Poland and in the World

The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of bioterrorism and related threats in a global and national (Polish) perspective. Experiences with using biological weapons, international conventions and disarmament processes induced the prohibition of this kind of weapons in majority of countries. However, low production costs, facility of transfer and large range of biological weapons may be appealing to potential terrorists and extremist groups. The author analyses contemporary threats and problems connected with possibility of using biological weapons by unauthorized persons. He discusses the historical overview of biological agents, the response system for the threats they cause, Polish and global legal regulations, as well as selected cases of attacks. It leads to the conclusion that continuous improvement of laws concerning biological agents is needed, as well as the preparation of military and civil structures for a potential attack and related crisis and military operations.

The Romanian Revolution of 1989 - An Armed Conflict?

Abstract The violent events of December 1989 in Romania, which led to the removal of the Communist regime from power are still shrouded in mystery today. The social disorder and the political chaos of those days overlapped with the violent use of the armed forces that used all kinds of weapons. During the armed confrontations, many casualties (military and civilian) and destruction of goods, including cultural ones, took place. In the years following these events a series of theories, hypotheses, controversies, and trials have emerged, but no one has clearly defined the legal nature of this social-political crisis. The purpose of this scientific approach is not to analyze the events and crimes committed in December 1989, but to determine whether and to what extent the international humanitarian law can be applied to these events.

GROUP IDENTIFICATOIN OF CARTRIDGE CASES DISCHARGED FROM HOMEMADE SUB-MACHINE GUNS

The increasing number of homemade sub-machine guns in caliber 9 mm Parabellum received for examination, as well as cartridge cases discharged from this weapon, made it necessary to single out the marks which can be used for group identification. The article gives the results of generalizing and systematization of marks observed during the examinations made in the laboratory. This work singles out the marks and traces which can be observed on the cartridge case surface and can be used for the identification of the type and model of the firearm. The construction features of homemade sub-machine guns were investigated. Among these features are the construction based on open bolt mechanical scheme, the use of static firing pin, methods of barrel assembling and fixing into the body of the weapon, which can lead to the appearance of a hole in the chamber, etc. The article also shows the influence of the tool processing on leaving special marks and traces on the breach face. These marks can also be used for the group identification. Based on the results of the research the article distinguishes between the main signs, which can be used for group identification, the sings similar to the ones known in factory-made weapons and the signs typical of homemade firearms. The first group consists of the marks of ejector and the extractor cutouts and the firing pin mark. For these sings the article describes special characteristics which makes it possible to distinguish them from the marks commonly observed on the factory-made examples. To the marks typical of homemade sub-machine guns can be applied breach face marks, cartridge case deformation, caused by differences between the sizes of the chamber and the cartridge, cartridge deformation while shooting when the cartridge case is not supported by the chamber, perforation of the sidewall of the cartridge case, etc. The article also discusses the issue of cartridge case comparison and individual identification. Great variety of the traces and marks as a result of low-quality tool processing was revealed. This can be the factor which makes comparison more difficult. However, the big number of individual marks observed on the cartridge cases makes it possible to come to well-grounded conclusion. Key words: cartridge cases, submachine guns, type and kind of weapon, expert practice.

International Law and the Problem of Change: A Tale of Two Conventions

Extensive efforts have been made in the modern period to suppress the possession and use of both chemical and nuclear weapons. However, progress towards the abolition of these two types of weapons presents a rather sharp contrast, as this case study shows. In this article the conventional prohibitions on the possession and use of these weapons are outlined, including the recent Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons of 2017. This Treaty prohibits the possession and use of nuclear weapons but it has not been (and likely will not be) ratified by any of the States that possess nuclear weapons. There is a further, and consequent, contrast between the two kinds of weapons in terms of whether a customary prohibition on the possession and use of chemical and/or nuclear weapons exists; this is also examined. Ultimately, there are lessons to be learned in terms of whether international law can change unless those most concerned, in this case the States that possess chemical or nuclear weapons, want it to change.

THE USE OF KALASHNIKOV (AK-47) IN ‘NDRANGHETA MURDERS: THE FIREARM OF THE CLAN.

‘Ndrangheta is a mafia criminal organization, hailing from Calabria, Italy. This organization is able to use any kind of weapon and the choise depends on the type of murder to commit. So, even bazooka have been used when the victims, judges or rival mafia clan boss, travelled by armored cars. Kalashnikov is not only used “normally” to commit mafia ambushes, but often it has been found carbonized with the car used by killers. This act confirm that mafia clan have available vast arsenals of weapons and it is a demonstration of what this organization is able to do. Gunshot wounds cause significant mortality and morbidity. The analysis of the features of injuries makes it possible to establish which kind of weapon has been used. The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated assault rifle and it uses a long stroke gas system. In order to shoot, who uses a AK-47, inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the trigger. It can be semi-automatic, when the firearm fires only once, or full-automatic, if the rifle continues to fire automatically and cyclically fresh rounds into the chamber. AK-47 rifle bullet injuries present with uncharacteristically large entry wounds and cause complex structural injuries. The consequent trajectory is difficult to predict making regional examination and radiological investigations. Bullets may be retained, leaving no exit wound. We report a case of an AK-47 murder. An autopsy was performed and documented the external lesions. Terminal ballistic reconstructions were carried out. The results of the forensic investigations revealed a mafia matrix in the genesis of the homicide. Kalashnikov is not a frequent weapon, so the wounds are not so common to see in the forensic practice. But, in ‘ndrangheta homicides, this firearm is preferred for its high harmful power that ensure a murder “without mistakes” and with devastating consequences on the shot body. Normal 0 14 false false false IT X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabella normale; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:6.0pt; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:8.5pt; mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

La herramienta <em>katinnu</em> en el texto de Ugarit RS 19.23

El texto de Ugarit en lengua acadia RS 19.23 presenta un problema de lectura e interpretación en el comienzo de la línea 11. Diversos autores proponen identificar la palabra ugarítica qṭn en el pasaje discutido. En este artículo, tras la discusión de qṭn 'quincalla' o bien 'vasija, recipiente', se argumenta en favor de la lectura katinnu, palabra acadia que en los textos de Emar designa un tipo de arma y que en RS 19.23 daría nombre a una herramienta de trabajo. Los términos katinnu y qṭn, al contrario de los propuesto por algunos especialistas, no pueden ser considerados variantes gráficas de una misma palabra.

Violência sexual na região do ABC Paulista: retrato de 142 casos

Introdução: O abuso sexual deixa sequelas graves, como limitações sociais. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das vítimas de violência sexual atendidas em um serviço especializado, na cidade de Mauá, São Paulo, entre 2008 a 2009. Métodos: Analisou-se 138 mulheres, assistidas em um Hospital Universitário. Estudo retrospectivo com levantamento de prontuários para coleta de dados. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, etnia, relacionamento conjugal e sexual, hora da violência, número de agressores, busca por auxílio médico, uso de medicações e exames protocolares, comunicação por parte da vítima às autoridades competentes, uso de arma pelo agressor e número de gestações decorrentes. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 22 anos. A maioria não possuía relação estável, tinha atividade sexual previamente à violência, etnia branca, procurou auxílio médico em até 72 horas após o ocorrido usou medicações protocolares. No período noturno ocorreram mais crimes e a violência nesse momento teve maior probabilidade de ser praticada por mais de um agressor. Apenas 26,7% pacientes reconheceram os agressores e somente 42,9% e 21,8% das mulheres fizeram boletim de ocorrência e exame de corpo de delito, respectivamente. Em 40,8% foi utilizado algum tipo de arma na abordagem ou durante o crime. Por fim, nenhuma das pacientes que fez contracepção de emergência engravidou. Somente quatro engravidaram em decorrência da agressão. Conclusão: A caracterização das pessoas que sofrem violência sexual é de extrema importância para a criação de estratégias de atendimento para a profilaxia de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e seguimento ambulatorial até finalizar o tratamento, além de acompanhamento psicológico.