Kinds Of Tasks Research Articles

Intellectual Work Required of Students in Science Classrooms: Students’ Opportunities to Learn Science

Students’ opportunities to learn science are shaped by the intellectual work in which they engage in science classrooms. By considering the opportunity to learn as a more nuanced and complex concept than simply as exposure to the subject matter, we argue that the kind of tasks that teachers assign to students presents an important element to understand how students are positioned to learn in science classrooms. Teachers, undoubtedly, play a critical role in the selection of these instructional tasks. This study aims to investigate the cognitive demand of science tasks and teachers’ reasoning for what makes these tasks cognitively demanding. Guided by a framework, which was designed to classify science tasks according to cognitive demand and the integration of science content and practices, we analyzed 224 science tasks shared by 125 teachers through a statewide survey. The analyses revealed many of the science tasks, which were identified by teachers as demanding high-level intellectual work from students and were classified into low-level categories of this framework. The qualitative analyses of teachers’ responses to survey questions revealed the factors that influenced science teachers’ decisions about the cognitive demand of instructional tasks.

TBLT IN PRACTICE: BRINGING TASKS TO ENGLISH CLASSROOM IN THE CURRICULUM 2013

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) has been one of an approaches used in EFL classrooms due to its effectiveness. It focuses on the authentic language of students in doing meaningful task using the target language. This study investigates the application of TBLT in EFL classroom in the Curriculum 2013. It examines the kind of tasks that can be applied to scaffold students’ writing ability and its effectiveness in scaffolding students’ writing ability. Classroom action research was used in conducting the research in which qualitative data was obtained through observation, interview and documentation. The site of the study was in one of Junior High Schools in Bogor in which class 8 grade was selected. The findings revealed that TBLT can be implemented in the Curriculum 2013 by using different kind of tasks. This study suggests that English teachers may find, modify, and create various kinds of tasks to be implemented in their own classes using TBLT approach.

Incorporating User's Preference into Attributed Graph Clustering

Graph clustering has been studied extensively on both plain graphs and attributed graphs. However, all these methods need to partition the whole graph to find cluster structures. Sometimes, based on domain knowledge, people may have information about a specific target region in the graph and only want to find a single cluster concentrated on this local region. Such a task is called local clustering. In contrast to global clustering, local clustering aims to find only one cluster that is concentrating on the given seed vertex (and also on the designated attributes for attributed graphs). Currently, very few methods can deal with this kind of task. To this end, we propose two quality measures for a local cluster: Graph Unimodality ( <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GU</small> ) and Attribute Unimodality ( <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AU</small> ). The former measures the homogeneity of the graph structure while the latter measures the homogeneity of the subspace that is composed of the designated attributes. We call their linear combination as <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Compactness</small> . Further, we propose LOCLU to optimize the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Compactness</small> score. The local cluster detected by LOCLU concentrates on the region of interest, provides efficient information flow in the graph and exhibits a unimodal data distribution in the subspace of the designated attributes.

Enhancing Students’ Drama Performance: A Process Approach

This research aims at describing and developing website based authentic assessment model on drama course in English literature study program. The research data comes from descriptive information of the experts or validator along with the suggestion from the students as the product user through the PBL activity combined with the observation and recording with video tape. Data analysis is done by using rubric measure: a) the information completeness which is applied on the work sheets. b) the information comprehensiveness which is included in the paragraph written by the students. The overall of the flow diagram are : Preparation: choosing the research based article which is relevant with the course; preparing worksheet and observation sheet. Implementation: the students read the research based article and fill in the worksheet. . Observation: filling in the observation sheet and writing anecdotal record. Reflection: analyzing the observation sheet and measurement rubric. With the implementation of authentic assessment toward the students who participate in the drama appreciation course. The obtained results show significant increase in their competence through the 6 kinds of task which contain website based authentic assessment on the stage of manipulating expression, scripting, dialogue reading, pre performing and stage performance.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО СТРОЯ ЯЗЫКА СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ И ЕГО ОСВОЕНИЕ КИТАЙСКИМИ УЧАЩИМИСЯ

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The study was aimed to consider the features of the lexical and grammatical structure of the scientific style of the Russian language and learning difficulties for the Chinese students at the early academic study. Drawing parallels between grammar categories of Russian and Chinese Author clarifies all the reasons for the emergence of the students' difficulties, analyses their mistakes and offers different types of exercises, aimed at eliminating all the mistakes of students. Author dwells on the major grammar categories of the Russian language and explains how difficult it is for foreigners to accept them. She provides examples of grammar categories which are difficult to study, such as, Participle I, II; Adverbial Participle; Active/Passive Constructions and etc. Author pays attention to the issues of word formation, word order in the Russian sentences. She offers different kind of tasks which are intended for the development of communication skills of the Chinese.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

МЕТОДИКА МУЗЫКАЛЬНО-РИТМИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ СЛАБОВИДЯЩИХ ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА НА ОСНОВЕ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ КАРЛА ОРФА

The article reveals the methods of musical-rhythmic education of preschool children with visual disabilities on the basis of pedagogical system by Karl Orff in the process of musical lessons in kindergarten. This method includes the development of speech, figurative thinking, coordination of movements, the development of communication skills, emotionality and creativity of children with visual disabilities. The method provides different musical quests using simple literary text, that allows children to sing along with the teacher, thereby developing their speech; literary and musical images, displayed by various attributes, which children are able to understand, and also tasks for the development of children’s spatial coordination. The method involves different kinds of tasks, such as “Songs with replacement”, in which words are replaced by defined movements, aiming to develop coordination, attention and mind, as well as creative participation of all children in the execution of the musical composition. The tone of voice of the teacher, his manner of communication with children are of great importance along with the laws of perception: a) Tell me an I forget, b) Show me and I remember, c) Put me in the process and I understand.

A APRENDIZAGEM DAS HABILIDADES AUDITIVAS: UM MEIO E UM FIM NA AQUISIÇÃO DE LÍNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS

RESUMO: A compreensão oral constitui um valioso meio de aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras e um objetivo importante para os alunos no propósito de obter informações produzidas em segunda língua. Sua aquisição bem sucedida envolve o uso de processos mentais que precisam ser internalizados pelos alunos e posteriormente colocados em prática em suas interações orais para facilitar a compreensão em diferentes contextos comunicativos. É responsabilidade do professor encontrar as melhores formas de garantir a aquisição ativa dessa habilidade, escolhendo os tipos de tarefas e materiais que melhor atendam às necessidades e interesses dos alunos como indivíduos e como aprendizes de idiomas. Seguindo essas ideias, o presente artigo objetiva realçar a importância das habilidades auditivas no processo de aquisição de línguas estrangeiras. O trabalho também explora as formas em que essas habilidades podem ser abordadas em sala de aula para adicionar uma dimensão centrada no aluno ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Para atingir esses objetivos, o artigo se baseia em contribuições teóricas oferecidas por autores como Krashen (1982); Nunan (1998); Richards (2008, 1983); Brown (2006); Hinkel (2011, 2006); Nation e Newton (2009); Vandergrift (2011, 2007, 1999); Rost (2011, 2001) entre outros, que desenvolveram pesquisas substanciais nesse campo.

Buildings Cracks Classification Using Zoning and Invariant Moment Features and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis Classifier

Natural disasters such as earthquake often cause cracks in buildings and even demolish them. The cracked building must be assessed by an expert to determine whether the building is still suitable for use or not. The feasibility of a building is assessed based on the width, depth, and length of cracks in walls, beams, columns, and even the floor of the building. Only experienced experts can do such kind of task so that building assessment requires many structural engineering experts when an earthquake has happened. However, structural engineering experts are limited which able to do buildings assessment in the area affected. Therefore, the research based on a pattern recognition approach is conducted to classify cracks in buildings to be mild, moderate, or severe. It will be part of automatic building assessment based on the crack analysis. An alternative pattern recognition approach for classifying buildings cracks is a scheme based on zoning and shape features and Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) classifier. Based on the experimental results the proposed scheme gives reasonable achievement more than 80% of accuracy.

Research-Based Clinical Legal Education: A Contradiction in Terms or a Win-Win? Lessons from a UK Pilot Study

This article provides an account of a project (funded by the Ferens Education Trust) which is designed to enhance clinical legal education (CLE) provision within my own institution, develop networks with local stakeholders, promote civic engagement, supplement over-stretched advice provision and elicit valuable research data. The intention in providing a ‘warts and all’ account of how this project developed is to offer an insight into the trials and tribulations of setting up such a scheme, to offer comfort to those who like me, are new to this kind of task and, to assist in efforts to avoid reinventing the wheel. Perhaps more importantly, it aims also to highlight the potential for CLE schemes to facilitate research.

Network attributes describe a similarity between deep neural networks and large scale brain networks

AbstractDespite the recent success of deep learning models in solving various problems, their ability is still limited compared with human intelligence, which has the flexibility to adapt to a changing environment. To obtain a model which achieves adaptability to a wide range of problems and tasks is a challenging problem. To achieve this, an issue that must be addressed is identification of the similarities and differences between the human brain and deep neural networks. In this article, inspired by the human flexibility which might suggest the existence of a common mechanism allowing solution of different kinds of tasks, we consider a general learning process in neural networks, on which no specific conditions and constraints are imposed. Subsequently, we theoretically show that, according to the learning progress, the network structure converges to the state, which is characterized by a unique distribution model with respect to network quantities such as the connection weight and node strength. Noting that the empirical data indicate that this state emerges in the large scale network in the human brain, we show that the same state can be reproduced in a simple example of deep learning models. Although further research is needed, our findings provide an insight into the common inherent mechanism underlying the human brain and deep learning. Thus, our findings provide suggestions for designing efficient learning algorithms for solving a wide variety of tasks in the future.

A mixed integer linear programming modelling for the flexible cyclic jobshop problem

This paper addresses the Cyclic Jobshop Problem in a flexible context. The flexibility feature means that machines are able to perform several kinds of tasks. Hence, a solution of the scheduling problem does not only concern the starting times of the elementary tasks, but also the assignment of these tasks to a unique machine. The objective considered in this paper is the minimisation of the cycle time of a periodic schedule. We formulate the problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Problem and propose a Benders decomposition method along with a heuristic procedure to speed up the solving of large instances. It consists in reducing the number of machines available for each task. Results of numerical experiments on randomly generated instances show that the MILP modelling has trouble solving difficult instances, while our decomposition method is more efficient for solving such instances. Our heuristic procedure provides good estimates for difficult instances.

Impact of FDI in Insurance Sector

One of the most hanging traits during the last many years is the amazing increase of FDI in the international economic system panorama. This excellent improvement of FDI in 1990 around the globe make FDI a important and critical phase of development technique in each created and creating nations and preparations are configuration with a selected cease intention to animate internal streams. FDI offers a win-win situation to the host and the nations of origin. The international locations are straightforwardly inspired by way of welcoming FDI, in mild of the fact that they advantage a great deal from such kind of task. As a rule FDI alludes to capital inflows from abroad that put sources into the era limit of the economic system and are normally favoured over other sort of outer fund due to the fact they're non-obligation making non-risky and their earnings rely upon the execution of the undertakings financed by the economic professionals. FDIinflow encourages the creating countries to created sincere, expansive and compelling association situation for task troubles and, assembles human and institutional abilties to execute the identical. The safety phase is of massive importance to each developing economic system; in includes the sparing propensity, which thusly produces lengthy haul investible assets for basis constructing. This present day Paper's locations are to explore the Indian Insurance part, to realize blessings of expanded outdoor direct undertaking restrain in protection section, to recognize the Government arrangement with respect to protection department in India, to understand Issues in FDI in Insurance Sector.

Do we X, Should/Shall we X, Let’s X

Abstract This article studies the formats Do we X, Should/Shall we X, and Let’s X in order to deepen our understanding of face-to-face collaborative interactions at the computer. We use 6 hours of data of university students collaborating in British and American English, and our methodology is Conversation Analysis. We demonstrate that the participants display and orient to the immediacy/remoteness of the task, as well as their entitlement to carry out the proposed task, when they put forward a proposed action. To do so, they use specific formats, specific verbs, and display specific tasks depending on their needs, emerging from the unfolding of the collaboration. We argue that collaboration is not only a matter of organising the accomplishment of a set of tasks, but also of displaying what kind of task is being proposed, and to what extent the speaker is entitled to the proposed task.

High Noon on the Creative Frontier: Configuring Human and Machine Expertise

In 1960, CBS aired a special issue entitled “The Thinking Machine” which featured three Western playlets scripted by a computer programmed by MIT researchers. Almost 60 years later, two researchers at Autodesk used a computer program to help design a chair. In this article, I link these two seemingly discrete examples of computational creativity in order to highlight how digital fabrication technologies have served as an important test site for defining human and computational expertise. I do so by illustrating how concepts of “creativity” and “routine” were produced alongside the concepts of computational creativity during the development of digital fabrication. This dichotomy of “creative” and “routine” is not only used to determine the kinds of tasks that are appropriate for humans and computers to perform within the design and production process, but it is also used to render invisible the embodied craft knowledge required to substantiate these systems.

Quality Analysis in Acyclic Production Networks

Abstract The production network under examination consists of a number of workstations. Each workstation is a parallel configuration of machines performing the same kind of tasks on a given part. Parts move from one workstation to another and at each workstation a part is assigned randomly to a machine. We assume that the production network is acyclic, that is, a part does not return to a workstation where it previously received service. Furthermore, we assume that the quality of the end product is additive, that is, the sum of the quality contributions of the machines along the production path. The contribution of each machine is modeled by a separate random variable. Our main result is the construction of estimators that allow pairwise and multiple comparison of the means and variances of machines in the same workstation. These comparisons then may lead to the identification of unreliable machines. We also discuss the asymptotic distributions of the estimators that allow the use of standard statistical tests and decision making.

DIF as a pedagogical tool: analysis of item characteristics in ICILS to understand what students are struggling with

International large-scale assessments like international computer and information literacy study (ICILS) (Fraillon et al. in International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), 2015) provide important empirically-based knowledge through the proficiency scales, of what characterizes tasks at different difficulty levels, and what that says about students at different ability levels. In international comparisons, one of the threats against validity is country differential item functioning (DIF), also called item-by-country interaction. DIF is a measure of how much harder or easier an item is for a respondent of a given group as compared to respondents from other groups of equal ability. If students from one country find a specific item much harder or easier than students from other countries, it can impair the comparison of countries. Therefore, great efforts are directed towards analyzing for DIF and removing or changing items that show DIF. From another angle, however, this phenomenon can be seen not only as a threat to validity, but also as an insight into what distinguishes students from different countries, and possibly their education, on a content level, providing even more pedagogically useful information. Therefore, in this paper, the data from ICILS 2013 is re-analyzed to address the research question: Which kinds of tasks do Danish, Norwegian, and German students find difficult and/or easy in comparison with students of equal ability from other countries participating in ICILS 2013? The analyses show that Norwegian and Danish students find items related to computer literacy easier than their peers from other countries. On the other hand, Danish and, to a certain degree, Norwegian students find items related to information literacy more difficult. Opposed to this, German students do not find computer literacy easier, but they do seem to be comparably better at designing and laying out posters, web pages etc. This paper shows that essential results can be identified by comparing the distribution of difficulties of items in international large-scale assessments. This is a more constructive approach to the challenge of DIF, but it does not eliminate the serious threat to the validity of the comparison of countries.

Monitoring of adequacy/efficacy of pathogenetic therapy in patients with Wilson’s disease by means of computerized testing of hand motor activity

Patients with Wilson’s disease (WD) need lifelong pathogenetic therapy (PGT) to prevent progress of neurodegenerative processes in particular. However, a pharmacological management of copper balance is very diffi cult task because there are the possibility of worsening dramatically of a patient’s neurological status, the potential side eff ects of drugs, inadequacy of the PGT scheme, and the PGT regime violation or refusal of some patients. The necessity of eff ective method for assessment of the adequacy of PGT and monitoring of compliance of patients has led us to create the application Motus Test Set for a Tablet PC with a touch screen. Motus Test Set is aimed for testing of motor actions of the hands, since among the WD neurological manifestations, tremor and hyperkinesis are the most common and sensitive to therapy. Motus Test Set consists of four kinds of tasks (drawing of the cube and tracts in labyrinths, a continuous following a moving object, "piano") which are performed by fi ngers. Hand motor activity was assessed by means of Motus Test Set at the beginning and at the end of hospitalization in 30 WD patients with different PGTs. The usage of the Motus Test Set in most patients (86.67 %) did not cause any problem, as well as did not aff ect their psychosomatic conditions. The computerized testing has defi ned diff erences between patients with various PGT schemes, both on chronometric indices and quality of drawing. The best quality of drawings was demonstrated by patients with Zincteral monotherapy. The patients with the Cuprenyl dose of 1500 to 2250 mg per day and half of the patients with PGT regime violation had the worst drawing. In patients after a lowering dosage/replacement of Cuprenyl, the time of contact with the screen increased, the drawing time of the cube was reduced by almost 60 %, the quali ty of graphic images improved signifi cantly. In patients, who returned to PGT, the time of contact with the PC screen in labyrinths tasks signifi cantly increas, the quality of the tracts drawn was improved, the algorithm of a cube drawing was restored. Therefore, the Motus Test Set is a useful tool to assess the PGT adequacy / effi cacy and the compliance of WD patients.

Judging the subjective difficulty of different kinds of tasks.

People judge the relative difficulty of different kinds of tasks all the time, yet little is known about how they do so. We asked university students to choose between tasks that taxed perceptual-motor control and memorization to different degrees. Our participants decided whether to carry a box through a wide (81 cm) or narrow (36 cm) gap after memorizing six, seven, or eight digits. The model that maximized the likelihood of observing the choice data treated the extra physical demand of passing through the narrow gap as functionally equivalent to memorizing an extra .55 digits. Substantively, the model suggested that participants judged the difficulty of the compound tasks in terms of separate resources. The approach introduced here may help interrelate different kinds of task difficulty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Onboard system of hybrid underwater robotic vehicles: Integrated software architecture and control algorithm

Abstract In this paper, a hybrid underwater robotic vehicle (HURV), which combines the advantages of autonomous underwater vehicle and remotely operated vehicle, is introduced. The vehicle system consists of an onboard system with a set of embedded PC/104 computers and a surface monitoring station based on the client–server supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Correspondingly, a two-layer software architecture composed of a monitoring layer and a task layer is presented, and they are inserted into the surface and onboard systems, respectively. The task layer includes four kinds of tasks — perception task, communication task, motion control task and fault treatment task. Subsequently, the design and implementation for multiple tasks running in the task layer are described in detail. Furthermore, under the above software architecture, a model-free fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (FPID) controller is applied to heading control task at different speed profiles, in consideration of the simplified implementation on the PC/104 computer. Numerical simulation results quantitatively illustrate the designed FPID controller performs better than the classic PID controller, especially in the rise time, settling time, and overshot. Finally, tank experiments are performed to test the performance of the entire onboard system of the developed HURV with the integrated software architecture and FPID control algorithm.

Does task sustainability provide a unified measure of subjective task difficulty?

What accounts for the subjective difficulty of a task? It is easy to suggest ad hoc measures, such as how many individuals can do the task, how long it takes them to do it, how likely they are to complete it, how much attention it requires, and so on. But having such ad hoc measures may miss the point that it is possible to judge the relative difficulty of different kinds of tasks, suggesting that there may be a common basis for judging task difficulty. If there is such a common basis, it might be used to compare the difficulties of different kinds of task. We tested two hypotheses about what the common basis might be. One was that time serves this role. This hypothesis was attractive because time is amodal and previous studies have provided support for the hypothesis that time might be an index of task difficulty. The other hypothesis was new. According to the new hypothesis, the subjective difficulty of a task corresponds to its estimated sustainability. We obtained results consistent with the time hypothesis, but our data were less supportive of the sustainability hypothesis.