Kind Of Pluralism Research Articles

¿Es posible un intencionalismo pluralista?

In contemporary discussions, one of the main arguments adduced against intentionalism is its supposed incompatibility with interpretative pluralism, due to its monist nature. In this paper I will discus the scope of R. Stecker’s attempt to make monism and pluralism compatible andG. Currie’s pluralist intentionalism. Finally, I will try to show what special kind of pluralism could be endorsed by intentionalism without needing to abandon its concept of art and its idea of artistic interpretation.

Cognitive Penetration and Attention.

Zenon Pylyshyn argues that cognitively driven attentional effects do not amount to cognitive penetration of early vision because such effects occur either before or after early vision. Critics object that in fact such effects occur at all levels of perceptual processing. We argue that Pylyshyn’s claim is correct—but not for the reason he emphasizes. Even if his critics are correct that attentional effects are not external to early vision, these effects do not satisfy Pylyshyn’s requirements that the effects be direct and exhibit semantic coherence. In addition, we distinguish our defense from those found in recent work by Raftopoulos and by Firestone and Scholl, argue that attention should not be assimilated to expectation, and discuss alternative characterizations of cognitive penetrability, advocating a kind of pluralism.

Source credibility as “information subsidy”: Strategies for successful NGO journalism at Mexican human rights NGOs

ABSTRACTThis article draws on Gandy's (1982) influential concept of “information subsidies” to examine strategies Mexican human rights NGOs employ to get their information into the news. By building their credibility as sources — through interpersonal relationships with journalists, through authority with human rights leaders, and through associations with NGO networks — NGOs provide a verification subsidy that shortens the time journalists need to evaluate the sources of their information. By playing to NGOs' strengths, namely their symbolic and social capital, this type of information subsidy holds promise for pluralism and accountability in the public sphere. This promise varies, however, according to what kind of pluralism we mean: namely, pluralism vis-à-vis the field of power, pluralism within the field of human rights NGOs, and pluralism of access to human rights accountability. It also varies according to the resources of the NGO in question, which affect the NGO's ability to demonstrate credibility and thus to provide information subsidies. The article's focus on the information subsidies provided by subordinate journalistic sources, particularly those that address information values about sources rather than about content, as well as on the centrality of credibility in communication across fields, further develops these concepts in media sociology.

Uncommon Effects and Uncommon Causes

Richard Ned Lebow. (2014). Constructing Cause in International Relations . Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 208 pp., $90.00 hardcover (ISBN 978-1-107-67288-8). The primary aim of Constructing Cause in International Relations is to introduce the concept of inefficient cause into the crowded lexicon of causal talk in International Relations research. Lebow argues that many events in world politics—the First World War or the rise of the territorial state—are singular events, meaning they are “causal but non-repetitive” (152). These “one-offs”—uncommon effects—cannot be explained using traditional accounts of causation that emphasize statistical associations with common causes; instead, to search for causes of these events, one must trace the web of uncommon causes that produced them, focusing on what is special about the event rather than what is generic. The central argument of Constructing Cause comes after a few chapters that advance a theory of the origins of causal pluralism, in which Lebow adopts the anti-realist position that causes are constructed by researchers, rather than being features of the natural or social world. This kind of pluralism allows researchers to construct new, useful concepts of causation. In this spirit, Lebow adds inefficient causation into the already crowded field of causal-talk jargon to capture intuitions about how to explain singular events. The term inefficient causation , on my reading, is perhaps better called inefficient causal analysis or inefficient causal explanations , because it is a strategy or “multi-step process” for identifying causal factors rather than a kind of cause per se (65). The first step is to select some event in world politics, such as the formation … ericgryn{at}gwu.edu

The convergence model of philosophical method in the early Han

In this paper I explain the convergence model as a distinct form of syncretism in the Han, distinguishing it from both what I call exclusivism, which is challenged by Zhuangzi, and other syncretistic conceptions of method. I offer a rough outline of the structure of the convergence model as it emerges in key texts of the late Warring States and early Han periods. I first lay out the conceptual distinctions to understand the convergence model within a structure of different kinds of syncretism and pluralism. I then argue that the focus on school affiliation that many scholars of Han thought are concerned with has obscured important features of method and in particular the convergence model in Han thought. In the following sections, I turn to the Shizi, Lushi Chunqiu, and Huainanzi to illustrate a number of key features of the convergence model and texts endorsing it: explanation of the problems with exclusivism, the understanding of unity of seemingly disparate perspectives, how this unity is achieved, and by whom. The intention here is to offer a broad outline of the convergence model, which can then be built upon in future work.

Two Kinds of Value Pluralism

I argue that there are two distinct views called ‘value pluralism’ in contemporary axiology, but that these positions have not been properly distinguished. The first kind of pluralism, weak pluralism, is the view philosophers have in mind when they say that there are many things that are valuable. It is also the kind of pluralism that philosophers like Moore, Brentano and Chisholm were interested in. The second kind of pluralism, strong pluralism, is the view philosophers have in mind when they say there are many values, or many kinds of value. It is also the kind of pluralism that philosophers like Stocker, Kekes and Nussbaum have advanced. I separate and elucidate these views, and show how the distinction between them affects the contemporary debate about value pluralism.

SPEP Co-director's Address: Progress, Philosophical and Otherwise

SPEP Co-director's Address: Progress, Philosophical and Otherwise

Clarifying the interaction between ideas and architectural works in the Achaemenid era

The circle formed in the course of surveying the movement from idea to work--which makes the act of creation--and from work to idea--which is concerned with the sphere of thinking, cognition and perception--leads to the formation of culture and civilization. Formation of any civilization is a direct result of interaction between ideas and forms. If there is no idea, there will be no form, and if there is no form, promotion of idea will be meaningless. From the ancient time, the religious-mythical idea, as a whole idea, has been leading to other ideas including philosophical, mystical and political ideas. Architecture, as a historical form, has been the outcome of interactions between the triple ideas proposed under the religious idea. In this study, an attempt is made to explain the role of each idea in the creation of architectural works of Achaemenid civilization by defining them. It also aims to review the historical form of the Achaemenid era, which was based on a philosophical-political idea, in order to investigate the role of this period in relation to architectural form which is addressed with a kind of pluralism. In other words, the main objective was to clarify the interaction between the prevailing notion of time and architectural works.

Simple Resolution of Enantiomeric NMR Signals of α-Amino Acids by Using Samarium(III) Nitrate With L-Tartarate.

Readily available L-tartaric acid, which is a bidentate ligand with two chiral centers forming a seven-membered chelate ring, was applied to the chiral ligand for the chiral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shift reagent of samarium(III) formed in situ. This simple method does not cause serious signal broadening in the high magnetic field. Enantiomeric (13)C and (1)H NMR signals and enantiotopic (1)H NMR signals of α-amino acids were successfully resolved at pH 8.0 and the 1:3 molar ratio of Sm(NO3)3:L-tartaric acid. It is elucidated that the enantiomeric signal resolution is attributed to the anisotropic magnetic environment for the enantiomers induced by the chiral L-tartarato samarium(III) complex rather than differences in stability of the diastereomeric substrate adducts. The present (13)C NMR signal resolution was also effective for the practical simultaneous analysis of plural kinds of DL-amino acids.

WANG CHONG, TRUTH, AND QUASI-PLURALISM

The first century Chinese philosopher Wang Chong 王充 has largely escaped the attention of comparative philosophers. That this oversight is undeserved is shown by two journal articles and an encyclopedia entry by Alexus McLeod (2007; 2011; 2012). McLeod sketches an intriguing picture of a philosopher whose style and approach to philosophy reminds more of analytic philosophy than of popular images of Chinese philosophy. Wang Chong preferred clear and direct argument to the “flowery and artificial writing” (華偽之文) that he perceived to be customary in his day, 1 adhered to a kind of metaphysical realism, and advocated a two-faced philosophical method of questioning (wen 問) what is unclear and challenging (nan 難) what is false or invalid. While McLeod deserves praise for making Wang Chong more accessible to a Western audience, I have my doubts about his analysis of Wang Chong’s theory of truth as presented in this journal (see McLeod 2011). McLeod argues that Wang Chong implicitly adhered to a kind of pluralism about truth somewhat similar to the theories defended by Crispin Wright and Michael Lynch in the last two decades, and even improves on those by solving the problem of mixed discourse. In this response to McLeod, I want to challenge (aspects of) this interpretation of Wang Chong, and suggest a kind of “quasi-pluralism” that builds on both McLeod’s pluralist interpretation and my critique thereof.

Analytical study on the growth and transfer of adhesive substances generated on the surface in the early stage of sliding

This study is intended to produce reliable quantitative information about adhesive wear phenomena of metallic materials in the early stage of dry sliding. The outcome of this study will contribute to the refinement of the physical model of a wear mechanism. A devised technical method was employed in the study to enable data acquisition linked with the position of measurement on the specimen and objective combinational analyses of plural kinds of tribological data. Quantitative analyses on the relationship between friction force and specimen displacement perpendicular to the sliding surface was carried out. Data analyses on the self-mated dry sliding of austenitic stainless steel clarified the existence of several elemental processes of adhesive mechanism with quantitative parameters such as the growth rate and the size of adhesive substances generated at the interface between sliding members. The influences of the relative humidity (RH) in an atmospheric air on the numerical parameters were revealed as well and they were interpreted into the physical model of the adhesive wear mechanism.

The end of International Relations theory?

With a view to providing contextual background for the Special Issue, this opening article analyses several dimensions of ‘The end of International Relations theory?’ It opens with a consideration of the status of different types of theory. Thereafter, we look at the proliferation of theories that has taken place since the emergence of the third/fourth debate. The coexistence and competition between an ever-greater number of theories begs the question: what kind of theoretical pluralism should IR scholars embrace? We offer a particular account of theoretical engagement that is preferable to the alternatives currently being practised: integrative pluralism. The article ends on a cautiously optimistic note: given the disciplinary competition that now exists in relation to explaining and understanding global social forces, International Relations may find resilience because it has become theory-led, theory-literate and theory-concerned.

Logical Pluralism: Another Application for Chunk and Permeate

A motivation behind one kind of logical pluralism is the thought that there are different kinds of objects, and that reasoning about situations involving these different kinds requires different kinds of logics. Given this picture, a natural question arises: what kind of logical apparatus is appropriate for situations which concern more than one kind of objects, such as may arise, for example, when considering the interactions between the different kinds? The paper articulates an answer to this question, deploying the methodology of Chunk and Permeate, developed in a different context by Brown and Priest (J Philos Log 33:379–388, 2004).

On Detection for Scarcely Collided Super-Slow Port Scannings in IDSs' Log-Data

Recently, cyber-attacks against governments and enterprises more intensified, these have already taken on “Cyber-warfare.” Because the attack technics are more artful, it is too difficult to defend them perfectly. We began this research because super-slow port scannings are extracted from IDSs’ log-data placed in our managed networks for 4 months. In order to extract similar scannings from large log-data, a systematical detection method is required. In this paper, we propose a detection method of scarcely collided super-slow port scannings. This method uses only -value of number of accesses per each port without relying on time rate of traffic count. And, we report that plural kinds of scarcely collided super-slow port scannings can be detected in the IDSs’ log-data. 

Religious Freedom, the Good of Religion and the Common Good: The Challenges of Pluralism, Privilege and the Contraceptive Services Mandate

The right to religious freedom is properly grounded in religion’s status as a fundamental and irreducible human good, which is nevertheless related to other goods and social in character. Its protection for persons and groups is therefore also a component of the common good of political society. After arguing for these propositions on broadly Thomistic philosophical grounds, the article discuses and answers three recent challenges. The first is based on a perceived conflict between recognition of the good of religion and pluralism and I argue that this objection can be met by distinguishing between different kinds of pluralism, most of which pose no problem to the thesis. A second objection comes from those outside the Thomistic tradition, who either reject the status of religion as a good deserving of explicit legal recognition and protection or accept it on inadequate grounds. The objections, I argue, are based on accounts of religion that are inadequate to the role it plays in sound practical reason. Finally, I discuss an argument from those within the Thomistic tradition who accept some limitations on religious freedom in the name of the common good. This third challenge is linked to the current controversy over the application of the US federal government’s insurance mandate to religious organizations and the US Catholic bishops’ response to it as an issue of religious freedom. Here I argue that the objection is based on a misunderstanding and misapplication of Aquinas’s account.

On Alethic Disjunctivism

Alethic pluralism is the view that truth requires different treatment in different domains of discourse. The basic idea is that different properties play important roles in the analysis of truth in different domains of discourse, such as discourse about the material world, moral discourse, and mathematical discourse, to take three examples. Alethic disjunctivism is a kind of alethic pluralism, and is the view that truth is to be identified with the disjunctive property that is formed using each of the domain-specific properties as disjuncts (i.e., in the view's simplest form, truth is the property of either having domain-specific property 1, or domain-specific property 2, and so on). This paper evaluates the prospects for alethic disjunctivism. In particular, it outlines the proper formulation of the view, and assesses some concerns that the disjunctive property lacks the pedigree necessary to be considered a truth property. I begin by briefly outlining the motivations for alethic pluralism, before noting four general constraints on formulations of the view. I then consider a ‘simple’ formulation of alethic disjunctivism, and recommend an amendment. I then demonstrate that the candidate truth property specified by this new formulation is able to meet the central constraints required for it to be considered a viable formulation of alethic pluralism. The final part of this demonstration involves making some distinctions between different kinds of disjunctive properties, and arguing that disjunctive properties are not necessarily highly abundant properties: some are more sparse than others.

Magnetic Field and Fluid Flow Computation of Plural Kinds of Magnetic Particles for Magnetic Separation

Magnetic chromatography is an effective system for fine magnetic particle separation because of its strong magnetic field gradients. We have been developing the magnetic chromatography system to separate two or more kinds of fine magnetic particle with different sizes. To evaluate the performances of our developed system, we have also developed a simulation code with taking into account the fluid dynamics and magnetics. It is, however, difficult to consider two or more kinds of fine magnetic particles with different sizes in the simulation, because magnetic interferences between two or more kinds of magnetic particles need to be considered. Therefore, we have newly developed a simulation code to deal with magnetic interferences between two or more kinds of fine magnetic particles.

Religious Legal Pluralism Revisited - The Status of the Roman Catholic Church and Her Canon Law in Singapore

By religious legal pluralism we usually mean state-recognised legal pluralism, such as the kind of legal pluralism implemented in Singapore through the Administration of Muslim Law Act. But there is also religious legal pluralism outside State recognition and enforcement. Many religions have very long legal traditions which have survived, often without much support or official recognition by States (Jewish law, for example). In this paper we shall look at one such tradition, the canon law of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church and its implementation by the Church in Singapore, including the establishment of very busy ecclesiastical tribunals in Singapore to administer disputes relating to the possible nullity of religious marriages, for example. The hope is that this example of Canon Law in Singapore will show that there can be very detailed and formal religious laws implemented by formal institutions such as tribunals outside the ambit of the State.

Nonabelian Dualization of Plane Wave Backgrounds

We investigate plane-parallel wave metrics from the point of view of their (Poisson-Lie) T-dualizability. For that purpose we reconstruct the metrics as backgrounds of nonlinear sigma models on Lie groups. For construction of dual backgrounds we use Drinfel'd doubles obtained from the isometry groups of the metrics. We find dilaton fields that enable to satisfy the vanishing beta equations for the duals of the homogenous plane-parallel wave metric. Torsion potentials or B-fields, invariant w.r.t. the isometry group of Lobachevski plane waves are obtained by the Drinfel'd double construction. We show that a certain kind of plurality, different from the (atomic) Poisson-Lie T-plurality, may exist in case that metrics admit several isometry subgroups having the dimension of the Riemannian manifold. An example of that are two different backgrounds dual to the homogenous plane-parallel wave metric.

Religious Legal Pluralism Revisited – The Status of the Roman Catholic Church and Her Canon Law in Singapore

AbstractBy religious legal pluralism we usually mean state-recognised legal pluralism, such as the kind of legal pluralism implemented in Singapore through the Administration of Muslim Law Act. But there is also religious legal pluralism outside State recognition and enforcement. Many religions have very long legal traditions which have survived, often without much support or official recognition by States (Jewish law, for example). In this paper we shall look at one such tradition, the canon law of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church and its implementation by the Church in Singapore, including the establishment of very busy ecclesiastical tribunals in Singapore to administer disputes relating to the possible nullity of religious marriages, for example. The hope is that this example of Canon Law in Singapore will show that there can be very detailed and formal religious laws implemented by formal institutions such as tribunals outside the ambit of the State.