Kind Of Interpretation Research Articles

The role of visitor studies in shaping visitor‐centered museums

AbstractVisitor studies are an important source of knowledge within museum practice: They inform what we believe about our audiences, what kinds of interpretation we develop, and how we conceptualize success. As visitor studies professionals, we see firsthand that the ways we gather data have implications for how we and our colleagues view visitors and how visitors perceive our institutions. Meanwhile, we also see opportunities for visitor studies within museums' broader aspirations to become more visitor‐centered, as defined by meaningful two‐way engagement with visitors. Using real‐world project examples, this paper explores possibilities for moving toward a more visitor‐centered approach to data collection, in which practitioners can more clearly privilege meaning, transparency, and care. As starting points, we suggest that active attention to four considerations should inform more visitor‐centered visitor studies: comfort (i.e., the well‐being of people); context (i.e., the circumstances of museum experiences and study implementation); flexibility (i.e., responsiveness to dynamics that imply a need for change); and value (i.e., supporting relations of mutual benefit).

Study of the Reasons for the Revelation of the Quran in the View of Al-Suyuti

As the science of the causes of revelation is an important science from the sciences of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic studies. Knowledge of this science is important for understanding the Qur’anic verses and is considered the best way to understand the interpretation of the Qur’anic verses, which is a kind of interpretation by tradition. There were also many suspicions about some of the narrations in Al-Suyuti’s books, which indicate and confirm the distortion of the Qur’an, and that what we have in our hands is not the same as the Qur’an revealed to the Great Prophet, may God’s prayers be upon him and his family, the martyr al-Sadr, by refuting these suspicions with definitive evidence, based on the verses of the Holy Qur’an itself and the narrations contained On the authority of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, in addition to the mental and logical evidence that contradicts these suspicions. This research aims to study the reasons for the revelation of the Noble Qur’an in Al-Suyuti’s vision through the descriptive-analytical approach. It is general and comprehensive for all similar situations, and is not limited to the specific case in which the verse is mentioned.

Ambiguity of the Japanese negative comparative expression <i>kurabe mono-ni nara-nai</i> ‘cannot be compared’

The Japanese comparative expression kurabe mono-ni nara-nai ‘cannot be compared’ has some characteristics that ordinary comparatives lack. First, its meaning is ambiguous in terms of whether the subject x is much higher than the object y or whether x is much lower than y in terms of scale. Second, it always appears with negation. I will argue that these two kinds of interpretation can be derived from the interaction with negation and the notion of category, and that the polarity sensitivity of the expression is due to its interaction with the maxim of quantity (Grice 1975). I will also compare the Japanese data to some related expressions in Chinese, English, and Japanese and discuss their similarities and differences. This paper shows that there is a new type of comparative, context-dependent comparison in natural language whose relative relationship is not linguistically encoded explicitly.

The Method of Interpretation in Neglected Letters for Al-Hamzawi in his Interpretation of Dorr Asrar - A Critical Study


 
 
 
 When you read and write about a critical study, you must take into account the impartiality and objectivity, whether this study may have a negative or a positive side, and it is not correct to assert the results of that study.
 The academic criticism is to re-imagine the perception and understanding of the written text that the study underwent. So it is the process of showing the errors and advantages of literary studies because of the methods, ideas and perceptions it contains.
 My study was entitled (The Method of Interpretation by the Neglected Letters for Hamzawi in his Interpretation of Dar Al-Asrar) (a critical study), as the researcher wanted to clarify the new method in which the author worked, by studying these perceptions and ideas ,in a critical study, showing whether the author was able to succeed and excel, with this kind of Interpretation, or not, through the tools of constructive academic criticism.
 
 
 

Research on the restriction of "new" pocket crime under the background of the Internet- from the Amendment of Criminal Law (IX)

With the release of the criminal law amendment (9), refusing to fulfill the obligation of network security crime and helping information network crime, as two important new charges, have improved the criminal law because the responsibility of "network service provider" was introduced for the first time in the field of criminal responsibility. However, in the implementation of relevant charges, due to its limitations in legislation and the similar problems in judicial practice, the scope of related crimes is improperly expanded forming the so-called "new pocket crime". Based on this situation and the legislation in Germany, combined with our own judicial practice, the systematization of related charges should be promoted in network service providers on the legislative level of special legislation. In the judicial level, specification of "knowing" standard and expanding the application of interpretation should be adopted. These two ways can realize the reduction of pocket crime and produce positive effect on the disadvantages of the rule of law construction in China. This paper proposes the method to solve the restriction of pocket crime from two aspects. At the legislative level there are three initiatives. Firstly, special legislation network service providers should be implemented. Secondly, the criminal law charges should be set systematically based on the typing of network service providers. Lastly, the criminal responsibility should be apportioned hierarchically based on the typing of network service providers. As for the judicial level, the identification standard of "knowing" should be clarified in judicial practice. In the process of applying the extended interpretation, it is important to adhere to the same kind of interpretation. In addition, the judicial authorities should organically combine the crackdown on crime with the development of the Internet in the process of cracking down on cybercrimes.

How to shape Black diasporic identity in France by reading (about) literature

This article gives an overview of francophone African diasporic websites such as Africultures.com, africavivre.com and other digital magazines, networks and blogs that are present on different platforms. Taking recent novels, texts of literary criticism, reviews and comments as examples, I analyse in what way they share in discourse about diasporic and migratory identity positions of Afropéens (‘Afropeans’) (and differ therein from other readings of the same novels). Methodologically, I draw on Stephen Greenblatt’s concepts of self-fashioning and circulation of social energy as well as on Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of the production of social capital. With respect to socially preformed discursive formation of Black people as an ostensibly homogeneous minority in the twenty-first century France, I refer to Pap Ndiaye’s ground-breaking study La condition noire from 2009 which closely analyses the complex situation of the Black migrant and post-migrant population. I focus on two narrative texts which are widely perceived both in France and on an international level: First, the autobiographically inspired novel Le Ventre de l’Atlantique (The Belly of the Atlantic) by Fatou Diome and second, Marie Ndiaye’s narrative triptych Trois femmes puissantes (Three Strong Women). Studying remarks and comments of literary criticism concerning these texts on francophone African diasporic websites, I raise the following questions: What relevance do these narrated characters (still) have today? To what extent do they shape the discourse of Black migrants in France? What kind of interpretation of the colonial history and context do they offer? And which emancipatory moments and decolonial strategies create a new, proper symbolic capital and, thus, add to the Imagined Community of ‘Noirs en France’ (‘Black people in France’)?

The Dispute Over the Part-Whole Puzzle in Aristotelian Hylomorphism and Ackrill’s Problem: The Argument inMetaphysicsZ 17, 1041b11-33

AbstractOne of the unresolved issues in Aristotle’s hylomorphism is the part-whole puzzle. Some scholars suppose that inMetaphysicsZ 17, 1041b11-33 he endorses non-mereological hylomorphism. This kind of interpretation, however, has been challenged by K. Koslicki who argues that if the evidence inMetaphysicsZ 17 is combined with some related textual and conceptual considerations, then a convincing case can be made for a mereological construal of Aristotelian hylomorphism. This paper does four things. First, it scrutinizes these opposing approaches to Aristotle’s theory. Second, it suggests that to adjudicate the dispute at hand one ought to determine how Aristotle deals with what has come to be known as ‘Ackrill’s problem’. It is proposed that if we consider Aristotle’s theory in light of some distinctions drawn in contemporary discussions of hylomorphism, then it transpires that he does have a solution to Ackrill’s problem. Third, it is shown that his solution to this problem suggests a particular way of settling the debate over the part-whole puzzle. And finally, it is argued that the suggested reconstruction of Aristotelian hylomorphism is consistent with the textual evidence inMetaphysicsZ 17 and its associated texts.

Hedda Gabler

Hedda Gabler: A Woman's Will to Power Hedda Gabler (1890) is the eighth of Henrik Ibsen’s twelve social plays from The Pillars of Society (1877) to When We Dead Awaken (1899). Most critics and stage directors construe it as a play in the realist tradition and as a pièce bien faite. In this essay, I argue for a different kind of interpretation based on the important studies of the play by Else Høst, John Northam and Brian Johnston. Like Høst, I start with the protagonist’s (Hedda’s) comments about vine leaves in Ejlert Løvborg’s (her former suitor’s) hair. Through these comments, Hedda can be associated to the wineleaves of Emperor Julian in Ibsen’s Emperor and Galilean (1873), where the protagonists Julian and Maximos, a kind of mystic, discuss a utopian realm built on both the Dionysic Greek and the Christian mystical tradition. Hedda is a late follower of this mysticism. In this essay, I emphasize the existential aspect of Hedda’s searching for authentic values. I consider Hedda as an outsider, although she is involved in a fight for power, just as the other characters are. The other characters are described in detail and their actions are fully understandable, whereas Hedda’s character lacks determination. We do not know why she married Tesman. We do not know if she is pregnant. We do not know why she sets fire to Løvborg’s manuscript. Jealousy is too weak an explanation. Whereas the other characters search for the lukewarm indifference of everyday life, Hedda aims at the magnificent and the impossible. She represents the indeterminate aspect of the play, she is the character which does not fit into the realist structure, the character looking beyond and above the other characters, the character open to completely different interpretations, also on stage. Through her suicide she motivates the reader and the spectator to reflect on the metaphysical aspects of life.

Metode Umum dan Khusus dalam Tafsir Fi Zhilal Al-Qur’an Karya Sayyid Qutub

This revelation in the form of the Qur'an is shown to people with different circumstances and worldviews. So it is possible and even necessary for the emergence of various kinds of interpretation. And it is essential to adjust between classical interpretations and the current events. Departing from that, Sayyid Qutub made the door for the latest convenience in interpreting the Koran which departs from the reality of society and straightens out what is considered untrue that occurs in that reality by creating a method of writing interpretation that is characteristic of his interpretation by Sayyid Qutub is very much needed in the study of interpretation. This research is qualitative through literature review. This study aims to discuss general methods and specific methods in the interpretation of the fi zhilal Qur'an by Sayyid Qutub. This research discusses general methods and special methods or characteristics used by Sayyid Qutub in interpreting the Koran and sources of interpretation that are al-iqtirani. This research concludes that. Tafsir fi Zhilal al-Qur'an which is the work of this Sayyid breathes movement. This interpretation is in the form of tahlili and at the same time has its own characteristics in the method of interpretation, one of which emphasizes something that is considered important and related to human behavior, eliminates misinterpretations that grow in the world, finally tries to explain how the verse is applied in society.

Constitutional Judicial Interpretation

The article analyzes the constitutional judicial interpretation as an independent type of judicial interpretation. The author proceeds from the fact that the constitutional judicial interpretation occupies a special place, since the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is not just a law enforcement body, but, unlike other subjects of judicial activity, is also a lawmaking body. The author highlights the signs of judicial interpretation, which are divided into three groups. Group 1 - these are signs that are inherent in any kind of interpretation, including judicial interpretation. Group 2 are the main features of judicial interpretation, which are inherent in this particular type of interpretation and without which it cannot exist. Group 3 are optional features of judicial interpretation that may be inherent in judicial interpretation, but in their absence, judicial interpretation continues to exist as an independent type of interpretation. The limits of judicial interpretation are investigated and, based on the analysis, the factors that determine the limits of constitutional judicial interpretation are identifi ed. In conclusion, arguments are given in favor of the existence of the rulemaking and lawmaking functions of the Constitutional Court.

Social Dynamics Simulation Using a Multi-Layer Network

The analysis and evaluation of urban structure are important while considering sustainable urban policies. It is necessary to develop a method that can easily analyze the social dynamics that are the result of changes over time in urban transportation and land use. Therefore, by describing the relationships between various agents in urban areas as a network, it is possible to analyze them by focusing on their structures. However, since there are few existing studies on social dynamics using network-based methods, it is necessary to examine the validity and effectiveness of these methods. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of urban analysis and evaluation focusing on the network shape by describing the urban activities and modeling the dynamics with a multilayer network. In particular, we focus on household composition and individual facility access, examine what kind of interpretation is possible for network indicators, and mention the applicability of complex networks to urban analysis. The model was applied to a two-dimensional grid virtual city, and the household composition and individual facility accessibility were quantified using the centrality index.

INCOMPATIBLE BUSINESS BEHAVIOR TOWARD ISLAMIC ETHICS: A STUDY ON THE PRACTICES OF RIBA AND BANK INTEREST

Various kinds of interpretations of usury and interest in modern financial institutions (banks), both from jurists and Muslim economists, seem to occur because the 'illat usury put forward by the jurists is seen as inaccurate in the development of Islamic legal thought. Gharar which is translated as speculation is equated with gambling because of the uncertainty for the parties (seller and buyer). This research uses a literature study, which is carried out by collecting, studying and reviewing books, scientific magazines and related documents such as theses and scientific journals. Many modern societies carry out such practices, such as buying and selling agricultural products that are still on the land with a wholesale system. When viewed from the ethical side of Islamic transactions, both usury, interest and gharar violate the ethics of transactions. Ethical considerations prohibiting usury, interest and gharar, due to unfairness, exploitation and unproductiveness. While the system of economic ethics emphasizes products, fairness and honesty in trade, and fair competition. In this case, good ethics will give good business, good ethics: good business. Ethics that is in the spotlight in this study, especially ethics in the operations and transactions of Islamic financial institutions. Then the sharia financial institutions in question include sharia banking, sharia pawnshops, sharia insurance, and sharia capital markets, all of which are some forms of representation of sharia macro financial institutions that are certain. have a significant impact on the nation's economic development. So that behavior that is not in accordance with Islamic ethics, such as related to usury and bank interest, must be avoided for Muslims.

Светителот – скротител на дивите ѕверови. По примерот на св. вмч. Мина Чудотворец

The basic and main topic of this research paper is the cult of St. Martyr Mina, especially his ability to tame the wild beasts-the wolves. The starting point of this paper is publication, written by V. Popovska Korobar about the wall paintings from the XV century in the monastery church St. Petka in the village of Brajchino, region of Prespa in Macedonia. In this church the saint is portrayed with some fairly rare iconographic elements that out framed the usual monumental painting of that time – the saint is portrayed as a victorious handler of tamed wild beasts. Popovska Korobar supposes that this kind of interpretation is related with the saint’s life in the desert together with the wild animals, or with the description of the beast in the existing literature about her life in Egypt – the monster with a camel’s head, and she does not identify the species of the animals depicted on the wall of the church. According to our research, this type of iconography is created and based upon the hagiographic texts in combination with the folklore identity of St. Mina and according to that, we think that the wild beasts are tamed wolves.

Maxim Shaligin’s Ballet “Hopper”: at the Crossroads of Interspecific Interpretation and Artistic Translation

Relevance of the study. Maxim Shalygin’s ballet “Hopper” is for the first time explored both from the point of view of its genre and intonation specifics, and in terms of interspecific connections with the painting by American artist Edward Hopper “Morning Sun”. The author’s methods of interspecific literary translation of E. Hopper’s style are revealed by immanently intonation means. The expediency of using the definition of intermedial interpretation, which is a kind of interpretation by composer of a work of a related art form by means of interspecific literary translation, has been substantiated. The relevance of the study is due to the first scientific appeal to the ballet work of the Ukrainian-Dutch composer Maksim Shalygin (1985) in the context of an intermedia composer’s interspecific. An analytical study of M. Shalygin’s ballet "Hopper" with an emphasis on identifying the specifics of the transplantation of E. Hopper’s style into the genre-intonational essence of ballet provides the innovative status of the presented study. The main objective of the study is to reveal the interpretational specifics of M. Shalygin’s ballet “Hopper” in the aspect of intermedial interpretation. Based on the study of the artistic style of E. Hopper (in particular, his painting “Morning Sun”), the features of the composer’s work on the “translation” and transplantation of the artist’s style into the immanent-musical plane (the model of “pictorial music”) are investigated. The following research methods are adapted in the work: the comparative method (to compare the genre features of M. Shalygin’s ballet and E. Hopper’s painting), the method of genre-intonation analysis — to highlight the immanently musical specifics of ballet; the method of theoretical generalization — for understanding the tendencies of the composer’s work in the intermedial space. Results. In the course of the research, it was found that M. Shalygin, who displays a tendency to-wards intermedial artistic thinking in his work, creates in the ballet “Hopper” an interpretation and sound commentary on the painting by E. Hopper. An important feature of the ballet is the process of transformation at all levels of genre-intonation organization. It is a partial rethinking of the themes of his already existing work “Duet” with the transformation of a non-ballet work into a ballet one proper, and, if we take into account the author’s title of the work “Serenade”, a transformation of the serenade`s genre, which in the process of development loses its real genre coordinates, and, occurrence intonational “transformers” from two ballet themes, each of which represents the main features of E. Hopper’s work (clarity of lines, playing with the light’s).In the process of intermedial interpretation, the phenomenon of “musical painting” is born, which realizes the artistic translation of the American artist’s style by means of music. Thanks to finding musical and intonational equivalents to the main stylistic features of the artist (clear geometric lines, playing with light, the imaginative system of loneliness and alienation) M. Shalygin manages to create a picturesque picture by intonation means.

A Critical Analysis of Russell's Epistemology

abstract Mou Zongsan used to say that in Western philosophy there exist three different traditions. The first is the tradition of Plato and Aristoteles, the second is the tradition of Kant and Hegel, and the last is the tradition of Leibniz and Russell. I am afraid, however, that this kind of interpretation is already outdated and incapable of encompassing the rich variegations of Western philosophy as a whole. In my view, the various options would have been exhausted by supplementing the preceding list with the tradition founded by Husserl and Heidegger and the one set up by Whitehead. All of these traditions together encapsulate the most important domains of philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, and axiology. In this article I closely investigate the epistemological thought of Bertrand Russell in order to find out whether it contains any aspects from which we can borrow and learn.

The Poem “Get Rid of the Tobacco” by Hasan Kaimija: A Review of a Literary Historical Dispute

Although of little aesthetic significance, the song ˝Ostante se tutuna˝ šejh Hasan Kaimija has been the subject of various controversies in the Bosnian scientific community for a whole century. This paper aims to show how the poem, from its first publication until modern times, has been used as an “ally” to deny or support certain narratives. As the central theme of all the texts in the dispute throughout the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the “thesis of Bogumilism” was imposed, apropos whether Kaimija could have known about Bogumils in the 17th century. The text is mostly used as an “ally” in historiography, identity theory, economics, religion, and only to some extent in literary history. Also, the aim was to show how the poem figured in these discourses, and especially the “controversial verses”, but also what kind of interpretation and valorization poem had in different historical contexts.

Состояние и перспективы медицинского перевода в медицинских учреждениях Южной Кореи

This article discusses the state and prospects of Russian-Korean medical interpretation in South Korean medicine. It makes concrete proposals for improving the state of affairs in this area. We acknowledge the fact of increasing the number of foreign patients in South Korea, in this regard, the value of medical interpretation increases. To the question whether medical interpretation can be considered a kind of interpretation in the field of public services, we give a negative answer, because it does not provide for the interpretation of scientific terms and does not require professional medical knowledge. A medical interpretation is required to transfer a large number of professional medical terms and concepts. An analysis of the current state of the medical interpretation exam system and the effectiveness of this exam allows us to state that the medical interpretation exam should become mandatory for employment as a medical interpreter. Since South Korean medical technology is considered highly developed and the most advanced around the world, the intensification of the exchange of medical personnel and the intensification of cooperation in the medical field are inevitable. This means that the role of medical interpretation will constantly increase, which, in turn, indicates the need to take effective measures to improve its quality.

Specifics of the structure of the cycle and the musical form in the Concerto for Persian Ney and Orchestra «Toward That Endless Plain» by Reza Vali

The article considers the peculiarities of the structure of the cycle and the form of the Concerto for the Persian Ney with Orchestra «Toward That Endless Plain» by the modern Iranian-American composer of the XX–XXI centuries Reza Vali (b. 1952). It was found that the unusual structure and musical form of this Concert are manifested in the combination between traditional Western European principles of cycle composition with the principles of musical form each part that is characteristic of classical Iranian music. The cycle of the Concerto is three-part with additional sections. This model of a solo concerto has developed in the European musical tradition. However, due to the author’s program the structure of the cycle, in general, is extremely specific (Tavakkol, 2019: 271). It was found that the specifics of the structure of the cycle is the introduction of two additional sections, marked as “Prelude” (set out before Part I) and “Interlude” (placed between Parts II and III). It is established that each of the three parts and additional sections are set out in a peculiar form inherent in Iranian classical music: Parts I and III are composed in mosaic form, Part II is written in the form of nobats; “Prelude” and “Interlude” are created in Ternary form. It is revealed that the arched principle (the principle of symmetry) in the construction of the cycle is found between “Prelude” and “Interlude”, as well as between I and III parts. The alternation of tempo characteristics of the parts is revealed in the general composition of the cycle. The I and III parts have a slow tempo and the II part has a fast. (this kind of contrast between parts is not typical for the genre of a solo concert of Western European music). Two principles in the organization of the composition cycle and the form of individual parts are highlighted. It is proved that R. Vali’s choice of a specific composition of the cycle, the form of parts and additional sections, as well as the use of tempo of each part, is due to the concert program, which is a kind of interpretation of the meaning contained in the poem by S. Sepehri. The music of the work is closely connected with the program. All parts of the Concerto have titles in Persian and English, which are based on the postulates of mystical philosophy and Sufism. Prelude and Interlude, which are associated with images of the material world – aggression and war. In comparison with the saturated, solid sound of the Prelude and Interlude, the delicate sparsity of the three main parts of the cycle are meant to reveal the spiritual life of humanity (Tavakkol, 2020: 113–117).

Shady residency: Passive technologies through shading devices for some building styles to fix heat problem causes by climate change in a tropical area

The issue of Green Building arises after environmental issues that lead to global warming are echoed. All kinds of interpretations about green buildings are often associated with the building’s adaptation ability to the environment including the heat problems. This research aims to evaluate shading devices in 3 building styles, namely Minimalist, Modern Tropical, and Mediterranean in how to respond to heat problems due to climate change and investigating shading devices that have the potential to be applied to all building styles by using the simulation method with ECOTECT software. The results mentioned that the area using the shading device in the form of a terrace or balcony with a canopy (horizontal or curve overhangs), either stand-alone or continuously upward like Portico in the Mediterranean style shows good performance in reducing the incoming heat. And that type of shading device is found in 6 of 9 house samples which indicate that this type of shading device can potentially be applied to various styles with modification of shapes according to each style.

Ludus, World Building, and the Prescience of Ernest Cline's Ready Player One

Ludus, World Building, and the Prescience of Ernest Cline's Ready Player One Tom Ue (bio) The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the face of education. Joyce Lau, in Times Higher Education, is not alone in wondering whether we are currently experiencing a version of the future of postsecondary education.1 As a report reprinted in University Affairs indicates, some 1.6 billion students worldwide migrated to virtual learning in March 2020, and education, as we know it, is expected to change forevermore: the "return" to normalcy will almost certainly witness increases in "blended learning," in the "use of open educational resources," and in the "use of technology for components of learning."2 In this climate, Ernest Cline's New York Times bestseller Ready Player One (2011) is right at home. Set in 2045, the novel sees many characters pivoting from their dystopian reality to the Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulation (OASIS), what the central protagonist Wade Watts, in the very first page, characterizes as "a massively multiplayer online game that had gradually evolved into the globally networked virtual reality most of humanity now used on a daily basis."3 My own journey into Cline's worlds began shortly after the release of Steven Spielberg's feature film adaptation (2018). I read the novel in preparation for an upper-year undergraduate seminar, on dystopian fiction, that I was to teach at the University of Toronto Scarborough. Through close reading of texts by Jonathan Swift, H. G. Wells, Yann Martel, and others, this course investigates and responds to the resurgence of the genre's popularity in our own times and contextualizes this movement in relation to a number of historical, theoretical, and critical frameworks. My interest in Ready Player One arises out of its hospitality to so many different kinds of interpretations, from Marxist to ecocritical readings, and its insights into critical issues ranging from counterfactual narratives to participatory culture. The novel can productively be read for its contribution to the histories of children and young adult, genre, and science fiction. Since that course, Cline has been at the centre of my teaching and research. I revisited Ready Player One in my first-year classes on reading popular culture (2018–19), writing for the arts (2020), and reading and writing about the economy (2021) at Dalhousie University, NSCAD [End Page 149] University, and Cape Breton University respectively. I have written and co-written, with my brilliant former student James Munday, a number of essays on both the book and the film; and we are presently at work on The Worlds of Ernest Cline's Ready Player One, the first book-length study of Cline. I have explored the insights that Spielberg's film offers for life after the pandemic.4 My aims here are to examine Cline's portrayal of Ludus and, in so doing, to suggest some ways in which he envisions our negotiations with virtual realties. By drawing key support from Cline's descriptions of this planet of schools, I argue for the novel's resonance in this historical moment as we capitalize on the affordances and grapple with the challenges of virtual learning. Wade introduces us to the OASIS by way of his school.5 Apparently "the most boring planet in the entire OASIS," Ludus "had been designed as a place of learning," and so it lacks "a single quest portal or gaming zone anywhere on its surface."6 Wade attends OASIS Public School (OPS) #1873, seemingly a close approximation of a real thing. Short of stopping to examine one's surroundings, one cannot discern much that is out of place: My virtual surroundings looked almost (but not quite) real. Everything inside the OASIS was beautifully rendered in three dimensions. Unless you pulled focus and stopped to examine your surroundings more closely, it was easy to forget that everything you were seeing was computer-generated. And that was with my crappy school-issued OASIS console.7 When Wade returns to the OASIS, he finds his avatar Parzival right where he left him the night before, "in front of my locker on the second floor of my high school": "I touched my locker door and it popped open...