Kinds Of Cancers Research Articles

Prediction of Disease from Blood Microscopic Analysis Classification using Deep Learning Algorithm

Traditional blood disease detection based on visual inspection of blood smears using a microscope is time consuming, error-prone, and limited by the physical acuity of the hematologist. To facilitate clinical decision-making, an automated optical image processing system is required. Leukemia is a kind of cancer that is distinguished by the aberrant development of immature, abnormally shaped white blood cells (WBC) known as "blasts." Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells (WBCs) that affects the bone marrow and/or blood. A timely, safe, and accurate diagnosis of leukemia at an early stage is critical to treating and preserving patients' lives. The white blood cells in a blood smear are often examined under a microscope to determine the diagnosis.Many machine learning have been created to diagnose various illnesses, such as leukemia, and to deliver a high mis-classification error rate. As a result, we may use a deep learning system to identify microscope pictures for White Blood Cell Count study. The WBC differential counting system was divided into two modules: detection and classification. The detection module first processed the raw bone smear pictures, detecting all WBCs including red blood cells, platelet counts, staining impurities, and so on. The discovered cells were then sent into the categorization module.The categorization module was divided into two phases. In the first step, we separated a large number of cells, such as crushed cells, degenerated cells, and so on, that are not employed in the diagnosis for leukemia. The countable WBCs were then presented for multi-class separation using the Convolutional neural network technique in the second step

CUDC-101 as a dual-target inhibitor of EGFR and HDAC enhances the anti-myeloma effects of bortezomib by regulating G2/M cell cycle arrest.

CUDC-101, an effective and multi-target inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), has been reported to inhibit many kinds of cancers, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, no studies have yet investigated whether CUDC-101 is effective against myeloma. Herein, we proved that CUDC-101 effectively inhibits the proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and induces cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CUDC-101 markedly blocked the signaling pathway of EGFR/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and HDAC, and regulated the cell cycle G2/M arrest. Moreover, we revealed through in vivo experiment that CUDC-101 is a potent anti-myeloma drug. Bortezomib is one of the important drugs in MM treatment, and we investigated whether CUDC-101 has a synergistic or additive effect with bortezomib. The results showed that this drug combination had a synergistic anti-myeloma effect by inducing G2/M phase blockade. Collectively, our findings revealed that CUDC-101 could act on its own or in conjunction with bortezomib, which provides insights into exploring new strategies for MM treatment.

N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in PD-1/PD-L1: Novel implications for immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy has been shown to achieve significant antitumor effects in a variety of malignancies. Out of all the immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy has achieved great success. However, only some cancer patients benefit from this treatment strategy owing to drug resistance. Therefore, identifying the underlying modulators of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to completely comprehend the mechanisms of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is crucially important. Recent research has validated that m6A modification plays a critical role in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, thus regulating the immune response and immunotherapy strategies. In this review, we summarized the latest research on the regulation of m6A modification in PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in cancer proliferation, invasion, and prognosis based on different kinds of cancers and discussed the possible mechanisms. We also reviewed m6A-associated lncRNAs in the regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. More importantly, we outlined the influence of m6A modulation on anti-PD-1 therapy and m6A-related molecules that could predict the curative effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Further studies exploring the definitive regulation of m6A on the PD1/PD-1 pathway and immunotherapy are needed, which may address some of the current limitations in immunotherapy.

Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer: A Review of Recent Patents.

Lung cancer is one of the major killers among different kinds of cancer. Being a silent developer, the earliest detection and treatment of lung cancer is a challenging task. The existing therapeutic agents have lower efficacy. Nanotechnology can overcome the challenges posed by conventional approaches to ensure reliable diagnosis and treatment. Various patents on nano diagnosis and nano delivery aspects of lung cancer were analyzed to compile the information in a nutshell. The increasing trend of patents on nano-based solutions for lung cancer opens new opportunities. Google patent and Science Citation Index Expanded data sources were used to obtain relevant literature on nano-detection and nano-drug delivery for lung cancer. Various keywords were used to ensure the inclusion of recent and most relevant information in each section. The gist of the patent is described with suitable subsections. Thorough review of recent patents on nanotechnology-based theranostics of lung cancer was conducted. Nanotechnology-based diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer overcome the drawbacks of traditional treatments with better stability, targeted drug delivery, controlled sustained drug release, ease of membrane transport, and better therapeutic efficacy/safety ratio to obtain optimized clinical results. Further, it is cost-effective and accurate. Overall, the application of nanotechnology in lung cancer treatment and diagnosis is a futuristic approach. Furthermore, NPs-based in vitro and in vivo detection and nano drug delivery to lungs need to be rigorously pursued for a sustainable solution.

Research frontiers of electroporation-based applications in cancer treatment: a bibliometric analysis.

Electroporation, the breakdown of the biomembrane induced by external electric fields, has increasingly become a research hotspot for its promising related methods in various kinds of cancers. In this article, we utilized CiteSpace 6.1.R2 to perform a bibliometric analysis on the research foundation and frontier of electroporation-based applications in cancer therapy. A total of 3,966 bibliographic records were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection for the bibliometric analysis. Sersa G. and Mir L. M. are the most indispensable researchers in this field, and the University of Ljubljana of Slovenia is a prominent institution. By analyzing references and keywords, we found that, with a lower recurrence rate, fewer severe adverse events, and a higher success rate, irreversible electroporation, gene electrotransfer, and electrochemotherapy are the three main research directions that may influence the future treatment protocol of cancers. This article visualized relevant data to synthesize scientific research on electroporation-based cancer therapy, providing helpful suggestions for further investigations on electroporation. Although electroporation-based technologies have been proven as promising tools for cancer treatment, its radical mechanism is still opaque and their commercialization and universalization need further efforts from peers.

Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Flavonoids: Implication for Cancer Therapeutics

The Wnt pathway has been recognized for its crucial role in human development and homeostasis, but its dysregulation has also been linked to several disorders, including cancer. Wnt signaling is crucial for the development and metastasis of several kinds of cancer. Moreover, members of the Wnt pathway have been proven to be effective biomarkers and promising cancer therapeutic targets. Abnormal stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway has been linked to the initiation and advancement of cancer in both clinical research and in vitro investigations. A reduction in cancer incidence rate and an improvement in survival may result from targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. As a result, blocking this pathway has been the focus of cancer research, and several candidates that can be targeted are currently being developed. Flavonoids derived from plants exhibit growth inhibitory, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-migratory effects against various malignancies. Moreover, flavonoids influence different signaling pathways, including Wnt, to exert their anticancer effects. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the influence of flavonoids on cancer development and metastasis by focusing on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and we provide evidence of their impact on a number of molecular targets. Overall, this review will enhance our understanding of these natural products as Wnt pathway modulators.

Assessment of Radon Concentration in Blood Samples of Different Kinds of Cancer by Using CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors

The goal of this work to measure the radon concentrations in twenty blood samples taken from a cancer patient and a healthy group of Erbil governorates, by using CR-39 NTD. The results obtained the average concentrations of radon in blood samples for cancer patients and the healthy group were 19.318 ±3.86 Bq/m3 and 8.5077 ±1.84 Bq/m3 respectively. The mean value of radon concentration of the cancer group is higher than the healthy group. The variation in concentrations of radon in different locations may be caused due to the variation in the nature of blood samples and nuclei content in these samples. also depending on the allergic reaction of the body to radiation. This increase could be caused by pollution of environment with radioactive materials including uranium since cancer can be caused by ionization radiation results showed that the all of concentration of radon in blood samples for cancer and healthy group were less than the global permissibility limiting of exhibition to radon 200 Bq.m−3 (IAEA, 2010.)This work owes its importance to the fact that it aims at knowing and measuring the radon concentrations in the blood samples and impact it on the cancer in particular.

The prognostic value of hedgehog signaling in bladder cancer by integrated bioinformatics

Bladder cancer is the second most prevalent urological malignancy. It's a big contributor to cancer-related deaths throughout the globe. Researchers discovered that the hedgehog signaling (HhS) pathway contributed to the onset and spread of many different kinds of cancer. Nevertheless, the present understanding of the function of HhS in the bladder cancer molecular landscape is incomplete. Raw data were gotten from the IMvigor210, the Gene Expression Omnibus, and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. Bioinformatics was used to examine the HhS score of each sample, and the enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentiation characteristics, immunological infiltration, and metabolic activity. The HhS prognostic signature was developed with significant assistance from the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and Cox regression. An HhS-related nomogram was developed to assist in the prediction of patients’ survival probability. We found that HhS was linked to poor prognosis in bladder cancer, and its activation was linked to the Basal subtype of bladder cancer. Bladder cancer with high HhS activity has higher glycolysis, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and other cancer-promoting metabolic activities. Furthermore, HhS mediates an immunosuppressive microenvironment in bladder cancer on the basis that HhS negatively correlates with the CD8 + T cells and correlates positively with immune checkpoints and T cell exhaustion scores. Finally, an HhS-related signature was developed for predicting the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Targeting HhS may be a potential therapy choice for bladder cancer.

Green Day: An Interview with NHGRI Director Eric Green

Green Day: An Interview with NHGRI Director Eric Green

The genetic liability to rheumatoid arthritis may decrease hepatocellular carcinoma risk in East Asian population: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a rising possibility of acquiring certain kinds of cancers than the general public. The causal risk association between RA and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown.MethodsGenetic summary data from genome-wide association study (GWAS), including RA (n = 19,190) and HCC (n = 197,611), was analyzed. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach was used as the principal analysis, complemented with weighted median, weighted mode, simple median method, and MR-Egger analyses. The genetic data of RA (n = 212,453) was used to verify the results in eastern Asia populations.ResultsThe results from the IVW methods indicated that genetically predicted RA was significantly linked with a declined possibility of HCC for East Asians (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.003). The weighted median and the weighted mode also supported similar results (all p < 0.05). Additionally, neither the funnel plots nor the MR-Egger intercepts revealed any directional pleiotropic effects between RA and HCC. Moreover, the other set of RA data validated the results.ConclusionThe RA may decrease the risk of being susceptible to the HCC in eastern Asia populations, which was beyond expectation. In the future, additional investigations should be made into potential biomedical mechanisms.

Based on immune checkpoint inhibitor to improve cancer treatment

Different kinds of cancer normally have enormous prognosis according to its kind and different therapeutic methods. Sometimes use approprete treatment can get better prognosis, tradinional therapeutic such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy are notsuitable for some patients. Cancer cure is always a hot issue for scientists to think about, as growing population of cancer patients every year. Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has a significant advantage for its high accuracy. For patients with immune system related kind of cancer are most likely to benefit from its high precision. NSCLC patients, TNBC patients and people who got HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer thes specific types of have different reasons for bad result, but the basic factors are low response to chemotherapy. As treatment for some types of cancer has encountered with block, some types are hard to react to chemotherapy and some have lower mOS. Some patients have badly side effects compare with other, and the drug-fast problem is significant. For better result scientists believe ICT can activated immune system and keep its natural power in killing cancer cells. As more combination therapies of ICIs proposed in the future cancer patients are diffinatly have more chance. In conclution, ICT is a powerful way to heal cancer patients, and for many sevier patients this maybe their best chiose. ICT still need futher improvement to deal with more different kinds of cancer and reduce the side effects that it causes but its high efficiency is a good news for people who got cancer.

Checkpoint Inhibitors: Limitations and Potential Strategies

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as monoclonal antibodies, function when combining with three major types of immune checkpoints which include cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD1 ligand (PD-L1). In the progress, ICIs prevent these checkpoints from releasing anti-autoimmune signaling, which results in an antitumor immune response, thus in certain cases producing prolonged and profound benefits. Till now, ICI therapy has revolutionized the treatment of various malignancies. For instance, hepatoma, lymphoma, melanoma and so on, with the most severe effects observed in metastatic melanoma, a kind of cancer, which seldom responds to traditional treatments and has a historically low average survival time of under a year [1]. However, the toxicity of ICI and the resistance patients have to it restrict the number of patients achieving effective responses. This review systematically summarizes the limitations and the current potential strategies for a safe and effective anticancer immune response following ICI therapy.

Development of cell-based vaccines in cancer treatment

Cancer, as a serious global disease, becomes a severe threat to human life. Due to the problems of environmental pollution and life habits, many people die each year from various kinds of cancer, which also includes many young and middle-aged people. Nowadays, cancer has become one of the most concerned public health problems in the world, and the efforts and attempts to actively explore new treatments for cancer have never stopped. The creation of therapeutic cancer vaccines has solid biological and preclinical rationales, however, it has been difficult to translate this treatment approach into the clinical therapies. Immunotherapy has gained widespread attention as an emerging tool for cancer treatment. Among them, cell-based vaccines have achieved ideal outcomes in multiple tumor killings. This review introduces vaccines based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and dendritic cells (DC), summarizes the related research progress of cell vaccines in cancer treatment and discusses the limitations of cell-based vaccines.

Exploring the Relationship Between Garlic Intake and the Risk of Getting Different Types of Cancer

Whether the correlation exists between the risk of getting cancer and garlic intake is a mystery. On one hand, the media advertise that garlic could lower the opportunity of getting cancer, but on the other hand, no serious proof or studies are given. In order to quantitatively demonstrate the authenticity, a meta-analysis is applied grounded upon previous works for exploring the relationship between garlic and cancer. Five different types of cancers are considered in this work, including gastric, colon, prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The collected dataset is analyzed by the linear probing model for evaluating the previous results measured by risk ratio (RR) or odds ratio (OR). Then the averaged correlations between garlic intake and cancer of different types are calculated and further visualized for comparison. The results show that no major correlation is identified between garlic intake and the opportunities of suffering from all kinds of cancer. Moreover, the degree of correlation between different types of cancer can have a discrepancy to some extent.

Thermosensitive TMPO-oxidized lignocellulose/cationic agarose hydrogel loaded with deferasirox nanoparticles for photothermal therapy in melanoma

Deferasirox (DFX) is an iron-chelating agent effective in treating various kinds of cancers, which inhibits iron metabolism in cancer cells. The recent study aimed to prepare an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel based on lignocellulose and agarose containing deferasirox-loaded polypyrrole nanoparticles for local drug delivery in a combined chemo-photothermal therapy by laser light irradiation. Polypyrrole nanoparticles containing DFX were made by the emulsification method and optimized. Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared by quaternary ammonium substituted agarose and TMPO-oxidized lignocellulose at different ratios, and the optimal hydrogel was selected based on gelation time, gelation temperature, and injectability. DFX- loaded polypyrrole nanoparticles were then added to the hydrogel, and the drug release, rheology test, injectability, degradation, and swelling percent, as well as cytotoxicity, and photothermal properties, were studied on B16F10, human melanoma cells. The hydrogel with 2 % anionic lignocellulose and 0.5 % cationic agarose showed the shortest gelation time and the highest mechanical strength. It transferred from a liquid state at 4 °C into a semisolid form at 37 °C with a gelation time of 10.3 min. The nanoparticles loaded in hydrogel showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic dose of the drug was reduced by laser light irradiation.

HDAC5-mediated PRAME regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is an aggressive and lethal malignant neoplasm with extremely poor prognoses. Accumulating evidence has indicated that preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is correlated with several kinds of cancers. However, there is little direct evidence to substantiate the biological function of PRAME in LSCC. The purpose of the current study is to explore the oncogenic role of PRAME in LSCC. PRAME expression was analyzed in 57 pairs of LSCC tumor tissue samples through quantitative real-time PCR, and the correlation between PRAME and clinicopathological features was analyzed. The result indicated that PRAME was overexpressed in the LSCC patients and correlated with the TNM staging and lymphatic metastasis. The biological functions and molecular mechanism of PRAME in LSCC progression were investigated through in vitro and in vivo assays. Functional studies confirmed that PRAME facilitated the proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of LSCC cells, and PRAME also promoted tumor growth in vivo. HDAC5 was identified as an upstream regulator that can affect the expression of PRAME. Moreover, PRAME played the role at least partially by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. The above findings elucidate that PRAME may be a valuable oncogene target, contributing to the diagnosis and therapy of LSCC.

Dietary fungi in cancer immunotherapy: From the perspective of gut microbiota.

Immunotherapies are recently emerged as a new strategy in treating various kinds of cancers which are insensitive to standard therapies, while the clinical application of immunotherapy is largely compromised by the low efficiency and serious side effects. Gut microbiota has been shown critical for the development of different cancer types, and the potential of gut microbiota manipulation through direct implantation or antibiotic-based depletion in regulating the overall efficacy of cancer immunotherapies has also been evaluated. However, the role of dietary supplementations, especially fungal products, in gut microbiota regulation and the enhancement of cancer immunotherapy remains elusive. In the present review, we comprehensively illustrated the limitations of current cancer immunotherapies, the biological functions as well as underlying mechanisms of gut microbiota manipulation in regulating cancer immunotherapies, and the benefits of dietary fungal supplementation in promoting cancer immunotherapies through gut microbiota modulation.

SNHG15 enhances cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma by affecting the DNA repair capacity of cancer cells

BackgroundLung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a prevalent malignancy. SNHG15 has been demonstrated to be oncogenic in many kinds of cancers, however the mechanism of SNHG15 in LUAD cisplatin (DDP) resistance remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of SNHG15 on DDP resistance in LUAD and its related mechanism.MethodsBioinformatics analysis was adopted to assess SNHG15 expression in LUAD tissues and predict the downstream genes of SNHG15. The binding relationship between SNHG15 and downstream regulatory genes was proved through RNA immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Cell counting kit-8 assay was adopted to evaluate LUAD cell viability, and gene expression was determined by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We then performed comet assay to assess DNA damage. Cell apoptosis was detected by Tunnel assay. Xenograft animal models were created to test the function of SNHG15 in vivo.ResultsSNHG15 was up-regulated in LUAD cells. Moreover, SNHG15 was also highly expressed in drug-resistant LUAD cells. Down-regulated SNHG15 strengthened the sensitivity of LUAD cells to DDP and induced DNA damage. SNHG15 could elevate ECE2 expression through binding with E2F1, and it could induce DDP resistance by modulating the E2F1/ECE2 axis. In vivo experiments verified that the SNHG15 could enhance DDP resistance in LUAD tissue.ConclusionThe results suggested that SNHG15 could up-regulate ECE2 expression by recruiting E2F1, thereby enhancing the DDP resistance of LUAD.

New Cure Rate Survival Models Generated by Poisson Distribution and Different Regression Structures with Applications to Cancer Data Set

A new cure rate model is presented by assuming that, conditional on η , the number of competing causes of the event of interest follows the Poisson distribution, where η is assumed a random variable with gamma and generalized exponential distributions. For the time-to-event of the concurrent causes, we assumed the recently introduced truncated Nadarajah–Haghighi model. The model is parameterized directly in terms of the cure term, and then different symmetric and asymmetric link functions are used to assess the effects of covariates, such as logit, probit, log-log, Cauchit, Aranda-Ordaz, skewed probit, and skewed logit. Parameters estimation for the model is approached based on the traditional maximum likelihood estimation method. We achieve a simulation study in order to investigate the performance of these estimators under different scenarios. Finally, the model is illustrated in data sets related to two kinds of cancers (melanoma and colon cancer).

Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of the colchicine compound isolated from the leaves of Calotropis procera (Ait) against MCF-7 and SK-GT-4 cancer cell lines.

Alkaloids are regarded as important nitrogen-containing chemical compounds that serve as a rich source for discovering and developing new drugs where most plant-origin alkaloids have antiproliferation effects on different kinds of cancers. Alkaloids’ continence of Calotropis procera leaves are detected by two biochemical alkaloid reagents. Also GC-MS analysis for leaf alkaloid extract was done that showed the existence of one type of alkaloid compound at retention time12.8min detected as colchicine (C22H25N06( by comparing it with colchicine standard reference (Sigma Aldrich) with M.wt 399g/mol and percentage area 7.1%. Furthermore, identification, separation, and purification for purified colchicine compound were conducted by HPLC technique that gave one main peak at RT reached 2.5min compared with the standard reference. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of purified colchicine on two (MCF-7 &amp;SK-GT-4) cell lines revealed significant cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line that was superior to its cytotoxicity on the SK-GT4 cell line. With calculated IC50 reached 55.33µg/ml &amp;522 µg/ml respectively.