Kinds Of Chains Research Articles

Coupling Effect and Chain Evolution of Urban Rail Transit Emergencies

Emergency events such as fire, flood and COVID-19 occurred in urban rail transit (URT) usually triggered chain effect and evolved into huge disaster. This kind of chain with complexity and uncertainty evolution brought great challenges to the safety management of the system. Thus, the coupling effects of emergencies and then its relationship with the chain evolution is necessary to analyze emphatically. A Graph Evaluation and Review Technique Simulation (GERTS) evolution network is firstly constructed to describe the coupling effect and chain evolution of emergencies. Then, considering the internal and external influencing factors of the emergency chain, a dynamic evolution model of the emergency chain based on Coupled Map Lattice (CML) is proposed. This paper takes fire chain of URT as an example to simulate the evolution process of emergency chain, and analyze the impact of different coupling effects and various influencing factors on the evolution of emergency chain. The results of numerical simulation show that the AND-coupling can significantly inhibit the evolution of emergency events, while the OR-coupling and CO-coupling can expand the impact scope of emergency events. In addition, the evolution speed of emergency events can be controlled by increasing the coupling action time and improving the URT repair ability. When an emergency event occurs, the analysis of coupling effect and the accompanied chain evolution will help managers to make scientific judgment on the development trend of the emergency events and make targeted emergency defense measures.

Slow relaxation of out-of-time-ordered correlators in interacting integrable and nonintegrable spin- 12 XYZ chains

Out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) help characterize the scrambling of quantum information and are usually studied in the context of nonintegrable systems. In this work, we compare the relaxation dynamics of OTOCs in interacting integrable and nonintegrable spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ XYZ chains in regimes without a classical counterpart. In both kinds of chains, using the presence of symmetries such as $U(1)$ and supersymmetry, we consider regimes in which the OTOC operators overlap or not with the Hamiltonian. We show that the relaxation of the OTOCs is slow (fast) when there is (there is not) an overlap, independently of whether the chain is integrable or nonintegrable. When slow, we show that the OTOC dynamics follows closely that of the two-point correlators. We study the dynamics of OTOCs using numerical calculations, and gain analytical insights from the properties of the diagonal and of the off-diagonal matrix elements of the corresponding local operators in the energy eigenbasis.

Principles as a methodological basis for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of labor protection

In today’s difficult conditions, the issue of clarifying and improving the basic principles of regulating labor protection relations, including in the field of labor protection, is gaining considerable relevance. All this leads to additional attention being paid to the principles as initial provisions that determine the nature and essence of a certain social phenomenon (in our case – legal regulation of the field of labor protection).
 The task of the work is an in-depth analysis of the place of principles in the science of labor law and substantiation of directions for improvement of the principle basis of legal regulation of labor protection measures.
 Various approaches to the application of principles in the field of legal regulation of social labor relations and labor protection are analyzed. It is noted that the principles indicate the essential features of the legal regulation of social and labor relations, that they form the foundation of current and prospective legislation in the field of labor law. It is natural that these principles are specified and acquire the status of legal norms in laws and by-laws. Therefore, it should be about a kind of chain: from the principles to their application in normative legal acts. Some shortcomings in the content of the principles, which require urgent correction, were also noted.
 The statement that the process of formation and implementation of principles requires urgent improvement is substantiated. The problem of properly enshrining the principles in normative legal acts on labor protection is urgent. First of all, it should be noted the insufficient degree of validity of some of the formally defined principles. The process of improving legal policy in the field of labor protection should be systematic and interconnected: from principles to general and special norms.

The Role of the Individual Assessment Report in Determining the Best Interest of a Juvenile Before Sentencing (Case law Analysis)

The importance of the scientific paper is due to the combined theoretical and practical analysis of the norm-principles of juvenile justice and the report of individual evaluation; in particular, the study of case law. The research uses the method of analysis and comparison, the method of logical reasoning and reasoning, the method of studying and generalizing specific criminal cases and established judgments. The structure of the paper is a kind of chain that is logically related to each other, which is consequently reflected in the sentencing of a judge. In particular, it analyzes what is meant and how to prioritize the best interest before the judge imposes a sentence, then logically links it to the principle of individual approach to the juvenile, which is also inherent in juvenile justice and the principle of best interest priority. These norms find practical viability in an individual assessment report, in particular, the paper discusses in detail what issues a social worker will explore before sentencing a juvenile. An individual assessment report within juvenile justice is the basis for a combination of outlining principles and making decisions tailored to the best interests of the juvenile. After taking into account a number of circumstances analyzed in the individual assessment report, the judge will have a clear idea of what will be the best decision for the juvenile to re-socialize-rehabilitate.

The Crystallisation, Microphase Separation and Mechanical Properties of the Mixture of Ether-Based TPU with Different Ester-Based TPUs.

The difference in compatibility at the molecular level can lead to a change of microphase separation structure of thermoplastic polyurethanes blend systems, which will improve their thermal and mechanical properties. In this study, TDI-polyester based TPU was blended with MDI-polyether-based TPU and MDI-polyester based TPU, with different ratios. In the blend system, the obvious reduction of the melting temperature of the high-temperature TDI-polyester based TPU component indicates its hard segments can be mutually integrated with the other component. For TDI-polyester based TPU/MDI-polyether based TPU blends, their similar hard segment ratio and similar chemical structure of the soft segment give the molecular chains of the two components better compatibility. The aggregation structure of the two kinds of chains can rearrange at the molecular level which makes the hard domains mutually integrate to form a new phase separation structure with larger phase region distance. As a result, the yield strength of this blend increased by almost 143% when the elongation at break was only reduced by 12%. In contrast, the other group of blends still partly maintain their respective micro domains, forming a weak interface and leading to a decreased of elongation at break.

Effect of pressure on thermalization of one-dimensional nonlinear chains.

Pressure plays a vital role in changing the transport properties of matter. To understand this phenomenon at a microscopic level, we here focus on a more fundamental problem, i.e., how pressure affects the thermalization properties of solids. As illustrating examples, we study the thermalization behavior of the monatomic chain and the mass-disordered chain of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou-β under different strains in the thermodynamic limit. It is found that the pressure-induced change in integrability results in qualitatively different thermalization processes for the two kinds of chains. However, for both cases, the thermalization time follows the same law-it is inversely proportional to the square of the nonintegrability strength. This result suggests that pressure can significantly change the integrability of a system, which provides a new perspective for understanding the pressure-dependent thermal transport behavior.

Amphiphilic phthalocyanines in polymeric micelles: a supramolecular approach toward efficient third-generation photosensitizers.

In this paper we describe a straightforward supramolecular strategy to encapsulate silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) photosensitizers (PS) in polymeric micelles made of poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG) block copolymers. While PCL-PEG micelles are promising nanocarriers based on their biocompatibility and biodegradability, the design of our new PS favors their encapsulation. In particular, they combine two axial benzoyl substituents, each of them carrying either three hydrophilic methoxy(triethylenoxy) chains (1), three hydrophobic dodecyloxy chains (3), or both kinds of chains (2). The SiPc derivatives 1 and 2 are therefore amphiphilic, with the SiPc unit contributing to the hydrophobic core, while lipophilicity increases along the series, making it possible to correlate the loading efficacy in PCL-PEG micelles with the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the PS structure. This has led to a new kind of third-generation nano-PS that efficiently photogenerates 1O2, while preliminary in vitro experiments demonstrate an excellent cellular uptake and a promising PDT activity.

Synthesis and crystal structure of a two-dimensional CoII coordination polymer: poly[(μ3-3-carb-oxy-benzoato)[μ2-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,2'H-3,3'-bi[1,2,4-triazole]]cobalt(II)

In the title compound, [Co(C8H5O4)(C9H6N7)] n , the divalent CoII atom is six-coordinated to three N atoms from two symmetrical 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,2'H-3,3'-bi[1,2,4-triazole] (H2pyttz) ligands and three O atoms from three symmetrical 3-carb-oxy-benzoate (Hbdic) ligands, leading to a distorted {CoN3O3} octa-hedral coordination environment. Two CoII cations are linked by four bridging carboxyl-ate groups to generate a dinuclear [Co2(CO2)4] unit. The dinuclear units are further connected into a chain along [010] via the Hbdic ligands. The other infinite chain, along [100], is formed through the H2pyttz ligands. Finally, the two kinds of chains are cross-linked, by sharing the CoII cations, into a two-dimensional network. In the crystal, adjacent layers are further linked by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional framework.

Интегрирование уравнения типа периодической цепочки Тоды

Интегрирование уравнения типа периодической цепочки Тоды

Subtle difference of [SiMo12O40]4− and [PMo12O40]3− inducing two new distinct Keggin-Ag-(1H-Pyrazole) compounds

Two new inorganic-organic hybrid compounds based on α-Keggin clusters and Ag-(1H-Pyrazole) subunits, [AgL2]4[SiMo12O40] (1) and [AgL2]3[PMo12O40] (2) (L = pyrazole), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In 1, there are two kinds of chains, the chains linked by two [AgL2]+ clusters and the other linked only by one [AgL2]+, which further connect by sharing [SiMo12O40]4− anions to construct a 2-D layer. In 2, four-supporting [PMo12O40]3− anions are fused by [Ag(1)L2]+ subunits to form a 1-D chain. Through weak interactions of Ag⋯O (3.091 Å) a 2-D supramolecular layer is constructed. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of title compounds and the photocatalytic properties of 2 have been studied.

Pulling short DNA molecules having defects on different locations.

We present a study on the role of defects on the stability of short DNA molecules. We consider short DNA molecules (16 base pairs) and investigate the thermal as well as mechanical denaturation of these molecules in the presence of defects that occur anywhere in the molecule. For the investigation, we consider four different kinds of chains. Not only are the ratios of AT to GC different in these molecules but also the distributions of AT and GC along the molecule are different. With suitable modifications in the statistical model to show the defect in a pair, we investigate the denaturation of short DNA molecules in thermal as well as constant force ensembles. In the force ensemble, we pulled the DNA molecule from each end (keeping other end free) and observed some interesting features of opening of the molecule in the presence of defects in the molecule. We calculate the probability of opening of the DNA molecule in the constant force ensemble to explain the opening of base pairs and hence the denaturation of molecules in the presence of defects.

TEOS/Silane-Coupling Agent Composed Double Layers Structure: A Novel Super-hydrophilic Surface

In order to increase the anti-dust and self-cleaning property of photovoltaic cells, this paper proposes a simple way to synthesis a novel self-cleaning, super-hydrophilic coating material based on double layers structure. The first layer is made from TEOS for gaining the number of Si-OH bond on the surface of the glass, and then the second layer, which is a special silane-coupling agent, is attached on the TEOS layer firmly. Since the silane-coupling agent has a super-hydrophilic chain, after the reaction, such kind of chain would go towards to the outside surface of the glass substrate and make the surface super-hydrophilic.

Sellers on the street: the human infrastructure of the mobile phone network in Kigali, Rwanda

This paper looks in detail at the social and economic background of mobile airtime sellers on the streets of Kigali. While informal networks have proved to be an invaluable resource for large multinational telecommunication companies seeking to penetrate African markets, changing technological capabilities may soon displace them. As Rwanda develops its Internet and payment systems, companies and institutions hope to provide airtime and services directly. The paper draws on interviews with airtime sellers in three neighbourhoods of Kigali to ask what this temporary source of employment has done to their long-term career prospects. While the Rwandan government information and communication technology (ICT) strategy has hereto focused on high-end ICT and business process outsourcing, this paper uses the experiences of airtime sellers to advocate for a more bottom-up approach to entrepreneurship and economic development in Rwanda. We stress that planners and researchers need to think more critically about value chains at the bottom of the pyramid, not just in terms of how informal networks can be used as temporary appendages to further the reach of formal multinational corporations, but how these new kinds of chains and networks can be re-engineered to provide permanent and sustainable livelihoods to workers and business owners at the base of the economy.

Evident Hydrogen Bonded Chains Building CL-20-Based Cocrystals

We report two kinds of evident hydrogen bonded chains constructing two binary cocrystals of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) with para-benzoquinone (1) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (2): one kind is the CL-20 molecule chains linked by R22(6) hydrogen bonds, and the other is connected by CL-20 and coformer (1 or 2) molecules alternately through R21(5) hydrogen bonds. All chains extend to the entire cocrystals CL-20/1 and CL-20/2 with crossing points of CL-20 molecules. In contrast to the unremarkable intermolecular interactions in observed CL-20 polymorphs and cocrystals, these two kinds of chains in CL-20/1 and CL-20/2 are evident and can be readily understood using the definition of supramolecular synthons. Moreover, the thermal behaviors, impact sensitivity, and detonation properties of these two energetic cocrystals are reported.

Supramolecular structures in three thiouracil derivatives: 5,6-trimethylene-2-sulfanylidene-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 2-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-5,6-trimethylenepyrimidin-4(3H)-one and methyl 2-{[2-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-5,6-trimethylenepyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}acetate

The molecules of the title compounds, C7H8N2OS, (1), C14H13FN2OS, (2), and C17H17FN2O3S, (3), crystallize in the space groups C2/m, C2/c and Ia, respectively. Compounds (1) and (2), an S-alkylated derivative of (1), consist of only one symmetry-independent molecule, while (3), an O-alkylated derivative of (2), contains two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules of (1) sit on crystallographic mirror planes. In the supramolecular structure of (1), a combination of N-H···O and N-H···S hydrogen bonds creates a molecular strap with C(6) and R2(2)(8) motifs, which is further stabilized by an S···S contact. In the packing of (2), a one-dimensional molecular column is made up of two kinds of dimers. One dimer, with an R2(2)(18) motif, is formed by a pair of C-H···O soft hydrogen bonds and the other, with an R2(2)(8) motif, is produced via a pair of N-H···O hard hydrogen bonds. In the packing of (3), molecules A and B form two different types of one-dimensional chain by intermolecular C-H···N hydrogen bonds, and by C···N and O···S contacts, respectively. Two such kinds of chain are connected alternately via interchain C-H···O hydrogen bonds, giving a two-dimensional sheet. Finally, a three-dimensional supramolecular structure is formed through weak intersheet C-H···F hydrogen bonds. The study of the molecular and supramolecular structures of thiouracil derivatives is significant in the development of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibitors.

Neutron Reflectivity Study of End-Adsorbed Bimodal Polymer Systems under Static Conditions and Shear Flow

The behavior of end-adsorbed bimodal PS–PEO block copolymer systems was studied with neutron reflectivity experiments, both under static conditions (zero shear rate) and under a stepwise-increasing shear flow, up to a critical shear rate where desorption occurs. It is found that when the height of one kind of chain in the bimodal brush is significantly greater than that of the other, the longer chains desorb first, while if the heights of the two constituent kinds of chains in the brush are similar, then the bimodal system responds as a whole and both kinds of chain desorb simultaneously. In particular, when the chain height ratio of the two components of the bimodal system is less than 0.80, the reflectivity spectra under static conditions are best fitted by two parabolas, and under shear flow each component desorbs at a different shear rate. Above this value, the bimodal system reacts en bloc, and desorption occurs at the same shear rate for both copolymers. It is further observed that the critical shea...

The Influence of Copper–Copper Interaction on the Structure and Applications of a Metal–Organic Framework Based on Cyanide and 3-Chloropyridine

The structure of the new metal–organic framework, [(CuCN)2·(3-Clpy)], 1, was characterized by IR, UV–visible, TGA and X-ray single crystal analysis. The structure of 1 consists of CuCN building blocks, which are connected by CN group to form two different chains; one puckered chain with TP-3 geometry around Cu(1) and a linear Cu(2)(CN)2 chain. The two kinds of chains are bonded by cuprophilic interactions creating a 3D-network. The network structure of 1 is further close-backed by π–π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The electronic absorption and emission spectra as well as the thermodynamic parameters from TGA of the MOF 1 are discussed. MOF 1 was used as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative discoloration of methylene blue dye by dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine the in vitro antitumor activity of MOF 1 on human breast cancer cell line, MCF7.

Binary collision approximation for solitary wave in periodic dimer granular chains

We study solitary wave propagation in periodic dimer granular chains of beads with the same material but different sizes by binary collision approximation. This kind of chain which is called N:1 dimer consists of pairs of N big beads and one small bead. First we present a method to map the actual chain into an effective chain, then use the binary collision approximation to obtain the transmitted solitary wave speed, the total time taken by the pulse to pass through the chain, and the frequency of oscillation of the small particle. Frequency of oscillation, which increases with the decrease of the radius of the small particle, is analytically obtained. And the results are in excellent agreement with numerical results. For the total time of the pulse passing through the chain, the results of theoretical analysis is in good agreement with numerical results when N 2. The relative error seems no change with the chain length but becomes larger with the increase of the value of N.

Biclonal or biphenotypic Chronic Lymphotic Leukemia? An answer brought by the treatment

A 51-years-old patient with polyadenopathies presents a non monotypic chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): lymphocytes B CD5+, CD23+, CD22-,CD79b dim, FMC7- express κ (71%) and λ (21%) light chains without coexpression. The caryotype shows two clones with one in evolution. Lymphoid clonality analysis by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) of the heavy and light chains genes of immunoglobulins shows two monoclonal rearrangements for each kind of chains. Lack of lymphoid cells sorting in function of the light chain doesn't allow us to conclude between a biclonal CLL and a biallelic monoclonal CLL. New adenopathies appearance in this patient, one year and a half after the end of his chemotherapy, leads to realisation of a new immunophenotyping: CLL is now monotypic with κ light chains expressed at 95%. In the new caryotype, only one clone is still present: it is the clone in evolution in the first caryotype and which presents additional abnormalities. This evolution allows us to assert the biclonality of the primitive CLL, the two clones evolving differently under treatment. In conclusion, the patient presented a biclonal CLL with one clone responding to treatment and the other one resistant.

Millisecond Radio Spikes in the Decimetric Band

We present the results of the analysis of thirteen events consisting of dm-spikes observed in Torun between 15 March 2000 and 30 October 2001. The events were obtained with a very high time resolution (80 microseconds) radio spectrograph in the 1352 – 1490 MHz range. These data were complemented with observations from the radio spectrograph at Ondřejov in the 0.8 – 2.0 GHz band. We evaluated the basic characteristics of the individual spikes (duration, spectral width, and frequency drifts), as well as their groups and chains, the location of their emission sources, and the temporal correlations of the emissions with various phases of the associated solar flares. We found that the mean duration and spectral width of the radio spikes are equal to 0.036 s and 9.96 MHz, respectively. Distributions of the duration and spectral widths of the spikes have positive skewness for all investigated events. Each spike shows positive or negative frequency drift. The mean negative and positive drifts of the investigated spikes are equal to −776 MHz s−1 and 1608 MHz s−1, respectively. The emission sources of the dm-spikes are located mainly at disk center. We have noticed two kinds of chains, with and without frequency drifts. The mean durations of the chains vary between 0.067 s and 0.509 s, while their spectral widths vary between 7.2 MHz and 17.25 MHz. The mean duration of an individual spike observed in a chain was equal to 0.03 s. While we found some agreement between the global characteristics of the groups of spikes recorded with the two instruments located in Torun and Ondřejov, we did not find any one-to-one relation between individual spikes.