Kind Of Simplification Research Articles

Enhancing elasticity models with deep learning: A novel corrective source term approach for accurate predictions

With the recent wave of digitalization, specifically in the context of safety–critical applications, there has been a growing need for computationally efficient, accurate, generalizable, and trustworthy models. Physics-based models have traditionally been used extensively for simulating and understanding complex phenomena. However, these models though trustworthy and generalizable to a wide array of problems, are not ideal for real-time. To address this issue, the physics-based models are simplified. Unfortunately, these simplifications, like reducing the dimension of the problem (3D to 2D) or linearizing the highly non-linear characteristics of the problem, can degrade model accuracy. Data-driven models, on the other hand, can exhibit better computational efficiency and accuracy. However, they fail to generalize and operate as blackbox, limiting their acceptability in safety–critical applications. In the current article, we demonstrate how we can use a data-driven approach to correct for the two kinds of simplifications in a physics-based model. To demonstrate the methodology’s effectiveness, we apply the method to model several elasticity problems. The results show that the hybrid approach, which we call the corrective source term approach, can make erroneous physics-based models more accurate and certain. The hybrid model also exhibits superior performance in terms of accuracy, model uncertainty, and generalizability when compared to its end-to-end data-driven modeling counterpart.

Structural and Parametric Synthesis of Neural Network Controllers for Control Objects with Limiters

The article presents a methodology for the synthesis of digital control systems for nonlinear objects with limiters under conditions of incomplete information. Closed-loop tracking systems with negative feedback are considered. Artificial neural networks are proposed to build a controller, which is included in series with the control object. This approach is effective when known classical methods do not allow to synthesize control. This is the case, for example, if the mathematical model is essentially nonlinear and is not fully defined. The developed methods allow us to expand the class of technical systems, for which the direct (without using various kinds of simplifications) synthesis of control laws that are close to optimal is possible. In addition, neural network controllers possess the properties of robustness, adaptivity, and are initially digital, i.e. those qualities, which are very much in demand in practice. In article main attention is given to such problems, as a choice of neural network structure for neural simulator and neural controller, construction of training sample, ensuring convergence of the process of weights correction. For training neural networks the method of back propagation of error is used as a basic one. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by the example of the synthesis of a neuroregulator for a specific technical object and its comparison with classical control systems. It should be noted that today neural network technologies are widespread enough in various spheres of activity. The successes demonstrated in sound processing, image processing, automatic translation, in navigation systems, in big data processing are impressive. However, their application in automatic control systems is not so widespread. The authors of this article believe that the potential of artificial neural networks can be used in this direction. It should be understood that the use of neural networks is effective only under certain conditions and properties of the control object.

O czeskim czytelnictwie (Jiří Trávníček, A Nation of Bookworms? The Czechs as Readers: Reading in Time of Civilizational Fatigue, Prague: Karolinum Press, 2021, ss. 212)

Reading is one of the key communicative competences. Unfortunately, according to research conducted by the National Library, Poles read very little. It is completely different in the Czech Republic. The reading culture of our southern neighbors has been well developed and stable for years. In the book A Nation of Bookworms? The Czechs as Readers: Reading in Time of Civilizational Fatigue Jiří Trávníček analyzes the Czech reading culture in detail and in many aspects. Its current state is significantly influenced by the strength of tradition. The considerations presented here have a great advantage - they are conducted from different perspectives and using different methodologies. Trávníček willingly refers to theoretical works as well as uses specific figures on the book market and readership. He consistently warns against all kinds of simplifications and schematisms regarding the diagnosis of reading habits, because, as he rightly notes, there are no simple answers and clear classifications in this topic.

Scarcity of resources as a determining factor of value in input-output models (objectivist concept of capital)

<abstract> <p>Conducting global trade in national currencies greatly increases complexity and fragility of the modern financial system and, therefore, requires creation of new, much more accurate methods of macroeconomic and monetary regulation than those available today. The current practice of macroeconomic regulation relies on the system of national accounts (SNA) based on the Leontief input-output method. Its analytical tools are explained by the possibility of calculating the volume of output of a product and its cost in natural units. Moreover, it offers no explanation to the relationship between the composition of the output and relative prices. This disadvantage significantly complicates practical application of the Leontief method, since primary accounting reports operate with cost rather than physical indicators, forcing the introduction of various kinds of simplifications into the input-output model, which significantly reduces its analytical capabilities. The article presents a physical concept of value, on the basis of which the input-output model is supplemented by the definition of the material law of relative price formation. This addition turns the input-output method from an applied analysis tool into a complete theory of production, and in the future opens up fundamentally new, previously non-existent opportunities for the empirical studies of economic development and creation of highly effective methods of macroeconomic regulation. The price formation model, methodologically explained in the article, is a synthesis of the W. Leontief's concept of economy as a circular flow and P. Sraffa's model of the price mechanism of income distribution. It is basically our own concept of economic reproduction viewed as sharing by the producers of the common material resource of the production system. We claim that our findings regarding single-product industries in W. Leontief's and P. Sraffa's models can be generalized and applied to J. von Neumann's model of the balanced economic growth in multi-product industries.</p> </abstract>

Prospects of ecumenical dialogue in the early works of the Holy Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović

Both in social and theological spheres we can see a tendency to the strict definition of the relation of the Bishop Nikolaj Velimirivić to ecumenical dialogue, which in itself is a kind of simplification. In this article an attempt is made to overcome this simplification and to highlight the main features of his theological position vis-à-vis the ecumenical movement and the creation of the frames for ecumenical dialogue. With time the Holy Bishop will change his initial views on the ecumenical movement, but they are certainly important for understanding the historical and theological context of the development of the ecumenical dialogue in the beginning of the 20th century. The main aim of the writing of this article is the underlining and highlighting the very meaning of ecumenism, which for Bishop Nikolaj was not a unity on purely utilitarian and political basis, but a certain type of the panhumanist universalism, which carries within itself the potential ideals of the allhuman equality and spiritual brotherhood. Therefore we do not consider the before mentioned type of the institutialized ecumenical movement, which relativizes the Church, its dogmas, canonical structure and liturgical tradition and placing it on the same level with all other Christian denominations, who take part in the before mentioned movement, but we speak about the spiritual dialogue of the brothers in Spirit, notwithstanding to what confessions they belong to.

Simulation of Turning Manoeuvre of Planing Craft Taking Into Account the Running Attitude Change in a Simplified Manner

Abstract The modelling and simulation of planing craft manoeuvres requires coupled six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) motion equations. A coupled 6 DOF motion equation needs hundreds of manoeuvring hydrodynamic coefficients (MHCs) that are mostly determined using the planar motion mechanism (PMM) test. The number of test runs is too high, unless a kind of simplification is imposed to the motion equations. This study modifies 6 DOF motion equations to 4+2 DOF motion equations in which heave and pitch equations are replaced by dynamic draught and trim (so-called running attitude), respectively. The method is applicable for a manoeuvre that commences in the planing regime and ends in the same regime. On that basis, the PMM test is conducted and the model is restrained in the vertical plane at a certain running attitude, determined by a resistance test. The 4+2 DOF method, together with MHCs from the PMM test, are employed for the simulation of turning manoeuvres of a 25° prismatic planing hull. The results of the simulation indicate that the 4+2 DOF method reasonably predicts the path of the craft during the turning manoeuvre and cuts the number of PMM tests required at the same time. The PMM test results show that MHCs are highly related to forward speed and wetted surfaces. The turning manoeuvre simulation shows that the non-linear terms of MHCs cannot be ignored. The STD/L (Steady Turning Diameter divided by Length of the craft) for a planing craft is very large, compared to ships.

Studying the Effect of Syntactic Simplification on Text Summarization

The need for automatic text summarization (ATS) is increased manifold in recent times due to the overwhelming growth of textual data available in electronic form. However, existing ATS systems suffer from two major shortcomings. Summarizers of extractive type, that is, the ones which select important sentences of the documents in their original form as the output, tend to copy some irrelevant or unimportant parts of the input text in the output summary. On the other hand, abstractive summarizers, that is, the ones that produce a gist of the limited size of the original document, often fail to include important contents in the generated summary. Simplification of the input texts before submitting them to the ATS system(s) may obliterate the above difficulties. The present work examines the effectiveness of simplification of input for five different known ATS systems. In this work, DEPSYM++ simplifier has been used for the above purpose, which carries out four different kinds of simplification on sentences of the input text corresponding to the presence of appositive clause, relative clause, conjoint clause, and passive voice. The results obtained are found to be very encouraging when experiments were carried out on three different gold data sets and under different evaluation metrics commonly used for performance evaluation for summarizers.

Plain language practices of professional writers in Quebec

This article investigates the plain language practices of professional writers in Quebec, using a survey. We contacted 55 professional writers and asked them to complete an online survey about how they apply plain language in their work, and the type of writing assistance they would find useful. We also asked 40 of those writers to carry out a simplification task to see what kind of simplifications they were actually making.
 If the feelings about the reality of the writers’ work is in line with the literature, opinions on plain language guidelines are not. Most writers in our survey find them useful and precise enough, and this contrasts with reported criticisms of such guides. In the simplification task, we noticed that writers focus on the overall understanding of the text, and not only on some linguistic characteristics (as shown in plain language guidelines). The more experienced the writer, the more changes they will make to visual/structural aspects or relational efficiency. Putting the focus on the reader’s needs is their main concern.

The Evolution of Expressive Facilities in the US War Film

The aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of expressive facilities in US war films, the images and cultural meanings which they form.The research methodology is based on the systematic use of materials from the scientific branches of art and cultural science, cinema theory and history, psychology, etc. The empirical base of the study included a series of US war films, a detailed analysis of expressive facilities and content analysis were carried out.The results. The war film has a huge potential for expressive facilities to create artistically powerful portraits that reflect the characters of the epoch, landscapes and interiors, which unfold battle scenes and life of citizens. Many researchers note the fashion for aggressive and unbiased presentation of audiovisual information (like films “Fury” and “Americаn sniper” 2014). War films of XXI century are made taking into account modern technologies in color correction: in complementary or similar color schemes. Landscape and interior in the films of 2014 serve as a background; panoramas and long-range plans give way to close-ups and medium-sized, battle scenes are given general plans instead of long-range. Authors of war films of medium and end of XX century (“Apocalypse Now” and “The Last of the Mohicans”) created powerful color and light conceptions of the films, which contains with dramatic history, for example using chiaroscuro effect.On the one hand, there is a kind of simplification and impoverishment of the visual solutions of war films, the convergence of feature films with TV series and documentaries about the war, made in black and white. On the other hand, we note the commercial success in the rental of all considered films, so all the films met the needs of the audience in 1979, 1992 and 2014.The expressive facilities, mentioned in the article, created powerful images of the desperate but “wise” murderer of Kurtz; the “cruel and steadfast” Magua Indian; the cold and “fair” violator and murderer Don Collier; and the “good-natured” joker, record-breaking sniper Chris Kyle. Noteworthy that the role of the victim and the killer are replaced, the killers suffer from the “cruelty” of their victims, who dared to resist. In this case, the expressive facilities help to justifying the armed presence of a US soldier thousands of kilometers from his country. This creates powerful patriotic images of the main characters, who allegedly protect the states from the military aggression of an imaginary enemy.Novelty. The article reveals the dynamics of the use of expressive facilities in a war film from the middle of the XX century to the first quarter of the XXI, the cultural and social meanings generated by them.The practical significance. The main theses and results of research may be useful for practicing directors and cameramen in the formation of a director’s concept of a war film, preparing a script and choosing visual solutions. The recommendations in this article contribute to the creation of a commercially successful and psychologically powerful film product. In addition, the article can be used for teaching disciplines in film schools in Ukraine and abroad.

Performance Evaluation of the Wrench Models of Ironless Permanent Magnet Planar Motor With Different Simplifications

The wrench model is a necessity to implement the ironless permanent magnet planar motor. In order to guarantee its feasibility, the existing research studies always conduct the coil shape simplification (CSS) and the wrench vector component simplification (WVCS) during the modeling process. This paper focuses on the necessity of two kinds of simplifications and theoretically analyzes their performance affection from the model accuracy aspect and the calculation speed aspect. First, based on the analytical expression of the unified wrench model which denotes a more general case than the analytical model proposed by previous researchers and could describe the wrench model, no matter what kind of simplification is conducted, we prove that the CSS must cause accuracy deterioration. However, the model with more WVCs will certainly be more accurate only in the case that the CSS is not conducted. In terms of calculation speed, the influence of the WVCS is much more than that caused by a concise wrench coefficient matrix which may result from the CSS. Then, we give a special case to graphically illustrate these discussions. Finally, the general conclusion goes that the wrench model including no CSS and appropriate WVCS depending on demands of real-time calculation has the better comprehensive performance from the model accuracy and calculation speed aspect. This conclusion brings convenience to the relevant research studies that the time-consuming verification process about model accuracy can be omitted.

A semi-analytical solution to compositional flow in liquid-rich gas plays

Liquid-rich gas (LRG) reservoirs can exhibit complex phase and flow behavior due to gas condensation and re-vaporization and differences in phase mobilities that results in compositional variations inside the system. To date, the analysis of composition variation in liquid-rich wells has been largely limited to numerical modeling. This work uses a similarity-based analytical approach to study the in situ and flowing fluid composition of gas condensate wells producing under infinite-acting linear and radial flow under constant bottomhole pressure (BHP) condition. We propose a semi-analytical solution to the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) written in terms a compositional fluid formulation for multiphase (gas, oil and water) flow system in liquid rich gas reservoirs. The proposed solution is developed using similarity-theory (i.e. Boltzmann’s transformation) and is validated by both analytical development and numerical simulation data. Using proposed method, pressure and overall composition are solved simultaneously and rigorously without any kind of simplification or approximation, from which producing fluid composition can be fully predicted prior to the availability of field production data. Moreover, results corroborate that when LRG wells are producing under 1D linear regime – a commonly-observed flow condition for hydraulically-fractured horizontal wells completed in unconventional formations – and against a constant BHP constraint, the producing wellbore fluid composition remains constant as long as the system remains infinite acting, leading to a constant producing gas-oil ratio (GOR). For radial flow, however, producing wells team composition and GOR are shown to be time-dependent before stabilization at a nearly-constant value.

Investigation of piezoelectric microcantilever performance in constant amplitude mode in different work environments

Vibration frequency and amplitude are major issues in the operation of atomic force microscopes (AFMs), since the slightest variation in amplitude and resonance frequency, changes application type of AFM quickly. Using finite element software does not apply any kind of simplifications on the geometric shape and it has less errors (compared to cases occurred in analytical calculations). In this paper, a novel simulation method based on finite element method software (ABAQUS) is developed for simulation of oscillatory and sensor behaviour of AFM of the piezoelectric microcantilever type in air and water, with different geometrical arrangements. Since the resonance frequency and amplitude are main parameters in the operation of the microscopes, the simulations will be based on these two parameters. The carried out modelling and simulation are done using the quality (Q ) factor in air and, also simulation in fluid environment is done by real computational fluid dynamic and according to fluid–structure interaction. Transient and frequency response of the AFMs of single-layer and double-layer (parallel and series) piezoelectric are simulated in different conditions, and energy harvesting of this structures is compared to each other. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method in reducing vibration and measurement precision in various environments.

Evaluation of transformer core contribution to partial discharge electromagnetic waves propagation

Accurate Partial Discharge (PD) measurement requires the expansion of the measurement frequency range to Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band. For this it is needed to implement modern techniques when monitoring an important element of power system, such as power transformer. Different kind of experimental models, such as insulation defect models, and the complete transformer windings models are used to simulate the partial insulation failure situations which occur in a real transformer. However, since in these models, some kind of simplifications are employed which may result in an electromagnetic waves (EM) propagation pattern different from what exists in a real transformer and encounter errors in its PD measurement results. In this paper, the transformer core effects on PD EM wave propagation are investigated. To address this concern, different core designs are simulated. Finite Integration Time (FIT) method is used for electric field calculation through application of Microsoft CST microwave studio Software. The probes recorded electric fields are analyzed using wavelet transform (WT). A new approach based on energy scale coefficient (for each decomposition level) is used for mother wavelet selection. Results of these simulations demonstrate how existence of core and its design affect the characteristics of measured PD signal.

Approximation of large data from the finite element analysis allowing fast post-processing

The article describes efficient methods to visualize the results from finite element analysis and implementation of these methods in post-processing results. The work is based on premise that computer memory and performance are limited and amount of data processed by complex finite element analysis is enormous. Therefore, some kind of simplification and approximation of resulting data has to be used. Multigrid method was the inspiration for research work and development of post-processor.The stored data from finite element analysis are discrete values. The paper deals with several ways of replacing them by continuous functions suitable for representation in computer graphics, which are different from the approximation functions used in finite element method. Special attention is devoted to approximation errors – difference between these functions. Finite element mesh is decomposed into subdomains with respect to approximation errors. The ways of creating mesh hierarchy are described in details and also the possibilities of nodal value interpolations in simplified mesh are discussed in the text.Besides the approximation of data in space, also the approximation in time is used. Pseudo-code of the approximation algorithm key parts is shown. Various types of approximation functions were investigated to reach the lowest approximation error and the highest compression factor. Results are summarized in the article.

On the precision of mode delays derivation with the use of the WKB method

This paper is devoted to the problem of the WKB method inaccuracy. By comparing the WKB with a reference finite-element numerical method we show the magnitude of the WKB solution error. Moreover, we show in the paper what kind of simplifications made in the WKB analytical approximation led to its inaccuracy.

Reinforcement in inflection classes: Two cues may be better than one

The paper presents examples of inflection class reinforcement, where an inflection class becomes more different from its neighbours than it was. This is a manifestation of a diachronic tendency for more overt marking, similar to Kuryłowicz’ first law for analogy. It is also a manifestation of redundancy, which is characteristic of inflection. If inflection classes do not serve any purpose (as claimed by, for example, Wurzel 1986 ), it would seem strange that they should be strengthened. So, classes are not mere junk; reinforcement of class distinctions (polarisation) testifies to the autonomy of morphology (cf., for example, Aronoff 1994 , Carstairs-McCarthy 2010 , Maiden 2011 ).A change in Swedish conjugation is argued to be reinforcement. We consider a case where declension wins over gender in Norwegian, the opposite of what has been claimed to be the norm for that language. That case is also reinforcement. I suggest that reinforcement may be thought of as a kind of simplification. That also fits with the geographical distribution of a specific change. The paper also presents some evidence that a fairly ‘concrete’ definition of inflection classes can sometimes be useful.Inflection classes often latch on to extra-morphological properties in the cases examined, as claimed by Natural Morphology ( Wurzel 1984 ). Yet it is problematic for Wurzel that inflection classes (mere ‘ballast’, in his view, Wurzel 1986 : 76) should be strengthened. The finding is, however, expected if ‘[…] autonomously morphological structure […] can be a dynamic, self-reinforcing factor in morphological change’ ( Maiden 2005 : 168).

Discussion of Method for Computing Temperature Load during Operation Period on High Arch Dam

According to the existing arch dam design specification, the temperature load is obtained based on analytic solution of infinite long free plate, it only considers the average temperature and the equivalent linear temperature difference of dam section in operation period, the influence of non-linear temperature difference has not been considered. This kind of simplification has some approximation; especially it can not reflect spatial effect of larger temperature gradient changes in the upstream and downstream water level change area. This paper first takes the free plate as an example, has calculated the temperature field corresponding to analytical method, finite element method, standard method, explains the rationality of using written program to carry on finite element analysis. On this basis, take Xiluodu arch dam as an example, the dam temperature load and temperature stress has been analyzed by using finite element method and standard method, the difference between both has been discussed

Method for Handling Turbulent Fluctuation in Radiative Heat Transfer in Furnaces (Proposal of Efficient Method and Examination Based on Absorption Line Database)

An effective method is proposed for handling turbulent fluctuations of temperature and partial pressure of infrared-active gas in order to evaluate radiative heat transfer under the influence of turbulence-radiation interaction with fair accuracy and feasible calculation load, assuming large-scale industrial furnaces where the re-absorption of radiative energy by combustion gas on optical path toward objects to be heated cannot be neglected. The proposed method realizes feasible calculation load suitable to simulation tools based on two kinds of simplification. Firstly, assuming that temperature fluctuations of arbitrary two positions are independent from each other, local emission of radiative energy from turbulent combustion gas is treated as steady emission though its value is evaluated by averaging the fluctuating intensity corresponding to turbulence. Secondly, absorption of radiative energy by turbulent combustion gas on the optical path is evaluated based on the steady spatial distribution of absorption coefficient in correspondence to spatial distribution of time-averaged temperature. Validity of the proposed method is examined on a model optical path imaging the typical course of radiative energy in large-scale industrial furnaces. H2O is selected as fuel taking the reliability of absorption line database into consideration. Examination results indicate that the validity of proposed method is secured even if the cross-correlation of temperature fluctuation extends over realistic distance and even if the fluctuation intensity is fairly large. The error attendant to proposed method is sufficiently smaller than the error raised by entire neglect of turbulent fluctuation of temperature and gas composition.

Development of Fast Simulation Model for Doubly-Fed Wind Generation Systems

Abstract – We propose a fast simulation model of wind generator with a frequency converter, such as a doubly-fed type. The aim of the model is to provide a model that can evaluate an impact of wind generator system (WG) on utility side in both transient and relatively long term normal operation. Through, some simulation software based on root mean square value, for example EUROSTAG, provides a unified method that can handle both short-term and long-term analysis. But it is difficult for RMS based model to handle with a behavior of WG with a frequency converter under system fault condition. So we have developed an instantaneous value based fast simulation model that can handle with both short-term and relatively longer-term analysis.. Keywords : Wind power generation, Fast simulation model, Simplification for converter 1. Introduction The integration of wind generator system (WG) has large influences over a variety of operational conditions. These operational conditions vary from short-term, such as a transient behaviour during a fault, to longer-term, such as power fluctuation under a normal operation. In order to harness WG successfully, the impact of WG must be analyzed in both short and long term. As a result, both short-term and long-term simulation models for WG are required, and it is high burden in view of cost and maintenance. For longer-term analysis, the focus point is mainly active and reactive power swing due to wind fluctuation, and a simulation model based on root mean square value (RMS) is suitable. There are already some RMS based simulation tools that can handle with both long and short term analysis, such as MATLAB. But, in short-term analysis, a simulation model for WG should be represented in detail manner, and a model based on an instantaneous value is appropriate. Because, under a fault condition, WG with FRT(fault ride through) function acts in complex manner, and the behavior during a fault condition could have a large impact over a subsequent longer-term situation. It means that a simulation model for WG based on an instantaneous value is suitable. But it is very time consuming to conduct a long-term analysis with a model based on an instantaneous value. To solve this problem, we have developed and evaluate a fast simulation model for WG based on an instantaneous value that can handle with relatively longer-term analysis. In this study, we first developed a simulation model for WG to conduct both short-term and long-term analysis. Our aim of the model is to evaluate an impact of WG on utility side. The developed model is doubly-fed type. It includes pitch control, frequency conversion, start-up and shut-down function, and FRT(Fault Ride Through) so that we can evaluate WG under a various operational conditions. Then we applied a simplification method to the simulation model so that the model can handle with relatively longer-term analysis. The method of simplifica-tion is to model self-commutated converters in frequency converter as a pair of voltage and current source. The AC side of converter is represented as a voltage source, whereas the DC side of converter is represented as a current source. Through this kind of simplification may be popular in simplifying a self-commutated converters, we do not see any report that evaluates this simplification method under various operational conditions of WG. So, we evaluate this simplification method in this study.

Art Historical and Anthropological Translation: Some Notes and Recollections

This article is the outcome of a panel discussion on the interface between translation and art history, held at the annual conference of the College Art Association in 2011. Drawing on his experiences as a translator and as Editor of Res, Pellizzi proposes that an “anthropological condition” and a concern for the “untranslatable” can be found in art history. For the translation of literary texts, he suggests, the translator needs to belong to the language-culture into which s/he is translating. For the translation of scholarly, critical, and philosophical texts, however, knowledge of the cultural-intellectual and historical-temporal context of the original text is vital. In the latter case, it is advantageous for the translator to translate from his/her own into the target language in order to avoid the kind of simplification of the source text that characterizes run-of-the-mill translations of scholarly texts. Drawing on Nabokov, Borges, Malinkowski, and Derrida, Pellizzi emphasizes the importance of the gap between the intellectual world of the author and that of the translator.