Kinds Of Learning Strategies Research Articles

Language Learning Strategies: A Case of Indonesian Students Studying in the United Kingdom

This study aimed to find out the language learning strategies used by Indonesian students during their studies at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom, the obstacles faced in implementing the learning strategy, and how to overcome the obstacles in implementing the learning strategy. Data obtained by providing a questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was adopted from the Oxford theory, which consists of 50 statements with five answer choices in the form of Google form to 30 Indonesian students who studied at the University of Leeds. Then, the writer conducted the interview via zoom meeting that focused on the participants’ reasons and experiences with the language learning strategies they used. The result showed that: (1) the Indonesian students studying at the University of Leeds dominantly used cognitive, metacognitive, and social strategies. (2) The Indonesian students faced some obstacles in implementing the learning strategy, and they came from two factors: internal (study habits and study concentration) and external (teacher teaching style and the social environment). (3) The Indonesian students overcome those obstacles by applying different kinds of learning strategies. These findings relate to the importance and the use of language learning strategies for students who want to continue their studies overseas.
 Keywords: Language Learning Strategies; Indonesian Student; United Kingdom.

Writing Strategy: an Analysis of Successful Malahayati English Council Learners in Writing

Writing Strategy: an Analysis Of Successful Malahayati English Council Learners in Writing. The purpose of this study is to discover what kinds of learning strategies are used by successful learners to improve their English writing skills. This study employed an explanatory mixed method. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect data. The population in this study was Malahayati English Council students enrolled in writing classes, and the sample consisted of students who earned an A (86-100) in the final writing subject. The data was analyzed using a simple statistic and the cumulative frequency distribution method. Based on the result of this study, it was concluded that first, Writing is a continuous process of thinking, organizing, rethinking, and reorganizing. It requires command of vocabulary, spelling, grammar, punctuation, appropriate content, and word selection for the audience, topic, and occasion. A writer must be able to think and express ideas in well-organized sentences with high coherence. Second, successful learners applied the writing strategies those are suggested by the expert. They used those strategies to solve all problems and to get the best results in writing. Third, the strategy employed is to divide the writing process into four stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing

Fikrah Rusydi Ahmad Th’aimah wa Mahmud Kamil al-Naqah fi Ta’lim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah ‘Inda Dhu’i al-Madkhal al-Itthishal

This article is written to find out and analyze Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah’s and Mahmud Kamil An-Naqah’s thoughts on teaching the Arabic language using a communication approach. This article is written resting upon a library research and a content analysis approach. The findings indicate that: 1) There are four kinds of learning elements according to Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah and Mahmud Kamil An-Naqah. They are messages, the sender, the receiver, and learning media. 2) There are three kinds of learning strategies according to Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah and Mahmud Kamil An-Naqah. They are metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and sosio-affective strategy. 3) There are two kinds of problems in learning the Arabic language using the communication approach according to Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah and Mahmud Kamil An-Naqah. They are a) the problem in the same language, which is divided into sound, vocabulary, word, sentence, and writing; and b) the problem of external language, which is divided into the educational materials, the teacher, and the learning media.

Urgensi Prinsip Komunikasi Islam dalam Pembelajaran Agama Islam bagi Siswa di Sekolah Umum

This study discusses the urgency of Islamic communication principles in Islamic religious learning for students in public schools. This study wants to see how Islamic communication plays a role in increasing students' understanding of Islamic religious learning in public schools. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis approach. The results of this study indicate that the portrait of Islamic religious learning in public schools is still not optimal. There are at least two factors that cause this to be less than optimal, namely: (1) internal factors originating from within the education management, (2) external factors originating from outside the school management. The application of Islamic communication principles in Islamic religious learning in public schools is still full of challenges, because formally the implementation of Islamic education in schools is only two hours of lessons per week. In addition, the principles of Islamic communication in Islamic religious learning for students in schools get a good response, so that the principles of Islamic communication are very influential for the learning process so that students can be more active and understand PAI learning. Islamic communication can stimulate the response given so that students are more active in this case the role of the teacher is very important and implements various kinds of learning strategies.

XGBoost Optimized by Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for Credit Scoring

Personal credit scoring is a challenging issue. In recent years, research has shown that machine learning has satisfactory performance in credit scoring. Because of the advantages of feature combination and feature selection, decision trees can match credit data which have high dimension and a complex correlation. Decision trees tend to overfitting yet. eXtreme Gradient Boosting is an advanced gradient enhanced tree that overcomes its shortcomings by integrating tree models. The structure of the model is determined by hyperparameters, which is aimed at the time-consuming and laborious problem of manual tuning, and the optimization method is employed for tuning. As particle swarm optimization describes the particle state and its motion law as continuous real numbers, the hyperparameter applicable to eXtreme Gradient Boosting can find its optimal value in the continuous search space. However, classical particle swarm optimization tends to fall into local optima. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an eXtreme Gradient Boosting credit scoring model that is based on adaptive particle swarm optimization. The swarm split, which is based on the clustering idea and two kinds of learning strategies, is employed to guide the particles to improve the diversity of the subswarms, in order to prevent the algorithm from falling into a local optimum. In the experiment, several traditional machine learning algorithms and popular ensemble learning classifiers, as well as four hyperparameter optimization methods (grid search, random search, tree-structured Parzen estimator, and particle swarm optimization), are considered for comparison. Experiments were performed with four credit datasets and seven KEEL benchmark datasets over five popular evaluation measures: accuracy, error rate (type I error and type II error), Brier score, and F 1 score. Results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other models on average. Moreover, adaptive particle swarm optimization performs better than the other hyperparameter optimization strategies.

Student’s Learning Strategies in English Speaking Class

Speaking is the most essential skill that must be learned in acquiring a new language. It is important for the students to find the best learning strategies in order help them in learning the materials. However, it is necessary for the students to realize that there are many kinds of learning strategies that they may use during English speaking class. Therefore, this study aimed to elaborate on the kinds of students’ learning strategies in the English speaking class and to identify the factors that caused students to choose that learning strategy. The participants of this research were the students of English Department in the fourth semesters. The data were collected by using questionnaire and interview. The result shows that the students of English Department applied almost the learning strategies which provide on the metacognitive, cognitive, and socio-affective strategies while learning speaking. The most strategy used by students was note taking (51, 4%) and the least strategy was a translation (19, 6%). On the other hand, the strategy used by male students was cooperation (16, 8%) and there were (27, 1) female students who used self-evaluation as their strategy in learning speaking. Those learning strategies may be chosen depending on the students’ occasion and learning objectives.

Language Learning Strategies, Motivation and Gender in Foreign Language Context

The research in the field of language learning highlights two major paradigm shifts in the past few decades. First, the shift is from teacher-centered learning to learner-centered teaching and second related to learning processes through which learning occurs. In this second shift, research carried out in the field of language learning strategies (LLS) has amplified in the last few decades wherein the question of how the learners deal with their learning process by employing various kinds of learning strategies is being investigated systematically. This research article focuses on the profiles of learning strategies used by Indian students in learning Spanish as a foreign language, motivational orientations and gender aspect in using learning strategies. The participants (N=65) at two major universities teaching full-time Spanish courses at the undergraduate level were selected for the present research. It was found that the participants used social and metacognitive strategies the most and the memory strategies the least. The participants with interest in academic career chose to learn Spanish and the students with extrinsic motivation reported using learning strategy with higher frequency and there was no significant difference in the use of strategy concerning gender. In the end, conclusions are drawn and future area of research is suggested for researchers.

LEARNER STRATEGIES AND COMMUNICATIVE ACQUISITION: LEARNER’S AUTONOMY FROM THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Purpose: To investigate the conscious strategies learners use in acquiring language skills, though the main focus of the investigation has been on communicative strategies used in the SLA environment coping with communication difficulties in the target language situation.
 Methodology: A survey has been conducted of 100 BBA students (to understand the strategies adopted by them) with the help of questionnaires and follow up interviews which are used for observations in this study.
 Main findings: Learners do indulge different kinds of learning strategies and the choice of these strategies depends on the aim, objective and situation. Also, this selection/choice vary from learner to learner.
 Applications: This study will be useful for the teachers and students of ELT, EFL, and SLA to understand how learning strategies affect learning.
 Novelty: The goal of this study is to monitor learner strategies and to develop the learners’ motivational or affective level, or methods of selecting, organizing, acquiring and integrating new knowledge of the students. (Chamot and O’Malley, 1990), then by providing them with the tools to self-regulate their learning autonomy will be functional.

EFL LEARNING STRATEGIES OF SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS OF VOCATIONAL PROGRAM AT UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

In the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), the state of being successful in foreign language learning should not be only determined by how well they perform in the written test but also by how good they are at using the target language to communicate messages orally. Beside getting more exposure to the target language as the language input for language learning, implementing appropriate learning strategies has proven to be one of influential aspects in contributing to the students’ success in learning English. In relation to this, this study aims to investigate kinds of learning strategies that have been implemented by successful students majoring in Hotel Management at Vocational Program of Universitas Brawijaya. After careful selection of the successful students, in-depth investigation to reveal their kinds of learning strategies were done by observing their classroom performance, distributing questionnaire, and interviewing them for further details of information. The results show that the students have employed compensation, meta-cognitive, social and cognitive strategies in helping them learn the target language. Future researchers are suggested to conduct a study on language learning strategies involving more learners from other majors in relation to their language learning.

Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Melalui Manajemen Peserta Didik

This paper discusses the improvement of the quality of education through students is one component in the education system that is important, in the world of education students are the raw material in the process of transforming science. Learning is a variety of components that are interconnected with one another. These components include objectives, material, methods and evaluation. The four components of learning must be considered by the teacher in choosing or determining the approach and learning model. Chasing activities in their implementation recognize many terms to describe the way of teaching that will be done by the teacher. At present there are so many kinds of learning strategies or methods that aim to improve the quality of learning to be better.

On the Avoidance Phenomenon in Writing

The Avoidance phenomenon is a negative method used by learners who are reluctant to take risks in the process of learning language. For a long time, it is regarded as a kind of learning strategy which has been misused greatly and has hindered the improvement of language learning efficiency. Therefore, through the analysis of English major students’ various kinds of avoidance in writing, this article advocates that corresponding measures should be taken to prevent or reduce the occurrence of this phenomenon in English writing teaching.

Entity Search Based on the Representation Learning Model With Different Embedding Strategies

We focus on the problem of learning distributed representations for entity search queries, named entities, and their short descriptions. With our representation learning models, the entity search query, named entity, and description can be represented as low-dimensional vectors with minimal human preprocessing. Our goal is to develop a simple but effective model that can make the distributed representations of query-related entities similar to the query representation in the vector space. Hence, we propose three kinds of learning strategies, and the difference between them mainly lies in how to deal with the relationship between an entity and its description. We analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each learning strategy and validate our methods on public data sets, which contain various query types and different languages (i.e., English and Chinese). The experimental results indicate that our proposed methods can adapt to different types of entity search queries, and outperform the current state-of-the-art methods no matter the entity collection is homogeneous or heterogeneous. Besides, the proposed methods can be trained fast and can be easily extended to other similar tasks.

Learning Strategies in Speaking Skill Applied by A Student in Second Grade of SMK Pelita Nusantara Kediri

Most of the students get difficulties when they want to communicate to others. It is caused many factors including the limited students’ vocabularies, pronunciation, the idea that they are delivered, and knowledge of grammar. To increase the students’ speaking ability, they usually apply certain strategies in learning. This research aims to investigate what strategies and how they are applied to solve the difficulties in speaking and increasing the ability of speaking.The subject of research is a student in second grade of SMK Pelita Nusantara Kediri. She is the best student of second grade and she always gets the best ranking. The writer did some observations and interview to get the data. There are two kinds of learning strategies that applied; they are direct strategies and indirect strategies. Direct strategies are language learning strategies that directly involve the target language, and indirect strategies are language learning strategies that support and manage language learning without directly involving the target language. Direct strategies that are applied are memory strategies that reflect very simple principles such as arranging things in order, making association, and reviewing, cognitive strategies that most important strategies are practicing, and compensation strategies which intended to make up for an adequate repertoire of grammar and, especially, of vocabularies. In indirect strategies that are applied are metacognitive strategies which provide a way for learners to coordinate their own learning process, affective strategies that help to regulate emotions, motivations, and attitudes, and social strategies that can help all learners increase their ability to empathize by developing culture understanding and becoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings.It can be found that the strategies mostly used were cognitive strategies and social strategies. Cognitive strategy used was practicing by repeating, recognizing and using formula and patterns, and practicing naturalistically. Social strategies used were asking questions and cooperating with others.

Self-regulated learning in the museum: understanding the relationship of visitor's goals, learning strategies, and appraisals

ABSTRACTSelf-regulated learning (SRL) in the museum was explored by 2 investigations. The first one investigated 233 visitors on their goals and intended learning strategies by questionnaire before they visited the science museum. Results indicated visitors’ learning goals can predict their intended deep-learning strategy. Moreover, visitors can be clustered into 4 groups and their cluster identity can also predict the intended learning strategies. The second investigation asked 244 visitors about their actual learning strategies and motivational appraisals (self-efficacy and control beliefs) after visiting. In all, 5 kinds of learning strategies were found: elaborating, help-seeking, effort-making, reorganizing, and surface-learning. These strategies can further predict their motivational appraisals. The characteristics of SRL in the informal learning context were discussed.

A paradox of cumulative culture

Culture can grow cumulatively if socially learnt behaviors are improved by individual learning before being passed on to the next generation. Previous authors showed that this kind of learning strategy is unlikely to be evolutionarily stable in the presence of a trade-off between learning and reproduction. This is because culture is a public good that is freely exploited by any member of the population in their model (cultural social dilemma). In this paper, we investigate the effect of vertical transmission (transmission from parents to offspring), which decreases the publicness of culture, on the evolution of cumulative culture in both infinite and finite population models. In the infinite population model, we confirm that culture accumulates largely as long as transmission is purely vertical. It turns out, however, that introduction of even slight oblique transmission drastically reduces the equilibrium level of culture. Even more surprisingly, if the population size is finite, culture hardly accumulates even under purely vertical transmission. This occurs because stochastic extinction due to random genetic drift prevents a learning strategy from accumulating enough culture. Overall, our theoretical results suggest that introducing vertical transmission alone does not really help solve the cultural social dilemma problem.

Students’ Learning Strategies for Developing Speaking Ability

This study was done to study the learning strategies used by both low and high performance speaking students in developing their speaking skills as well as the differences between the learning strategies used by both groups of learners. The reason for conducting this research was the fact that the competency of many students in speaking English was still considered unsatisfactory in Banda Aceh. We postulated that one aspect involved in the process of developing speaking skills was the learning strategies used by the learners. In this study, the data was collected through field research by means of documents, questionnaires, and interviews. The result of this study indicated that high performance speaking students had better balance in using all kinds of learning strategies (memory, cognitive, compensatory, metacognitive, affective, and social) for enhancing their speaking skills; the same could not be found with low performance speaking students. Besides, the high performance students employed more learning strategies consciously and appropriately compared to the low performance students. Based on the research results, it is suggested that students should be trained to be more aware of their own speaking learning strategies. They should use appropriate language learning strategies more consciously, purposefully, and frequently to be more successful in developing their speaking skills.

Training spiking neural models using artificial bee colony.

Spiking neurons are models designed to simulate, in a realistic manner, the behavior of biological neurons. Recently, it has been proven that this type of neurons can be applied to solve pattern recognition problems with great efficiency. However, the lack of learning strategies for training these models do not allow to use them in several pattern recognition problems. On the other hand, several bioinspired algorithms have been proposed in the last years for solving a broad range of optimization problems, including those related to the field of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Artificial bee colony (ABC) is a novel algorithm based on the behavior of bees in the task of exploring their environment to find a food source. In this paper, we describe how the ABC algorithm can be used as a learning strategy to train a spiking neuron aiming to solve pattern recognition problems. Finally, the proposed approach is tested on several pattern recognition problems. It is important to remark that to realize the powerfulness of this type of model only one neuron will be used. In addition, we analyze how the performance of these models is improved using this kind of learning strategy.

Comparing the use of computer-supported collaboration tools among university students with different life circumstances

The proportion of higher education students who integrate learning with various life circumstances such as employment or raising children is increasing. This study aims to compare whether and what kinds of differences exist between the perceived use of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication tools among university students with children or in full-time employment and students without these commitments. The data were collected in a Finnish University by the means of an online questionnaire. The results indicate that students with multiple commitments were using more virtual learning environments and less instant messaging (IM) especially when communicating with their peers. The low level of IM might be an indication of not being able to or not wanting to create close ties with their peer students. The practical implication of the study is that pedagogical choices should support different kinds of learning strategies. Students with multiple commitments, and especially students with children, should be encouraged and assisted to create stronger ties with their peers, if they are willing to do so.

Multiple Intelligences in Japanese Language Learning

The awareness of the multiple intelligences and the appreciation towards the specific intelligences optimizes motivation, and accelerates the learning process. Gardner (1999) claims that all individuals possess eight types of multiple intelligences, which are verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, music, visual-spatial, kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence. Understanding of these profiles may lead one to a better understanding of self and how individual learn. This study adopts a descriptive approach, using questionnaires as the means to collect data. The objectives of this paper are firstly to examine the learners' profile of multiple intelligences, determines the correlation among intelligences, and then to suggest the learning activities based on the multiple intelligences. As a result of this study, it was found that there were positive correlations among the variables, thereby suggesting alternative routes to effective Japanese language learning via more than two kinds of learning strategies.

Number Matters: Born to Count

INTRODUCTION world, our brain becomes a thicket of neural connections. There are an estimated quadrillion (1,000 trillion) Babies were once viewed, in the words of English neural connections in the adult brain. To measure the philosopher John Locke, as blank tablets. Research in effects of the environment on the developing brain, early neuroscience over the past few decades has proven him studies examined rats raised either in an enriched enviwrong. Babies are like computers. Of course, there are ronment (with wheels to spin, ladders to climb, and major differences. Instead of microchips, the brain conother rats to play with), a deprived environment, or sists of neurons. However, like computers, babies take alone (Diamond, Krech, & Rosenzweig, 1964). Results in and process information from the world right from of the study showed that rats having the enriched envithe start. ronment had significantly more neural connections than The purpose of this article is to examine current those raised in the deprived environment or alone. Rats research on babies’ brain development. In particular, with thicker brains were smarter, figuring out how to run what does research tell us about babies’ ability to undermazes and find food faster. The enriched environment stand basic numerical concepts and arithmetic operaprobably matched the real world for rats living in the tions? wild. The results do not imply that extra stimulation produces a thicker rat brain but that a normal environment leads to better outcomes than a deprived environment. HARDWIRING THE BRAIN The same may also be true for human babies. Parents do not have to provide extra stimulating experiences Scientists have focused their attention on two aspects of the brain. One is neurologically based, shaped above and beyond what they would ordinarily do with their babies, such as responding to their cues and talking by evolution. The other is culturally based, shaped by learning. However, this dichotomy is misleading (Gopto and touching them (Ramey & Ramey, 1999). At birth, a baby’s brain is only one fourth the size nik, Meltzoff, & Kuhl, 1999). The evolution of the brain has influenced the kinds of learning strategies and culthat of the adult. What is added is not more neurons but an intricate network of connections between them. tural adaptations humans have acquired over time. In fact, the protracted period of immaturity during infancy Individual neurons communicate with each other in particular ways as when the retinas of send a visual image and childhood allow children to learn about their specific social environment (Bjorklund, 1997). of a human face to the brain. Even before birth, connections between neurons result from the spontaneous Babies’ brains change as a result of their give-andtake interactions with the world. Neurons are designed bursts of electricity or firing. Groups of neurons have been found to send signals in waves in trying to signal to respond to information from the outside world in specific ways, sending it on to other parts of the brain. other cells. Connections are formed with cells firing together. A favorite saying of neuroscientists is, “Cells However, the brain is also a dynamic system. Its parts are constantly in dialogue with each other. There are that fire together wire together.” After birth, sensory input floods the neurons, spurring a flurry of new connecover 100 billion neurons in the brain, about the same number of stars in the Milky Way. Hundreds of thoutions. As they signal to one another, permanent connections are formed. Over time, individual neurons form sands of neurons are involved in processing every bit of information the brain receives, although we only permultiple branches with each other. Some branches, called axons, send out information while others, called ceive a fraction of it at the conscious level. We participate in building our own brains from dendrites, receive information. The space between one cell’s axon and another’s dendrite is referred to as a synbirth. Based on our unique encounters with the real