Kind Of Content Research Articles

Embodied Information, Knowing Bodies, and Power

The turn to materialism emerging in world politics scholarship promises fruitful ways of understanding power and political life by focusing on agency in the physical world. Yet immaterial information and ‘the virtual’ seem to dominate our lives. How can we understand the relationship between the material and the informational? Does this understanding promise any further insight into agency, power, and world politics? The focus in this paper is on the materiality (corporeality) and information of the human body as a special case. Embodied information is the information contained in the body that can potentially be accessed by others through an act of power. The way in which embodied knowledge is implicated in practices of world politics is exemplified by surveillance, DNA databases, and organ trade. Bodies are also the means by which information becomes sensible: we understand information from various sources and with various kinds of content through our bodies’ ability to sense. This knowing body is also implicated in power, as exemplified by the use of sound and the augmentation of the senses through technology. Drawing on the interpretation of embodied information and knowing bodies, this article provides a pragmatic model of world politics in which to control how information flows, how it is extracted from the body, how it is inserted or received, how quickly, and to what end, is to have power or to be powerful.

HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS FOR SURVIVABLE P2P MULTICASTING

The growing volume of Internet traffic, increasing popularity of streaming services, and limited scalability of existing network techniques trigger the need to develop new delivery solutions based on a multicasting approach. Multicasting—defined as a one-to-many delivery technique—enables effective distribution of many kinds of content to end users. In this article we focus on peer-to-peer (P2P) multicasting, which combines concepts of P2P systems and multicasting solutions; in other words, the multicast tree is constructed using end hosts (peers). Because P2P multicasting can be applied to deliver content with high reliability requirements, we introduce to P2P multicasting additional survivability constraints that guarantee delivery of content in the case of network failures. We formulate a mixed-integer programming (MIP) optimization problem of survivable P2P multicasting. Because the problem is nondeterministic polynomial time (NP)-hard and exact methods such as branch-and-cut can be applied for only a relatively small problem instance, we propose two heuristic algorithms based on evolutionary approach and Tabu Search methods. Extensive computational experiments show that both heuristic algorithms provide results close to optimal—the average gap to optimal results is 0.26% and 5.15% in the case of evolutionary and Tabu Search methods, respectively.

Points of View Beyond Models: Towards a Formal Approach to Points of View as Access to the World

According to Vazquez and Liz (Found Sci 16(4): 383–391, 2011), Points of View (PoV) can be considered in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be explained following the model of propositional attitudes. This model assumes that the internal structure of a PoV is constituted by a subject, a set of contents, and a set of relations between the subject and those contents. On the other hand, we can analyze points of view taking as a model the notions of location and access. If we choose to follow the second approach, instead of the first one, the internal structure of a PoV is not directly addressed, and the emphasized features of PoV are related to the function that PoV are intended to have. That is, PoV are directly identified by their role and they can solely be understood as ways of accessing the world that bring some kind of perspective about it. Having this in mind, we would like to propose a notation that explains how to understand such access as a sort of models (that can allow the creation of concepts), independently of whether the precise PoV under consideration is impersonal or non-impersonal, its kind of content, and its subjective or objective character. First, we will present an account of some previous approaches to the study of points of view. Then, we will analyze what kind of structure the world is assumed to posses and how the access to it is possible. Third, we will develop a notation that explains PoV as qualitative dimensions by means of which it is possible to valuate objects and states of the world.

Linked open data for new library services: the example of data.bnf.fr

The Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF) develops a new project, bringing together data from catalogues (MARC), archives (EAD) and digital resources (DC). It makes links and publishes web pages, available at http://data.bnf.fr , with already about 750.000 linked resources. All the raw data is also displayed in RDF and available with an open licence. The presentation will explain the importance of authority files and identifiers to build this kind of service, an give a first feedback on how users have been reacting to it: what kind of content is being used.

Original Intentionality is Phenomenal Intentionality

I will focus here on the following questions. (1) What constitutes the most fundamental kind of semantic content in thought and language, the kind of content sometimes called Original intentionality'? (2) Could suitably sophisticated robots be capable of original intentionality, solely by virtue of the functional roles played by their internal states vis-a-vis (i) other internal states, (ii) input and output states, and (iii) causal/historical connections linking such internal and bodily states to states of the external environment?1 (3) Could suitably sophisticated robots be capable of original intentionality in some other way? (4) How does Searle 's famous thought experiment bear upon questions (l)-(3)?In section 1, 1 will summarize recent work of mine in philosophy of mind - often collaborative with George Graham and/or John Tienson - that bears on question (l).2 The answer to this question that my collaborators and I favor and have elsewhere defended is this: original intentionality is what we call phenomenal intentionality. Phenomenal consciousness, which is an intrinsic feature of mentality, is itself inherently intentional. Phenomenal intentionality, in turn, grounds other kinds of intentionality that are metaphysically less fundamental - specifically, (a) certain kinds of mental reference (e.g., to concrete individuals and to natural kinds), and (b) the intentionality of public language.In section 2, 1 will address questions (2)-(4), on the basis of my favored answer to question (1). Given the contention that original intentionality is phenomenal intentionality, the answer to question (2) is no: original intentionality requires phenomenal consciousness with suitably rich intentional content; so, since phenomenal consciousness is an intrinsic feature of mentality whereas functional role is entirely relational and nonintrinsic, original intentionality cannot be constituted solely by the possession of internal states with some specific functional role. The answer to question (3) is maybe: it depends upon whether or not certain internal physical states instantiated by the robot would not only play suitable functional roles within the robot, but in addition would be states upon which the pertinent states of phenomenal consciousness - phenomenally intentional states - are supervenient. And the answer to question (4) is this: the real moral of Searle 's Chinese room thought experiment is that genuine original intentionality requires the presence of internal states with intrinsic phenomenal character that is inherently intentional - a feature that cannot be possessed by any entity (either robotic or flesh-and-blood) solely by virtue of the functional roles played by its internal states.In section 3, 1 will set forth a new argument in support of the contention that original intentionality is phenomenal intentionality. The argument will proceed via a series of thought-experimental scenarios that collectively constitute a sequence, similar in structure to a series of visual images that gradually change (say) from a good depiction of Elvis into a good depiction of Bill Clinton. Searle's original Chinese room thought experiment will be the initial stage in the morph sequence, occupying the Elvis slot.1. Phenomenal Intentionality, Externalistic Intentionality, and Linguistic MeaningMuch of the literature in recent philosophy of mind has embraced some version or other of functionalism concerning intentional mental states - and, moreover, strong externalism about mental intentionality. Roughly and generically, strong externalism is the view that all mental intentionality depends constitutively on certain external connections (e.g., causal, and/or covariational, and/or historical, and/or evolutionary) between a creature with mentality and that creature's wider environment.Lately Graham and Tienson and I have been articulating a general approach to mental intentionality that is very much at odds with the various versions of strong externalism that have recently been fashionable in philosophy of mind. …

Discovery of Memorized Features from Web Browsing History for Re-finding Vaguely-Memorized Pages

A user browses huge number of web pages. There is the case that he is tempted to revisit a web page he has perused in the past. However, when the user remembers the contents of the web page vaguely, he cannot find the suitable keywords for rediscovering the web page by a search engine. When a user peruses a web page, he memorizes the fact of having perused the web page or the vague contents of the web page by various information. This paper proposes a method to support rediscovery of a web page which the user wants to peruse once again when the keywords which express the contents of the web page are not remembered by him. In order to use the proposed method, proper setup of questions is indispensable. Therefore, the experiment which investigates whether the question about what kind of contents should be set up or not was conducted. Then, the result that pictures in web pages are useful was obtained. 

The Big Two in Social Judgment and Behavior

One of the most significant developments in research on social judgment was the realization that the same two fundamental content dimensions underlie judgments of the self, others, social groups, nations, cultures, faces, etc. These two fundamental dimensions are also called the “Big Two.” They denote two “modes of existence” (Bakan, 1966), namely, social relatedness (“communion”; alsocalled warmth, morality, expressiveness, affiliation) and individual strivings (“agency,” also-called competence, instrumentality, power). These “Big Two” have the potential to integrate different lines of research in psychology, and they are also relevant in numerous applied contexts. Most important for research on social information processing, the “Big Two” advance our knowledge on the role that content plays in information processing. This special issue of Social Psychology stems from a conference on the “Big Two” held in Erlangen, Germany, in 2010, and it continues a special issue of the European Journal of Social Psychology that was also devoted to the fundamental dimensions of social judgment (guest editors: Andrea E. Abele, Amy Cuddy, Charles Judd, and Vincent Yzerbyt). Our call for papers to the present special issue resulted in 26 submissions – and it proved very difficult to select only those 12 papers that seemed best suited for the present volume and could finally be accepted in October/ November 2012. Bruckmuller and Abele study the representation of agency and communion terms and show that negative terms related to the communion dimension are more densely clustered than both positive communion items and agency items in general. Radkiewicz, Skarzynska, and Hamer show that general opinions about people’s communion and agency are strongly related to how negativistic worldviews are, with the latter being most negative among respondents who think that people are highly agentic but low in communion/morality. The two papers by Abele and Brack as well as Wojciszke and Sobiczewska are concerned with a theoretical model assuming actor/observer differences in the “profitability” of agentic and communal traits, that is, that agentic traits are mainly profitable for the trait possessor (actor), while communal traits are profitable for the surrounding others (observers; see Peeters, 1992). Abele and Brack show that the communal trait of “trustworthiness” is of special importance when interacting with another person, and that the valuation of others’ agentic traits varies with the kind of relationship. Wojciszke and Sobiczewska show that self-evaluations are dominated by agentic content, whereas other evaluations rely on both kinds of content. Bi, Ybarra, and Zhao show that this agency-dominated perspective on self-esteem also holds in the cultural context of China. Moreover, these authors combine the agency/communion perspective with the perspective of genderstereotypic traits. Gender-stereotypic traits are also the focus of De Lemus, Spear, Bukowski, Moya, and Lupianez, who demonstrate a somewhat counterintuitive effect that women exposed to traditional gender roles activate stereotype-inconsistent traits faster than stereotype-consistent ones. Bertolotti, Catellani, Douglas, and Sutton show how defensive communication (involving downward and upward counterfactuals) influences the perception of politicians’ agency and morality, and how this influence is moderated by the participants’ level of political sophistication. Siman Tov-Nachlieli, Schnabel, and Nadler show that, following transgressions, victimized groups or individuals experience threats to their agency (and attempt to restore this facet of their identity), while perpetrating groups or individuals experience threats to their communion (and are motivated to restore this aspect of their identity). Cislak extends the Big Two to power relations showing that high power increases interest in and preference for agentic virtues in others which is mediated by increases in a task (versus relationships) orientation. The final three papers connect the Big Two with embodied information processing. In a series of experiments, Schubert, Schubert, and Topolinski show that spatial elevation can both increase and decrease respect (an agency-based attitudinal response) depending on whether the elevation is substantiated by the elevated person’s achievement or not. Building on previous findings that physical warmth induces prosociality, IJzerman, Karremans, Thomsen, and Schubert show that children with a secure attachment to their friends tend to be more generous

An evolving Learning Management System for new educational environments using 2.0 tools

The tools used in learning processes are in a continuous state of flux. One of the most significant changes is the application of Information and Communications technologies (ICTs) to educational contexts. This provides new possible ways to carry out learning activities, new learning services, the possibility to use new kinds of contents and activities, etc. However, ICTs have not provided as many advantages as they were supposed to, so changes are necessary. In this context, a new set of tools, Web 2.0, offers a new way to understand the Web, in which the user is the centre. Further, users can cooperate in order to define contents. This concept is also applied in technology-mediated learning but there are important problems when one tries to integrate such tools and concepts with existing systems. This paper explores the integration of these tools in traditional learning environments, the various possibilities and their advantages and drawbacks. After that, an interoperability scenario is described and two experiences are presented to show how 2.0 tools can be integrated in learning activities, and its effect in educational process.

Putting the trolley in order: Experimental philosophy and the loop case

In recent years, a number of philosophers have conducted empirical studies that survey people's intuitions about various subject matters in philosophy. Some have found that intuitions vary accordingly to seemingly irrelevant facts: facts about who is considering the hypothetical case, the presence or absence of certain kinds of content, or the context in which the hypothetical case is being considered. Our research applies this experimental philosophical methodology to Judith Jarvis Thomson's famous Loop Case, which she used to call into question the validity of the intuitively plausible Doctrine of Double Effect. We found that intuitions about the Loop Case vary according to the context in which the case is considered. We contend that this undermines the supposed evidential status of intuitions about the Loop Case. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for philosophers who rely on the Loop Case to make philosophical arguments and for philosophers who use intuitions in general.

수용자의 관점에서 살펴본 작품과 콘텐츠의 개념적 차이: 영화 >새<에서 관객 역할을 중심으로

본 논문의 목적은 콘텐츠와 예술작품의 개념적 차이점을 고찰하면서, 콘텐츠의 개념을 수용자 중심으로 파악하는 것이다. 콘텐츠는 다양한 장르의 미디어 생산물이기는 하지만 한 가지 공통된 특성을 지니는데, 그것은 창작자보다는 수용자를 중시한다는 점이다. 본 논문은 이러한 특성을 영화의 '미디어'적 특성이 지니는 이론적 논의를 참고하여 설명하려 하였다. 영화 미디어는 태동 당시에서부터 수용자 중심의 콘텐츠로서 예술작품의 개념과 차이점을 나타낸다. 이러한 차이점은 영상 미디어의 특수성을 지적하는 원심성, 알리바이 사실성, 지표성 등의 개념에서 쉽게 발견된다. 그리고 이러한 개념들은 영상 미디어 텍스트의 내부독립성 보다는 내부와 외부 사이에서 이루어지는 상호작용과 관계있다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 또한 상호작용은 관객이 특정한 역할을 암시한다. 본 논문은 미디어 텍스트에 나타나는 이러한 상호작용적 관객의 역할을 알아보기 위해 히치콕의 영화 <새>를 분석하였다. 그리고 이 영화가 관객을 의식하고 있으며, 그리고 관객의 적극적 활동 없이는 성립될 수 없다는 점을 고찰하였다. This paper focuses on the systematic conceptualization of the 'contents' through the differentiation between the meanings of the work of art and the contents. The 'contents' are referred to as various media products, but they are all the audience-oriented work of art. From the beginning of its birth the film medium turned out to be a kind of contents, which is involved in the specific role of audience. It also implies that the film medium could not exist without the interaction of the media text and audience. In order to understand this context, this paper analyzes the film <The Birds> of Alfred Hitchcock.

Developing and Assessing Immersive Content for Naval Training: Lessons Learned in the Virtual World

Content was developed in an immersive, 3-D virtual world (SecondLife Enterprise) as a pilot project to support a Navy training need to teach complex, highly visual concepts in an engaging fashion. An avatar-based virtual world was used due to their unique social and content creation properties. This project consisted of a series of modules designed to teach the naval concept of target motion analysis. The resulting “immersive learning trail” augmented a two-week unit that was part of a longer course. Students from a Naval schoolhouse participated in classes that used this content, and several assessments were performed. Students gained the most from the content when complex spatial concepts were taught, though impressions of the entire trail were positive. Several lessons learned are reported, including the need to consistently make the experience as immersive as possible and the kind of content that benefits most from immersion.

A lightweight framework for authoring XML multimedia content on the web

This paper addresses the issue of authoring XML multimedia content on the web. It focuses on methods that apply to different kinds of contents, including structured documents, factual data, and multimedia objects. It argues in favor of a template-based approach that enhances the ability for multiple applications to use the produced content. This approach is illustrated by AXEL, an innovative multipurpose client-side authoring framework (previously described in Sire et al. (2010)), intended for web users with limited skills. The versatility of the tool is illustrated through a series of use cases that demonstrate the flexibility of the approach for creating various kinds of web content.

Algunas consideraciones sobre las prácticas de comunicación, consumo y producción cultural en los nuevos medios en jóvenes rosarinos

This paper is a preview of a research where we aim to describe young people practices of cultural consumption and production in social media. We have chosen this universe because we believe that nowadays trans-media practices of young people are located more on social and entertainment activities than it happens with other ages. In this article we explain a set of concepts that will allow us to focus the problem in order to develop the field research. The concept of practice allows us to treat other closely related concepts. The social use of technology, i.e., the invention of new practices to develop different tasks is closely related to consumption, understood as the set of social processes of symbolic and material products appropriation. In this way, different habitus (Bourdieu, 1988) are developed that promote preferences, operational patterns, ways of doing and thinking. Shirky (2008) focuses on the transition from a one-to-many communication model (typical of broadcasting) to the many-to-many type, that occurs in new media and the kind of contents they distribute. Shirky believes that the production of new types of contents by young people is possible due to a process of massive amateurization. They no longer need to be professional editors so as to be able to publish online. Now a set of expressive skills moves from a group of professionals to the whole society in a ubiquitous way. These skills are available to multiple audiences/users who propose and explore new ways of communicating and coordinating, without having to ask permission before doing it.

Virtual dermatohistopathology at http://www.pathowiki.org

PATHOWIKI (http://www.pathowiki.org) is a new specialized information system in the form of a web-based wiki with content from all sub-disciplines of human pathology. Essential components are articles and specimens which are located thematically in dermatopathology. The project is presented on the basis of impressive examples and possibilities. The ability to link all kinds of content and integrate pattern analysis theories creates an effective tool for teaching and training in dermatopathology. Collaborative work ensures the effective usage of available resources and a continually growing amount of content, the quality of which depends on the number of users and should be as high as possible. Therefore, all interested colleagues are invited to support the project.

Two Kinds of Time-Consciousness and Three Kinds of Content

This paper explores the distinction between perceiving an object as extended in time, and experiencing a sequence of perceptions. I argue that this distinction cannot be adequately described by any present theory of time-consciousness and that in order to solve the puzzle, we need to consider perceptual content as having three distinct constituents: Explicit content, which has a particular phenomenal character, modal content, or the kind of content that is contributed by the psychological mode, and implicit content, which lacks phenomenal character. These notions are then further clarified and related to each other.

Introduction

Introduction Ileana Paul This issue addresses questions surrounding predication. Predication is typically defined as making a claim or statement—that is, saying something that is truth-evaluable. The canonical manner of achieving predication would appear to be the sentence, made up of a noun phrase (NP), e.g., [NP Sandy] and a verb phrase (VP), e.g., [VP plays the fiddle]. Two central questions arise concerning this basic view of predication. The first has to do with what varieties predication comes in. The second is about various ways of achieving predication. It helps to situate these questions if we begin with some (simplified) history of philosophy. Predication, according to Aristotle, is a matter of form. Predication involves a subject, a predicate, and a special way of putting them together, namely conjoining them into a sentence. This connects closely with our initial gloss of predicating as making a claim: Aristotle noted that one cannot make a claim with a name alone (e.g., Sandy) nor with just a predicate (e.g. , plays the fiddle). Nor is it sufficient to have a list of subjects and predicates. Rather, one needs all three just noted ingredients: the subject, the predicate, and their combination within a unitary sentence. The conception of predication also connects closely to the idea that the sentence is the canonical means of expressing predication: in the "old logic", this is true by definition. The philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege introduced a rather more abstract understanding of predication. The traditional view in Aristotle's "old logic" ties predication closely to a particular form: a subject-predicate sentence. In the "new logic" of the 19th century, in contrast, it was recognized that predication is about a certain kind of content. More specifically, the essence of predication, for Frege, is [End Page 173] that it results in content that is capable of being true or false. For example, while combining the name Sandy with the predicate plays the fiddle may create something that expresses a predication, this is not what predication is. More specifically, and still simplifying, for Frege the essence of predication was a matter of a function applying to an argument, yielding a truth-evaluable proposition: for example, the person Sandy being input into the unsaturated function λx.plays-the-fiddle(x). A final historical view, familiar from Strawson (1950), understands predication as a kind of action. Predicating is something that speakers do. Frege's conception of predication as a kind of content already permits our twin questions to arise. One can ask whether there exists a variety of function-argument applications that yield truth-evaluable contents, and if so what they are. For instance, there is the application of a first-order function to an object; but maybe there is also the application of a second-order function to a first-order one. And so on. One can equally ask whether there is more than one formative that expresses predication: Does it, for example, always require a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate? Strawson's conception opens up still further the range of ways of achieving predication. Maybe, in particular, an agent can predicate without using a formative that is capable of expression predication: for example, pointing at Sandy and saying "fiddler" (see Stainton 2006). Indeed, maybe an agent can predicate without using a formative at all, but rather a gesture, even a raised eyebrow. Given this brief history, one can situate the recent debates in linguistics. There have been a number of proposals about how predication can be achieved in natural language. Williams (1980, 1983, 1987) argues that predication takes place via thematic role assignment. More precisely, a given head (e.g., V) assigns thematic roles to its arguments, but one role is assigned outside of the maximal projection (e.g., VP). The subject is the external argument of the head, and it is this external thematic role assignment that expresses predication. Rothstein demurs. She notes the existence of pleonastic (non-thematic) subjects: here we seem to have predication but without thematic role assignment (see Rothstein 1983, 1995, 2001). She, however, retains the aim of capturing Frege's content-conception of predication in terms of natural language syntax...

Postmodern Wastelands: &lt;i&gt;Underworld&lt;/i&gt; and the Productive Failures of Periodization

Don Delillo's Underworld is a postmodern novel that thematizes its own situation by showing, in its tropes and forms, stakes and impossibilities of periodization. The new novel is a grand gesture in an age when high art and realism are waning forms of representation and social forms that gave birth to novel have decayed, are etherealized and in flux. The dominant tropes in Underworld point to this condition offertile decay. Elegiac in its tone and themes, novel's world is one of ruin and resurrection. Underworld, like other novels in this genre such as Against Day and The Corrections, negotiate their own possible obsolescence, their contradictory terms and premises, and their liberal and by doing so become relevant once again.1 Here I want to look at this genre as a new moment in a long trajectory of debates on aesthetics and politics that are generally discussed in terms of early twentieth-century modernism and proletarianized cultural front political forms.2 At this earlier moment, existence of a Communist Party, strong unions, and a self-aware proletariat supported hope for engaged literature and aesthetics. Today, idea of an engaged literature that can map modes of alienation, class antagonism, and exploitation in light of mode of production may seem like a retrograde positioning. But here I will look at how idea of engaged literature, of politicized culture, haunts text and navigates historically variant understandings of politicization and depoliticization. My analysis will be informed by Fredric Jameson's periodization of postmodern culture as embodying logic of late capitalism and his notion of utopia as a form of negation. My argument also owes much to Christopher Connery's periodization of politicization and depoliticization as they relate to Cold War and 1960s' temporalities. Finally, I will be in dialog with Phillip Wegner's periodizing reading of Underworld that focuses on 1990s. I will argue that a late capitalist periodization that emphasizes consequences and later fate of 1960s' politicization is a necessary complement to Wegner's decadal periodization in order to better develop a position that neither participates in depoliticizing tendency nor denies continued relevance and importance of radical critique. The high postmodernist realist aesthetic, elliptical in structure and attuned to logic of fragment, itself suggests simultaneous impossibility and necessity of a periodization-based apprehension of totality, and movement of my own argument will reflect these structural characteristics.My argument may at first seem paradoxical in that while I insist upon a Utopian future-oriented reading of Underworld, I focus on themes of failure, closure, and nostalgia. Here, following Fredric Jameson's description in Archaeologies of Future, I see utopia as a critical negativity.3 In postmodern moment crisis of utopia is related to crisis of representation, one that is no longer solvable through modernist tactics of aesthetic formal innovation. Even avant-garde culture is now absorbed into late capitalist dynamics, thus rendering representation of an outside to capitalism virtually unfigurable. This unrepresentability leads to a discourse that figures present system as eternal. The appropriate response to this rhetoric of unchangeability, argues Jameson, is disruption. This is politics of the total formal break and discontinuity.4 He argues that this radical closure is itself a new kind of content, a utopian that insists that radical difference is possible and that a break is necessary. Political representation is thus representation of rupture rather than of content of a positive utopia that would come after break. The present depoliticized condition leads to a greater need for an appeal to utopia in this negative form. Here, I want to read Underworld's themes of closure, residual, and waste and trash as signs of closure that nevertheless contain a Utopian moment. …

The Battle for the Next Generation of Mobility

AbstractThe development of the Internet Protocol (IP), which can be used to transport all kinds of content, combined with the digitization of content, the roll-out of high speed broadband networks and the availability of intelligent, multimedia devices have led to “convergence”. “Convergence” refers to the shift from vertical industry silos and from a situation where different services are provided through separate networks - fixed, mobile, cable TV, IP, to a situation in which a variety of electronic communication services are accessed and seamlessly used across various networks and platforms. This convergence has led to the entry of new players into each of the markets and increased competition between players from formerly separate markets (I).It would appear that those playerswho have a dominant position in one of the segments of the electronic communications eco-system are seeking to exploit that position to their advantage to extend their domination to other related segments of the electronics communications ecosystem. Nowhere is this truer than in the area of mobility. This paper will explore three of the major battles in the area of electronic communications mobility and, principally, how three of the major players - Google, Microsoft and Apple - are using (or being subjected to) legal mechanisms to advance or defend their economic interests (I.). The three major battles that are explored are: the battle for spectrum, which is necessary for rolling out next-generation mobile networks (II.) the battle of the “Gate Keepers” (those players with dominant positions in a segment of the market) (III.) and, finally, the battle for the Smartphone market (IV.).

Content interoperability of multilingual content resources – New aspects of standardization, certification and quality assurance (QA)

Summary This contribution focuses on domain-specific multilingual structured content (including terminology). In eApplications, such as eBusiness, eHealth, eLearning, etc., terminology today is mostly embedded in or combined with other kinds of content (most frequently occurring in specialized texts) – increasingly, however, occurring in combination with other kinds of structured content. In order to make the development of structured content less expensive (because of its labour-intensiveness), new methods for web-based, distributed, cooperative creation of structured content (and the respective workflow management) are needed. This adds a new dimension to technical and other kinds of interoperability: content interoperability, a fundamental requirement for achieving the aims of the semantic web. ISO/TC 37 “Terminology and other language and content resources” is gradually moving into this area, bringing in its competence and experience with the data modelling of multilingual terminological data and other language resources (LRs) from the point of view of ‘content’ as seen by domain experts. A new generation of content repositories, such as the ISO Concept DataBase (ISO/CDB), the DIN Properties Dictionary and the eCl@ss multilingual product classification are important developments in the direction outlined above. They are based on international standards, which will also pave the way for new kinds of certification and quality management in the enterprise.

KC2A2P : A Knowledge-driven Content and Context-Awareness Adaptive Protocol for Intelligent Communication

Advanced network communication technology decreases data transmission error and make heterogeneous protocols interaction possible, but there still exits misunderstanding for transferred content in computer communication. Inspired by human's communication way, a kind of content and context awareness protocol base on knowledge (abbr. KC 2 A 2 P) is proposed in this paper. A common shared protocol ontology is built that includes content, context and act in order to not only guide the different protocol terms mapping but also provide an intelligent protocol encoding framework. To avoid unnecessary communication load, event calculus is used to build the axiom of communication cognition and three basic encoding rules are made that can adjust the message entity base on the application context .Furthermore, some experiments are given to show KC 2 A 2 P would improve the meaning delivery and even help to build trust relationship.