Kinds Of Paper Research Articles

Pulp and paper production from oil palm empty fruit bunches: A current direction in Malaysia

The pulp and paper industry is advanced rapidly since there are many types of raw materials containing cellulose fibres that could be used to produce different kinds of paper by different methods in the mills. In Malaysia, one of the abundant non-wood materials for pulp and paper production is empty fruit bunch (EFB) from the oil palm. The EFB is the main fibrous residue and natural fibre which has promising potential as an alternative to replace woody materials. This study provides insight into the use of EFB as an alternative non-wood fibre resource in pulp and paper making. The potential of oil palm EFB transformed into valuable fibre material was elaborated. In this review, detailed information on the properties of EFB for pulp and paper making process to identify the chemical composition and fibre morphology were discussed. Recent advanced applications including nanocellulose from EFB, polymeric hydrogel, and antimicrobial papers were discussed to demonstrate high commercialization for pulp and paper technology. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has been employed due to the high complexity of paper products. The future trends and challenges regarding the use of EFB in pulp and paper making were also reviewed. This study demonstrated that the EFB has met the demand of the market chains as a potential raw material in paper making and manufacturing.

Study on the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Spectral Unmixing of Mixed Pixels

In the spectrum measurement experiment, the roughness of the object surface is an essential factor that cannot be ignored. In this experiment, a group of mixed pixel samples with different mixing ratios were designed, and these samples were printed on four kinds of papers with different roughness. The spectral characteristics of mixed pixels with different roughness are quantitatively analyzed by using the measured spectral data. The linear spectral mixture model is used for spectral decomposition, and the effect of roughness on the unmixing precision of mixed pixels was studied. The surface roughness will affect the reflectivity of the mixed pixel. Specifically, the higher the roughness is, the higher the reflectivity of the sample is. This phenomenon is more noticeable when the proportion of white endmember (PWE) is large, and as the white area ratio decreases, the reflectance difference gradually decreases. When the surface roughness of the sample is less than 3.339 μm, the spectral decomposition is performed using a linear spectral mixing model in the visible light band. The average error of the unmixing is less than 0.53%, which is lower than the conventional standard spectral measurement error. In other words, when the surface roughness of the sample is controlled within a specific range, the effect of roughness on the unmixing accuracy of the mixed pixels is small, and this effect can be almost ignored. Multiple scattering within the pixels is the key to model selection and unmixing accuracy, when using the ASD FieldSpec3 spectrometer to perform spectral reflectance measurement and linear spectral unmixing experiments. If the surface roughness of the sample to be measured is less than the maximum wavelength of the spectrometer, the experimental results believe that the photon energy is mainly mirror reflection on the surface of the object and diffuse reflection. At this time, it is still a better choice to use a linear spectral mixing model to decompose the mixed pixels.

Flame-retardant paper with robust hydrophobicity enabled by perfluorodecane doped SiO2 nanofibers

Paper plays an important role in various aspects of human life. However, most of the paper materials are vulnerable to both flame and water, which seriously restrict their performance in many applications. Here, we report a new kind of flame-retardant paper with high-temperature-resistant hydrophobicity. This kind of paper was fabricated by vacuum filtration of electrospun fluorinated SiO2 fibers and methyl silicon resin. It is mechanically flexible. Its Young’s modulus is 94 MPa, similar to normal printing paper. The optimized paper demonstrated a water contact angle (WCA) of 151°, which can be maintained as high as 126° even after 30 min of annealing at the temperature of 600 °C. Finally, writing with inorganic ink can be performed on this paper with inhibited ink diffusion. The written paper can maintain its integrity after 5 min of firing by alcohol flame. The flame-retardant and hydrophobic paper here may extend the applications of paper in wide range of fields.

“What kind of paper do you want from us?”: developing genre knowledge in one Kazakhstani university postgraduate school

Drawing on the Academic Literacies perspectives of Lea and Street and key genre theorists, this mixed-methods case study explored multilingual student experiences of academic literacy practices in one postgraduate social-science school in an English-medium university in Kazakhstan. Two questions guided the research: (1) To what extent and in what ways do students develop genre knowledge in their school EMI contexts?; (2) Which pedagogical approaches and strategies do students identify as beneficial in supporting genre knowledge development? The study found students developed genre awareness for research-related literacy practices, involving field-, tenor- and mode-related genre knowledge. The study also found student capacity to apply genre knowledge successfully across a range of text genres. Another finding was that challenge and success in genre knowledge development was a function of the extent of explicit feedback from instructors and peers and explicit assignment expectations. Each of our findings are consistent with the critique and recommendations of Lea and Street (1998; 2006) on the importance of a situated approach to developing student academic literacy practice that accounts for the larger institutional contexts and epistemological traditions in which those practices have meaning. These findings have important value for discussions and debates on student academic literacy learning and practice in higher education in Kazakhstan, across Central Asia and in other countries where policies for internationalization and research universities are rapidly transforming higher education literacy practice in the current era of globalization.

Manuscripts from Different Brands of Ballpoint Pens – GC/MS Ageing Profile in Brazilian Tropical Weather

Background: Dating of ballpoint pen manuscripts in forensic documents is still a challenge for experts. Methods of ink dating consider solvent evaporation through time, especially 2- phenoxyethanol (2-PE). Objective: The objective of the researchers was to perform a continued study with pen ink strokes of ballpoint pens commercialized in Brazil, to characterize the ageing profile of 15 brands of blue and black pens. Methods: Solvent composition analysis of ballpoint pen ink lines written in white and recycled paper was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, to quantify 2-PE, in recently written lines and in lines aged 4, 18, 27 and 36 months. Results: The results showed that the pens had initial quantities of 2-PE smaller than in the Europe despite of having similar ageing behavior. Such kind of paper had more influence on aged pen strokes than in the recently applied pen strokes. Light and heat accelerated ageing. Some pens stopped ageing at 18, 27 and 36 months. Conclusion: The results obtained were promising for elucidation of the ageing behavior of pen ink lines in tropical weather, but further statistical treatments could be done to adequate interpretation in real cases.

Collaborative Encoding of Text Genesis: A Pedagogical Approach for Teaching Genetic Encoding with the TEI

The paper discusses the question of how genetic encoding can be taught in order to introduce encoding strategies of text genesis to less technologically adept scholars. The TEI Guidelines have offered ways to encode manuscript genetics for almost a decade (chapter 11.7). However, this topic is considered to be relatively advanced, and is rarely covered in introductory courses or teaching materials. The paper is based on two encoding workshops at the University of Vienna in different settings. Participants produced a dossier génétique (genetic dossier) in a collaborative writing process. They had at their disposal several writing tools (pens, typewriters) and different kinds of paper, in order to produce a text with several layers, while the whole process was recorded on video. The products were then digitized, and each group got digital copies of a different one. Participants analyzed the specific phenomena of the primary sources, such as additions, corrections, deletions or scribal hands. The participants were then introduced to the necessary encoding strategies to represent the genesis of texts. After the introduction to the transcription tool Transkribus, the students transcribed one of the texts, exported it, and enriched it further with Oxygen Author using a dedicated framework.

Paper Chemistry: Past to Present – Process Engineering for Advanced Chemistry Lessons

Paper is an omnipresent and everyday composite material. However, not all papers are alike. Different kinds of paper have characteristics specific to the respective application area which are modified by the use of different paper additives in paper production. Because those paper products are an integral part of the students' everyday lives, adequate model experiments have been developed that enable the students to reproduce complex paper production processes in chemistry class. This article therefore presents two reliable hands-on experiments that show the history of paper gluing (experiment I) as well as the use and detection of polyvinyl alcohols as typical sizing agent of different kinds of paper (experiment II). Both experiments primarily use easily accessible everyday materials, which from a didactic perspective again create an everyday reference for the students. From an organizational and experimental perspective the use of everyday materials results in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly lab work with low safety-risks, so that the experiments make a valuable contribution to the introduction of paper chemistry for advanced chemistry teaching in secondary schools.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE HINTERLANDS OF NORTHERN SAMAR

This study investigated the perceptions of the faculty of members, school official and students in terms of environmental protection and management. It employed random sampling using survey questionnaires to gather data from the respondents. Frequency counts and percentage were used to process the data.
 Most of the respondents had positive responses on waste reduction and management, as the commonly used environmental protection strategy in the school. A majority of them rejected plastics and agreed that these are harmful to the environment friendly products, are materials that can be recycled, and less favored materials are the non-toxic products, and a majority of the respondents favored that individual bulk packaging is preferred than bulk packaging of products from suppliers.
 High percentage favored that the classrooms are designed to make use of natural ventilation and natural lighting. Most of the respondents had negative responses on the issue of planning the campus in such a way as to reduce the use of motor vehicle in terms of motor boat as mode of transportation. There was a high percentage of positive response regarding the physical greening of the school, as observed in the entire campus. A majority of the respondents had positive responses on fluorescent lamps as the commonly used source of light, than of the use of incandescent. Most of the respondents had negative response on artesian well as the source of water, and a high positive response was observed regarding local water works as the source of water for everyday use. Majority of the respondents agreed that office machines are turned off when not in use, and using the fans whenever possible also had a high positive response; only fewer respondents agreed on the usage of air conditioner. A majority of the respondents agreed that white paper is the most preferred kind of paper in the school.
 A majority of the respondents had positive response in using the used paper in photocopying articles as commonly used paper recycling or use of reduction program. A majority of the respondents agreed that composting biodegradable was right in the campus and wet waste sent to recyclers had a low positive response. There was a high percentage of positive response on disposable plastic utensils as the most discouraged material in the canteen. Disposable cups, disposable plates, paper napkins and plastic wrappers had also high percentage as materials discouraged in the canteen. A majority of the respondents agreed that waste segregation in the school is practiced. Most of the respondents agreed that containers for biodegradable and non-biodegradable are provided in the entire campus. A majority of the respondents favored that biodegradable materials are made to compose. Respondents favored that sealing properly before disposal of hazardous/chemicals water is done inside the campus.
 All the eight (8) environment concerns/themes are integrated in the curriculum. A majority of the respondents indicated that environment concerns/themes are incorporated in Music, Health and Physical Education. They are also integrated in English, Social Studies, Pilipino, and Mathematics.

On irrationality measure arctg 1/2

An evaluation of irrationality measure for various transcendental numbers is one of the field in diophantine approximation theory. Starting with the works of Е. Borel at the end of 19th century, were developed both general methods of evaluation for classes of some functions values and specialized approaches for estimating peculiar numbers. Diverse methods particularly were practiced for the investigating of arithmetic properties of the function $$\arctg x$$ values. For getting evaluation on irrationality measure of $$\arctg x $$ values many authors regarded them as particular case of Gauss hypergeometric function. One of the first such kind of papers was the article of M. Huttner 1987, who proved a generalized theorem about estimation on irrationality measure of the Gauss hypergeometric function values $$F_2^1\left(1,\frac{1}{k},1+\frac{1}{k}|\varepsilon x^k\right), k\in\mathbb N, k\geq 2, \varepsilon=\pm 1.$$ A big role in progress of theme have been played by works of A. Heimonen, T. Matala=aho, K. V\{a}\{a}n\{a}nen, in which was also constructed a method for evaluation on irrationality measure of the Gauss hypergeometric function values of the form $$F_2^1\left(1,\frac{1}{2},1+\frac{1}{2}|z\right), k\in \mathbb N, k\geq 2,$$ including $$F_2^1\left(1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}|-z^2\right)=\frac {1}{z}\arctg z.$$ The approach considered by them had used approximation of the Gauss hypergeometric function by Jacobi type polynomials and gave a lot of concrete results. Last decades for evaluation of various numbers were broadly spreading methods, which used symmetric on some changes of variable integrals. Originally, integral qualitatively using the property of symmetry was applied by V.Kh.Salikhov, who used it to got the new estimate for $$\ln 3.$$ A little later V. Kh. Salikhov had applied similar symmetrized complex integral for obtaining new evaluation of $$\pi.$$ In that work he put to use classical equality $$\frac{\pi}{4}=\arctg \frac{1}{2}+\arctg \frac{1}{3}.$$ The same method, i.e. complex symmetrized integral was used by E. B. Tomashevskaya, who had estimated values of $$\arctg \frac{1}{n}, n\in\mathbb N, n>2$$ and some of previous results for such numbers were improved by her. Later on E. B. Tomashevskaya had elaborated analogical integral for estimation of $$\arctg\frac{1}{2},$$ which one had allowed to prove the best result until now $$\mu(\arctg \frac{1}{2})\leq 11.7116....$$ In 2014 K. Wu and L. Vang improved the result of V. Kh. Salikhov for $$\ln 3,$$ applying a new type integral construction, which also had used a property of symmetry. In present paper we took the idea of K. Wu and L. Vang and applied it to the integral of E. B. Tomashevskaya. It allowed us to improve arithmetic properties of integral and obtain better result for extent of irrationality $$\arctg\frac{1}{2}.$$

Query-oriented citation recommendation based on network correlation

With the rapid proliferation of information technology, researchers find it more and more difficult to rapidly find appropriate reference papers for an authoring paper. Citation recommendation aims to overcome this problem by providing a list of reference papers given a query document. There exist various aspects in bibliographic literature acting as paper’s scholarly roles, such as paper’s content, paper’s author, citation behavior, paper’s topic. We argue that combining different kinds of paper’s scholarly roles can enhance citation recommendation performance. Based on it, we propose a network correlation based query-oriented citation recommendation approach. We first construct a semantic network and a citation network, these two networks consist of the same vertices but different edge connection. Then we build correlations of these two networks and select the top features to calculate the semantic similarities of the query paper and scientific papers. Finally, we choose the top ranked scientific papers as the recommended citation list. When evaluating on the AAN dataset, the experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Differences between National and Local Media in News Coverage of the Zika Virus

ABSTRACTDo national and local papers report on health threats in the same way? This question is investigated in an important and increasingly common context: the outbreak of an infectious disease. Although there is a large literature on how to measure the quality of health reporting, scant attention has been devoted to the role of audience considerations. We address this gap by comparing coverage of the 2016 Zika outbreak in the New York Times, a prestigious national newspaper, and the Tampa Bay Times, a well-regarded Florida newspaper. Based on an original content analysis, we find that audience considerations led to higher quality coverage in the local paper, particularly as it relates to avoiding infection. However, certain features of reporting, such as sensationalist language and imprecise risk information, were indistinguishable across the two outlets, which illustrates the challenges faced by reporters at both kinds of papers when it comes to accurately portraying risk.

Seeing the Empire Through Lists and Charts: French Colonial Records in the Eighteenth Century

Abstract By looking at list-making and comparative assessments of trade, this article on central administrative practices of record management aims at discussing the mobilization of archives in French colonial supervision in the eighteenth century. A Bureau des Colonies was created in the French Secretariat of the Marine in 1710: from the very outset, its main mission was to deal with the colonial records, mostly correspondence, through which the colonies were administered. Archives had been collected and classified in the Bureau des archives from 1699 onwards. But this implied an effort in the organization of papers: throughout the eighteenth century, the imperial administration created several other documentary tools that produced a simplified and ideal vision of the empire and of its place in the global order. Looking at the kinds of papers produced by the colonial administration and where these records were kept provides insight into how the central authorities understood the colonial empire. The paperwork shaped the way administrators understood empire, through operations carried out by the clerks on the records. Records were collected from all the colonies and actors, with a growing sense of being a unique agency possessing relevant records that were reduced to similar storage units by agents without field experience. In fact, archives became crucial in strengthening the empire as a political unity, under a centralized metropolitan direction, mainly after the Seven Years’ War.

Influence of gamma radiation on properties of paper and textile fibres during disinfection

At the present time, gamma radiation is once again being employed for mass disinfection of materials in cultural heritage conservation. Its in-depth and homogeneous effect and also the ability to rapidly treat a large number of items are among the undoubted advantages of this method. However, use of the higher doses of gamma radiation necessary for disinfection entails the risk of damage to organic materials. This work is concerned with the effect of various doses of gamma radiation on cellulosic materials (various kinds of paper and cotton textiles) and on proteinaceous materials (silk). The long-term stability of irradiated samples was also studied during artificial ageing by moist heat, along with the post-irradiation effect. The degree of degradation was studied by means of colorimetry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, viscometry (determination of limiting viscosity number or average degree of polymerization), molar weight distribution and mechanical properties.

ELDERLY VISUAL TASK PERFORMANCE BY DIFFERENCES ON READING MEDIA AND LAMP POSITION IN A ROOM

This research aimed to find out how lighting influence visual task performance of the elderly.The experiment was done on the table with different lamp position and by giving mark on the landolt ring chart printed on different reading media. Three position, the front, the middle and the back were the variables for lamp position, whilst different reading medias were the brown paper usually used for newspaper, the white silk uncoated paper or ‘HVS’ paper and the white gloss paper. The lamp were TL5 LED with 4000 °K and 6500 °K color temperature. The illumination level maintained specificly at 250-325 lux range. The respondents were 12 elderly with 58 years as the mean age. The result findings, for newspaper, the best position for speed was the front with 1.15 second per stroke; followed by the back with 1.18 second per stroke; and the middle got the lowest result with 1.4 second per stroke. For the HVS and glossy paper with higher luminance, the best for speed was the middle position that was the darkest in illumination, with 1.25 second per stroke for HVS and 1.3 second per stroke for glossy. The worst result was the back with 1.4 second per stroke for HVS and 1.36 second per stroke for glossy paper. For accuracy, the best for newspaper was the front, 96.02%. For the HVS paper, the middle and the back position has got the same highest accuracy, 90.45%. For the glossy paper, the middle position has got the highest accuracy, 91.62%. The visual task performance result, for the newspaper, the front position has got the highest score, followed by the back position that have brighter in illumination, but the score was lowest for the middle position. Contrary, for white HVS and white gloss paper, which get almost identic result, the middle position which was rather dark in illumination was the best, while the front and the back position were worse in visual task performance score. So that can be concluded that the higher illumination level was not always give the best to visual task performance; but depending to the user and the kind of paper or reading media as well.

Big Data Research: Database and Computing

Big data research has become popular and exciting studies in almost all scientific fields such as biology, chemistry, epidemiology, medicine and drug discovery. The various systems and platforms produce large amounts of data every day. It will be very helpful for the researchers and workers to deal with big data if the practical database and useful software are introduced in time. The Journal of Big Data Research (JBR) supplies an efficient and open access publishing platform for big data research. The first issue of JBR aims to foster the dissemination of high-quality big data studies in the biological, medical and chemical database as well as the new algorithm and software for big data processing. The database and computing framework are selected to introduce the development of big data in the biological, medicine and drug discovery. The mature and functional database can be serviced in big data research of scientific fields. It promotes the scientists to extract the useful and essential dataset from the massive data. The grid computing and cloud computing supplies a new paradigm that offers an effective framework of computing and services. The research papers are welcomed from the scopes of the practical database, new algorithm and software for big data studies. All these kinds of papers not only provide the effective application methods and platforms, but also give a good promising future for big data research.

The Column Setup of International Famous Medical Journals and the Enlightenment to Chinese Medical Journals

Objective: This paper aims at exploring the column setup and content characteristics of the four famous medical journals including BMJ(British Medical Journal), JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association), NEJM (New England Journal of Medicine), and TheLancet. Methods: The column setup and content were analyzed by looking through the four medical journals one by one. The total issueswere 101 including 26 issues of BMJ, 24 of JAMA, 26 of NEJM and 25 of The Lancet. Findings: Every issue of the four journals consistsof a dozen columns: fixed and non-fixed columns. Various kinds of papers were published based on various topics. These topics focused onobservations, viewpoints, correspondence and humanity. Conclusions: The setup of columns is flexible and rich in content and highlights thecharacteristics and principles of publication.

Physicochemical behavior of several kinds of paper under gamma irradiation

Several kinds of paper (Bond, Amate, Rice, Press, and Whatman#1) were studied in their original condition and were then exposed to gamma radiation between 3 and 15 kGy (0.9 kGy/h) with intervals of 3 kGy. The length and width of fibers (SEM) as well as pH were measured, and the chemical composition was determined by EDS. Pyrolysis characteristics (TGA and DTC), transmittance spectra by IR and X-ray diffraction patterns were studied as well. Whatman#1 contains only cellulose; whereas Bond, Press and Rice papers also contain calcite and Amate whewellite. All X-ray diffraction patterns showed Type I semicrystalline cellulose, but a slight presence of Type II was noted in the artisan papers (Amate and Rice). These results were confirmed by IR spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. Due to gamma irradiation no acidification nor change of fiber sizes or alteration of other studied parameters were observed. Therefore, these conditions may be recommended for the treatment of some deteriorated documents.

FIGURES OF MERIT EVALUATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF 2-PHENOXYETHANOL FROM BALLPOINT PEN INK LINES AND DETERMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPORT PAPER ON SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Brazilian Forensic Scientists are frequently asked about ballpoint pen manuscripts chronology in documents suspected to be forged. In the recent years, many methods like quantification of 2-PE (2-phenoxyethanol) have been developed on this subject. The validation of these methods only recently has been a concern between scientific forensic community. Researchers studied the behavior of ink on ageing, but few of them concerned about the influence of the paper on the extraction of 2-PE. This study performed the figures of merit evaluation of the quantification of 2-PE using GC/MS, testing the main parameters involved in the reliability of the method (linearity, repeatability, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness). After, based on a full factorial design with four factors and two repetitions, the authors tested kind of paper, grammage of paper, ink color and three ink ages, to verify the paper influence on the quantity of 2-PE from ink, trough GC/MS analysis. The merit parameters evaluation showed that the method is linear, precise, accurate and robust. The results for the effect of paper showed main effects of the factors and the existence of interactions effects between the kind of paper and paper grammage, and between the kind of paper and other factors.

Electron beam for preservation of biodeteriorated cultural heritage paper-based objects

Unsuitable storage conditions or accidents such as floods can present a serious threat for large quantities of book making them prone to attack by harmful microorganisms. The microbiological degradation of archives and book collections can be efficiently inhibited with irradiation processing. Application of EB irradiation to book and archive collections can also be a very effective alternative to the commonly used ethylene oxide treatment, which is toxic to the human and natural environment.In this study was evaluated the influence of EB irradiation used for microbiological decontamination process on paper-based objects. Three different kinds of paper (Whatman CHR 1, office paper and newsprint paper) were treated with 0.4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25kGy electron beam irradiation. Optical and mechanical properties of different sorts of paper treated with e-beam, before and after the radiation process were studied. These results, which correlated with absorbed radiation doses effective for the elimination of Aspergillus niger (A. niger) allowed to determine that EB irradiation with absorbed radiation dose of 5kGy ensures safe decontamination of different sorts of paper-based objects.

All flexible electrospun papers based self-charging power system

To pace with the miniaturization and flexibility tendency of wearable/portable electronics, it is a challenge to develop the lightweight and sustainable power sources with high efficiency. In this work, we proposed an ultralight and flexible self-charging power system via all electrospun paper based triboelectric nanogenerators (EP-TENGs) as energy harvester and all electrospun paper based supercapacitors (EP-SCs) as storage device, respectively. The EP-TENG, made into arch-shape, derived from one nonconductive PAN paper as a triboelectric layer and conductive carbon paper as electrodes. In EP-SC, the conductive carbon paper acted capacitive materials, while the nonconductive PAN paper severed as separator. Therefore, the superiority of the self-charging system is reflected by the properties of these two kinds of papers with lightweight, convenient, low cost, mechanical flexible and tailorable, which were prepared by a simple electrospinning and followed annealing method. When three-parallel EP-TENGs were further integrated with three-series EP-SCs, the all flexible electrospun papers based self-charging power system was constructed. As an effective and innovative power provider, the self-charging system was demonstrated to admirably power an electronic watch and calculator. The proposed self-charging system can be a promising candidate for self-powered wearable electronics and the development of next generation power system in practical applications.