Kind Of War Research Articles

Fragmentation of Hope through Tiny Acts of Bureaucratic Cruelty - Another Kind of War on Afghan People Seeking Asylum in Sweden

This article analyzes the micro-powers of Swedish “cruel” and “non-cruel” bureaucrats using various logics of control, “tiny acts” enacted with pens, computers, and imposed assignments to condition asylum-seeking peoples’ lives and fragment their hope. Based on interviews with asylum-seeking Afghans and observations of their meetings with authorities, I argue that the bureaucratic treatment of Afghans in Sweden is a form of state-sanctioned racist violence and “departheid” executed to exclude discredited people from the welfare state. The article draws attention to a rapid downhill slide regarding asylum rights in Sweden since 2015 and the harm caused to asylum-seeking people.

Elements of fifth Generation Wars in American Perceptions


 With the progress and development that took place as a result of globalization, many new terms related to ‘force’ have emerged in war literature. These terms referred to other kinds of war which are equivalent to military battles in their impact but less expensive in material cost. The United States of America, which nowadays is possessing all the elements of unconventional wars, including fifth-generation war, which is considered one of the wars that are characterized by a diverse mix that enters into a conflict in which many tools are employed, including military, economic, informational, cyber and alike by a simultaneously mixture of traditional and unconventional tactics and strategies which are able to cause the greatest amount of damage indirectly through which states do not appear as aggressors in enemy territory, but rather by forming alliances that include state actors in addition to secondary actors that include institutions,، individuals, groups, technological, ideological, biological and environmental factors.
 

Categorizations of World War II in Videogames

WWII remains a popular adaptation for videogames seventy years after its end, yet, what kind of war is depicted through these games? With inspiration drawn from Ethnomethodology, this article asks which cues WWII first person shooters, strategy games and flight simulation provide players with to categorize WWII. Eight different categorizations are identified. Even though preferred categorizations are found in each of the three genres analyzed, each game invites players to categorize WWII in several different ways. Moreover, it is shown that the sequentiality of these different categorizations is crucial for the way in which players are led to engage in virtual military engagements. They are offered varied moral orders and varied moral engagements.

BİR SAVAŞ STRATEJİSİ OLARAK CİNSEL ŞİDDETİN FEMİNİST TEORİ VE ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Savaşın değişen geleneği içerisinde kadın, çatışmanın amaçlarına ulaşmak açısından tek kilit nokta olarak düşünülmeye başlanmıştır. Uluslararası sistemin gelişen yapısı sayesinde konvansiyonel silahların yerini alan yok edici özellikteki birçok nükleer silahın kazanımı, ülkelerin geleneksel savaşlara bakışını değiştirmiştir. Bu yüzden son yüzyılın yıkıcı iki büyük savaşı, ulus devletlerarası silahlı çatışmalardan devletleri uzak tutmaya yetmiştir. Bu silahların caydırıcı varlığı neticesinde ortaya çıkan birçok savaş türü, kadını çatışmanın tam da ortasına oturtmuştur. Özellikle vekâlet savaşları, hibrit savaşlar ve orta yoğunluklu çatışma gibi adlarla anılan bu yeni savaşlarda devletler, ekonomik çıkarlarını ön planda tutmuş ve istenilen amaca ulaşabilmek için ahlaki sonuçları tartışmaya açık olan nesebin uzun vadede planlanan değişimini esas alan bir anlayışı savaş aracı olarak kullanmaya yönelmişlerdir. Erkeğin toprak üzerindeki hâkimiyetinin diğer tarafında bulunan kadın, bu savaş ve zafer anlayışı açısından hedefin kendisi olmuştur. Onun toplum ve kültürü doğurganlığıyla yeniden inşa etme erki erkek egemen dünya anlayışında hedefe ulaşmanın maliyetsiz aracı olmuştur.

Rational Origins of Revisionist War

Abstract The rise of China has returned attention to the links between power transitions and war. In this literature, three different causal mechanisms can be confused. This essay disentangles them. Power transitions can lead to three kinds of war: preventive, accidental, and revisionist. Formal models tend to study the first, in which a declining state tries to delay or prevent a rival’s ascent. However, major wars during great power transitions are usually initiated by the rising state, not the declining one. To describe these historical cases, less formal theories, especially neorealism and neoclassical realism, focus on accidental and revisionist wars, but these theories tend to fall back on nonrational mechanisms to connect changing power to the risk of conflict. This leaves a theoretical gap: Why would a rising, rational actor deliberately choose conflict, i.e., start a revisionist war? To suggest an answer, this essay demonstrates how a simple change in standard bargaining models—incorporating a nonzero probability of indecisive war—can ground realist intuitions on rationalist foundations. It further shows how this change leads immediately to an intuitive, formal definition of stability that aligns naturally with existing informal work. Then, contrary to existing realist theory, it shows why the rigorous analysis of realist assumptions leads to a nonmonotonic relationship between the offense/defense balance and war. It thus uses realism to inform and potentially redirect formal scholarship; it also uses formal scholarship to sharpen the logical foundations of realism and, in so doing, derive novel empirical predictions. The essay concludes by applying this synthesis to the rise of China today and indicating directions for deepening the formal/realist synthesis.

Kebersinggungan Tarekat Dengan Dunia Luar Dalam Pandangan Martin Van Bruinessen

Whether we realize it or not, pursuing and practicing Sufism until it reaches the point that there is nothing but lillah, is not easy and only certain people can get there. For ordinary people, maybe just crawling in the early stages is already heavy, because the initial step for practitioners of Sufism is to stay away from worldly luxuries which incidentally everyone cannot completely escape from worldly affairs, especially in the modern era like today. Sufism and tarekat discourses have attracted the attention of many Muslim and western scholars. One of them is a Dutch orientalist named Martin Van Bruinessen. Martin describes in great detail how the portraits of the tarekat from the initial source, which then proceeded and reproduced in Indonesia. He also explained how the tarekat's close relationship with the local ruling elite and what radical efforts were carried out by tarekat adherents in order to defend their homeland from Dutch colonialism. The motivation of the ruler to approach the tarekat is to legitimize his power in front of the people. They consider the tarekat as a spiritual force, so that it becomes a wasilah for the continuity of its power and prosperity for its people. The contact between the tarekat and the political world occurs not only at the lower level, but also at the elite level. As for the Dutch colonial era, some tarekat in the past still thought that the Dutch were a people to be hostile to, in addition to the many implementations of the policies of the Dutch East Indies government, especially in the economic field which were not in favor of the people. In fact, it often causes resistance, so that in history there have been various kinds of wars between the people, involving religious leaders and tarekat with the Dutch KNIL soldiers.

Book Review: Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism by John A. Lynn II

Book Review: <i>Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism</i> by John A. Lynn II

Comparison of the Views of Classical Fiqh Ulama and Contemporary Fiqh Ulama on the Use of Zakat Maal for the Development of Educational and Da'wah Institutions

Nowadays, zakat paid by muzakki is channeled through an educational empowerment model, including scholarships for poor children. In addition to scholarships, the empowerment model also improved, zakat funds are also used for the development of Educational and Da'wah Institutions, including for schools, campuses, dormitories, and mosques. In At-Taubah 60, there is no mention of the Board of Education and Da'wah included in the asnaf who are entitled to receive zakat. Thus, the question arises as to how the legal position of the use of zakat funds for the benefit of the development of educational institutions and da'wah, whether the law is allowed according to sharia or not. This study used a qualitative library research method. The conclusion of this article states that zakat funds are allowed for the construction of educational and da’wah institutions, by using the reason for the "generality of interpretation" of the word sabilillah ( في سبيل الله ) in At-Taubah: 60 as one of the parties entitled to receive zakat. If the zakat funds for asnaf sabilillah still use the classical meaning, which means only for war, then the scope will be very narrow. In addition, at this time, jihad, which means war on the battlefield no longer exists, because it is considered a violation of human rights, and even if this kind of war is still being financed by the state.

Security in Cyberspace in the Field of International Relations

: As cyberspace expands and globalizes, we are experiencing a new layer of threats to governments in the form of cyber threats that have impacted various facets of national security, including social, economic, military, and political security. As a result, in the form of electronic warfare, it has developed a new kind of war and conflict. Therefore, it has impacted international security, necessitating solutions to minimize the harm caused by this form of threat and preserve international security. So, network security has brought to light some of the underlying tensions between international rivalry and cybersecurity cooperation. Thus, the current study employs a descriptive-analytical method to investigate and analyze the role of international organizations, especially the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in the development of cyberspace security. The hypothesis raised in this study is that since governments are increasingly relying on unilateral policies and resources to ensure cyber protection, international organizations should play an active role in shaping cooperation among their members in the form of approaches focused on international cooperation on cybersecurity and the prevention of cyber threats, as well as the development of a global cybersecurity system.

Les Dispositions de la Jurisprudence Islamique concernant les Dhimmis. Etude de certaines questions

&#x0D; The historical Islamic state establishes a relationship between it and its citizens and religious subjects from religious minorities on tolerance, righteousness, mercy, justice, equality and other moral principles, provisions and teachings that safeguard human communication in spite of the difference of Religions and Sects. The article spoke through the introduction that the presence of Christians in the Arabian Peninsula was a normal, not an incident, which required special treatment for this social and religious group, which lives and shares many security, financial and social matters with Muslims.&#x0D; The article shed light on the Dhimmis, in particular, those who were satisfied with living and settling in the Islamic state, and who accepted that Islam and its Shari’ah law would rule over them and their masters, and they condemned its rulings with both humility and obediance and this will not be achieved for them unless they accept taxation and the supremacy of the Islamic state, so they can aquire citizenship, and the Sharia law showed through the texts of the Holy Coran and the Sunnah. the rules of the relationship between them and the Muslims .they shall not be harmed or wage upon any kind of war and sedition, To those who failed to comply, they would have no righteousness and all connection shall be severed and rights will be suspended.&#x0D; Through the article, we explained what the dhimmis must abide by, including submitting to the jurisdiction of the Islamic judiciary and be judge by it, and avoiding defamation or redicule to Muslims regarding their religion, their messenger, and the holy Qur'an , or their rulings with criticism , as well as withdraw all kinds of offenses and abominations in the Islamic state such as nudity, or drinking alcohol,eating pork ,erecting without permission worship temples and churches, etc. and other provisions&#x0D; Through the article, I referred to a number of the rights of the dhimmis, including their call to God and to convert to Islam, and their permanent residence in the Islamic state in exchange for their protection and insurance, and they pay taxes in exchange for the safety contract. I also referred to the principle of equality with Muslims in many rights, and allowing them to assume public functions other than those required by Islam, to the legislation that guarantees them freedom of opinion, belief and the performance of rituals, and prevents and forbids hurting them and undermining their dignity. And avoid their injustice, whether in their souls, money or symptoms, as well as charity and other forms of social activties such as sales,deals, purchase, leasing and other provisions and issues that the legal texts talked about were dealt with juristic opinions.

John A. Lynn Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism.

John A. Lynn Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism.

The Overcoming of the Beyng of Machenschaft: Heidegger, Jünger, and T. E. Lawrence

ABSTRACT In 1939 Martin Heidegger made the astonishing claim that the overcoming of the beyng of machination occurs in T. E. Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom. He arrived at this assessment in the course of his attempt to distance himself from Friedrich Nietzsche and Ernst Jünger. It is well known that Heidegger formulated his understanding of machination in part in response to Jünger's account of total mobilization, but the importance for Heidegger of Jünger's accounts of his experiences at the Front also needs to be recognized. Lawrence presented Heidegger with a very different response to a different kind of war from that of Jünger. This paper highlights some passages in Seven Pillars that help to explain what led Heidegger to believe that Lawrence provided a model of how to avoid some of the pitfalls of Nietzsche's and Jünger's attempts to overcome metaphysics.

Socio-ecological Transformation for Sustainable Development in the Context of Hybrid War

Abstracts: Hybrid war is a quite new concept in modern studies on military science. This kind of war has no gunfire, no airplanes or tanks, yet still has the power to eradicate a nation by different measures: economic, technological, ecological and environmental.&#x0D; A hybrid war is understood as a people's war, but not in a way that a nation wages the war against the other nation to conquer, instead they seek for the assistance of the locals so that those locals commit suicide at the hands of the war monger.&#x0D; From the perspective of the "people's war" to the hybrid war, security measures are also based on the viewpoint of the people's war. All population stratum must be involved in security measures during the hybrid war. The organization of people should not only through traditional movements, but also through a long-term strategic scenario of economic and legal solutions for the whole society.&#x0D; The issue of Vietnam is to make a double effort, in which to have the policy to prevent the danger of the hybrid war, at the same time participate in the socio-ecological transformation with other worldwide nations for sustainable development of mankind.&#x0D; Keywords: Sustainable development, Socio-ecological transformation, Hybrid war, People, double effort.

Divisions Over Distinctions in Wartime International Law

Under what conditions International Human Rights Law (IHRL) applies in wartime? Who is a combatant, and who is a non-combatant, given that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) sets very different rules for each? When do armed conflicts begin and end, and what are their spatial boundaries, given that IHL only applies to armed conflict? What conditions distinguish international from non-international armed conflict ("IAC" from "NIAC"), given that distinct IHL corpus governs each? What law applies to cross-border fights between non-State and State forces ("transnational wars"): peacetime international law, IAC-law, NIAC-law, or a new IHL altogether? Since the early-2000s, such war-related legal classifications have been evermore, un-resolvability debated. This chapter addresses that classification crisis. It aims to enrich the discourse with the following five provocative thoughts: First, it refutes the received historical account that the current crisis results from the rise of a new kind of war. The attributes of current conflicts are much less novel than assumed. Second, it refutes the accepted (overly) Statist history of IHL, showing that IHL application to NIAC, and even to transnational wars, is much older than widely thought. Third, it shows that current uncertainty is, in part, not a crisis, rather a chronic fact of life, stemming from the inevitable nature of ‘law’ and of ‘war’. Moreover, the chapter presents a recently neglected IHL norm–The Adaptation Approach–that has long aided IHL in addressing such uncertainty. Four, it reveals the main cause for the current actual legal crisis: for two decades, a struggle has been waging in IHL, driven by the competing attempts of hardline-Statists and hardline-IHRL-advocates to take sole control over its shaping. Current escalating uncertainty primarily stems from these attempts and from the clash between them. Five, the chapter responds by rebutting the fundamental premise of each hardline faction: (a) It shows that the Hardline-Statist drive to loosen wartime legal constraints gravely underrates existing IHL. (b) It argues that IHRL-advocates over-estimate the benefits of extensive wartime application of IHRL; counter-intuitively, the co-application of IHRL and IHL diminishes (rather than increases) civilian protection. The chapter, thus, invites us to radically question the role IHRL should play in armed conflict.

Une nouvelle affirmation du féminin à partir des années soixante-dix. Témoignage

Annie Leclerc offers personal reflections on her vital and intellectual trajectory towards claiming difference and the value and power of women. In her lecture, she refers to her passion for philosophy and writing, her awareness of the inferiority of women and the use of it to create the myth of male superiority. She gives us a testimony of her position and contribution to the women’s movement in the struggle for the liberation of desire and speech, as well as the testimony of her distance from Beauvoir’s positions. Far from the struggle of the sexes, Leclerc proposes not to conquer but to share; far from any kind of war, from domination, she shows the need for a new political ecology in which women have their say.

What Kind of War is Coming?

John Mitchell FBCS explores some of the options and non-options in responding to a cyber attack on a national level.

Wojna w dystopii – dystopia jako antywojna (na materiale powieści Kaharłyk Ołeha Szynkarenki)

The dystopian novel Kaharlyk (2014) by Oleh Shynkarenko, the action of which takes place in about 2144, depicts various kinds of wars and forms of armed struggle: the occupation of territories of Ukraine by the Russian army, Russian-Chinese nuclear war, guerrilla warfare, the local conflict for power, and ethnic antagonisms. The description of the post-apocalyptic reality Grey Zone gives the author an opportunity to reflect on the dangers of aggressive ideology: imperialism, religious fundamentalism and radical nationalism. The diagnosis of Ukrainian society presented is also alarming. Hence, the work can be seen as a warning novel. Similar elements can be found in many dystopias written recently in different countries. An analysis of examples from Russian and American cultures shows that criticism of the existing situation is often combined with an admonition of the phenomena that may arise from the dangerous trends of the present, including armed conflicts. Hence visions of future wars, among other things, serve as a tool of discreditation against the ruling political forces and propose an analysis of discourses responsible for driving those wars. Implemented in such way, the ideological function, the metadiscursive perspective and humanistic values of dystopia allow for it, in our opinion, to be included in the arsenal of measures designed to “create conditions that scare of war or limit its scope” (A. Toffler, H. Toffler). The totality of these measures was defined by Alvin and Heidi Toffler as “anti-war”.

WHAT IS DISTINCTIVELY NEW ABOUT SO-CALLED ‘NEW’ WARS?

In the post-Cold war era, there has been a growing tendency to suggest the classification of ‘new’ wars, since the perception of the threat has changed. Since threats coming from within states have recently become dominant, many scholars have studied this development. The consensus they have reached is that this type of threat represents a different kind of war. Kalevi Holsti has named it a third kind of war (1996); Martin van Creveld has named it ‘Low-Intensity Conflict’ (1991); and Mary Kaldor has named it ‘new war’ (1999). This article will embrace Mary Kaldor’s ‘new war’ concept and use it to analyse and describe this different kind of war and compare it with old wars. In contrast to these aforementioned arguments, some scholars, such as Edward Newman and Stathis N. Kalyvas, have argued that there are no new wars in the contemporary world. According to them, many features of the so-called new wars can be seen in old wars. This paper also aims to unfold whether the new wars are in fact new or not. To better observe this, first the characteristics of new wars and old wars will be considered and then they will be compared to find out what is distinctively new about so-called new wars.

Social Housing as a State-Funded Mega Project: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia

There are many kinds of war. They span from typical military conflicts to socially and politically charged environments, from fiscal colonization to ghostly wars about information and the internet. But what about the fear of a possible war? Could housing initiatives be connected to that? What kind of design methods and standards as well as processes would that specific case entail? What other factors would add pressure to studying and implementing housing projects in this context? What could be the possible measure of such projects’ eventual assessment? This paper is based on the assumption that fear of a spreading of the Arab Spring in the Saudi Kingdom triggered a massive state-funded housing project. The ambitious case of Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Housing (MoH) will be discussed and gradually unfolded within its social, cultural, economic, and technical-design conditions. The project’s development is discussed both before its launch-conceptualization and throughout its implementation. The original insight given stems from the authors’ participation as lead urban planners in one of the major companies awarded the project.

The Globar War: The EU’s Apple Tax Case

AbstractIt is often said that globalization is just a new form of war between nations; an economic war. It is also a tax war; fiscal policies are a central point of the competition for territories’ attractiveness (ROUGÉ et CHOPOV 2016). But the global tax war is not only another form of interstates conflict; it is also a brand new kind of war between global firms and state to share the burden of civil society. The aim of this paper is to clarify what is at stake in this war to be able to fight it.