Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as monoclonal antibodies, function when combining with three major types of immune checkpoints which include cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD1 ligand (PD-L1). In the progress, ICIs prevent these checkpoints from releasing anti-autoimmune signaling, which results in an antitumor immune response, thus in certain cases producing prolonged and profound benefits. Till now, ICI therapy has revolutionized the treatment of various malignancies. For instance, hepatoma, lymphoma, melanoma and so on, with the most severe effects observed in metastatic melanoma, a kind of cancer, which seldom responds to traditional treatments and has a historically low average survival time of under a year [1]. However, the toxicity of ICI and the resistance patients have to it restrict the number of patients achieving effective responses. This review systematically summarizes the limitations and the current potential strategies for a safe and effective anticancer immune response following ICI therapy.
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