Kinds Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Online Self-Learning-Based Raw Material Proportioning for Rotary Hearth Furnace and Intelligent Batching System Development

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the rotary hearth furnace system has emerged as a key technology that facilitates a win-win situation for both environmental protection and enterprise economic benefits. This is attributed to its high flexibility in raw material utilization, capability of directly supplying blast furnaces, low energy consumption, and high zinc removal rate. However, the complexity of the raw material proportioning process coupled with the rotary hearth furnace system’s reliance on human labor results in a time-consuming and inefficient process. This paper innovatively introduces an intelligent formula method for proportioning raw materials based on online clustering algorithms and develops an intelligent batching system for rotary hearth furnaces. Firstly, the ingredients of raw materials undergo data preprocessing, which involves using the local outlier factor (LOF) method to detect any abnormal values, using Kalman filtering to smooth the data, and performing one-hot encoding to represent the different kinds of raw materials. Afterwards, the affinity propagation (AP) clustering method is used to evaluate past data on the ingredients of raw materials and their ratios. This analysis aims to extract information based on human experience with ratios and create a library of machine learning formulas. The incremental AP clustering algorithm is utilized to learn new ratio data and continuously update the machine learning formula library. To ensure that the formula meets the actual production performance requirements of the rotary hearth furnace, the machine learning formula is fine-tuned based on expert experience. The integration of machine learning and expert experience demonstrates good flexibility and satisfactory performance in the practical application of intelligent formulas for rotary hearth furnaces. An intelligent batching system is developed and executed at a steel plant in China. It shows an excellent user interface and significantly enhances batching efficiency and product quality.

Synergy of alloy and ligand for CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid on PdAu/HPC-AP

Formic acid (FA) is of great significance given its extensive applications in various industrial fields. At present, methanol carbonylation is the main industrial production process of FA. However, this process uses two kinds of raw materials from fossil fuels and emits a large amount of CO2. Alternatively, converting CO2 into FA can not only achieve the production of value-added chemicals but also effectively address environmental issues caused by CO2 emission. To improve the low reactivity of CO2, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems have been widely evaluated, among which heterogeneous catalytic systems are attracting ever-increasing attention owing to their great industrialization prospects. However, some of these heterogeneous catalysts suffer from low catalytic performance. Herein, PdAu alloy nanoparticles anchored on amine-functionalized hierarchical porous carbon (PdAu/HPC-AP) were constructed to drive efficient converting of CO2 into FA. Characterization and testing results demonstrated that the introduced Au atoms caused lattice distortion and charge redistribution on the surface of the bimetallic catalyst, facilitating the adsorption and activation of reaction molecules. Furthermore, the modification of HPC with an appropriate amount of amine ligands was found important to the chemical adsorption of CO2 and the dispersion of PdAu NPs. The Pd60Au40/HPC-AP catalyst with the optimum synergy of alloy and ligand demonstrated excellent activity for the target reaction with a TOF value of 486 h–1 at 100 °C. Moreover, it can even catalyze the reaction at room temperature with a TOF value of 13 h–1.

Properties, structure and mechanism of high-temperature modified steel slag based on solid waste

In this study, a composite modifier (CMCDL) containing coal gasification residue, dicyandiamide waste slag, and lake sediments was used to modify steel slag at high-temperature. Five kind of raw materials was analyzed in physicochemical properties, mineral composition and microstructure, cementitious properties and soundness, and particle size analysis, the same to steel slag after high-temperature modification (SHTM). The new mineral phases were found that tricalcium aluminate (C3A), gehlenite (C2AS), magnetite (Fe3O4), spinels (MgFe2O4), quartz (SiO2), celite (C6AF2) and diopside (CMS2) formed in the SHTM when the mass fraction increase from 10% to 30% in CMCDL. The HTM with CMCDL increases the glass phase and hydrated mineral (C3A, C3S, C2S) and in raw steel slag, promoting the disassembled of RO phase, turning the phase from FeO into MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4. MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4 have similar crystal structures, and they form mixed spinels. When the content of CMCCL (coal gasification residue: dicyandiamide waste slag: lake sediments =7:9:4) is 20%, the temperature is 1250 °C, result showed that the mass fraction of f-CaO in SHTM using CMCCL decreases from 4.81% to 1.86%, with a decrease of 61.3%, the 28-day activity index of SHTM increases up to 17.6% compared with raw steel slag, reaching 86.2%. Therefore, the CMCDL-blended SHTM can be applied harmlessly in cement and concrete, enabling low-energy fine grinding of steel slag.

Simulation Study of Composite Insulator Material Defects Based on Microwave Detection

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is a kind of raw material used in the manufacture of composite insulator mandrels. If crack defects occur in the composite insulator mandrel, it will eventually lead to brittle fractures, which will cause extremely serious accidents. Aiming at detecting the internal defects of GFRP materials by the microwave reflection method, we carried out a numerical modeling analysis adopting the electromagnetic simulation method. Samples with different depths of defects are used for sweep frequency calculation, and the frequency range is from 18 to 26.5 GHz. A simple method for judging defective GFRP boards and non-defective GFRP boards is obtained. In addition, as the depth of the defect increases, the valley value of the S11 signal increases, and at the same time, the absolute value of the phase change of the signal decreases. The simulation results show that the microwave reflection method is feasible for detecting the defects of composite insulator materials.

Potential Analysis of 3D Printing Products in Surabaya

The cost reduction and production time reduction are the benefits of 3D printing in the manufacturing industry, which can be developed in printing casual shoes that meet customer needs. Although 3D Printing promises many benefits, many are still doubtful about its application in Indonesia. To examine the potential use of 3D printing in Indonesia, information was extracted about the knowledge of the Indonesian people about 3D printing machines and asking to potential investors for an assessment of 3D printing in Indonesia. Data collection was done through an online survey. Respondents were selected randomly with a purposive sampling technique. Survey results show that 91% of respondents said they already knew 3D printing machines, they also knew that there were various kinds of 3D printing products and various kinds of raw materials that could be used. Prospective investors will assess 3D printing products by taking into account market convenience, product uniqueness, workshop/shop location and availability of specialized human resources.

Production and use of biomass from waste as part of a sustainable food supply chain

The world population is continuously growing and it affects increased usage of natural resources on one hand and creating waste and endangering natural environment on the other hand. According to FAO estimate in the following decades, the number of people on the earth is going to be increased to 10 billion, which requires increase in food production. The increase is going to lead to larger amount of waste, which is created in food supply chain. The term “food industry waste “covers all substances that represent left overs or unused excessive materials during production process. In fact, all materials that are meant to be disposed of or process them in a suitable way so they do not pollute environment can be considered the waste. The most part of waste from this sector are remains of basic raw materials, which are remains after obtaining main product. Taking into account these substances do not present the main product, they are known as by-products. They can be processed and reused. Non-disposed byproducts from agriculture and food industry pose a threat and endanger the health of people and animals. The interest in using by-products from food supply chain is growing constantly. Experts are looking for additional opportunities for their safe processing, ways for turning them into raw materials, by whose recycling into new products, the amount of the waste would be minimized, and at the same time new, usable products would be introduced. Large amounts of waste, including by-products is generated during production and processing of meat. If animal origin waste is not processed (recycled), it represent lost raw materials for production of protein energy food, technical grease for chemical industry or fuel with high calorific value. The most suitable way for harmless removal of non-edible by-products from meat industry as well as dead animals, is their collection and usage, depending on the structure and kind of raw materials and their categorization, technical processing and application of modern technologies. Disposal of by-products and animal waste in Republika Srpska is not resolved in an appropriate manner and poses a danger to human health and the health ofanimals. In order to achieve this, there is a need for organized collection, storaging and disposal of animal by-products from slaughtering of animals by their technical processing in specialized plants. These plants allow us to produce high-quality animal feed or the raw material for biofuels production (biogas, biodiesel) with the complete protection of the environment. Economic side of this problem implies collection and safe disposal of huge quantities of biological materials that produce costs, which have to be incorporated in prices of the products. If waste of animal origin is not processed (recycled), they represent lost raw material that was possible to incorporate in production of proteinaceous – energetic feed, technical fat for chemical industry or fuels with high calorific value. The most suitability way for harmless removal of inedible by-products from the meat industry, as well as dead animals, is certainly their collection and use depending on the type and structure of raw materials and their categorization, by technical processing using modern equipment and technology.

PELATIHAN QUALITY COST PADA UMKM UNTUK MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN PRODUK

The purpose of the activity is to help business owners have a stock of knowledge about quality costs, so that business owners can increase product excellence compared to other competitors in the market. The partner chosen in the PKM activity is a homemade handicraft business with the Damar Handy Craft brand, various kinds of raw materials are combined and processed into handicraft products such as decorative lamps, decorations and so on. Damar Handy MSMEs are domiciled in the city of Serang, Banten Province. Based on initial observations to partners communicated directly with business owners, the main problem of partners lies in the absence of understanding of the classification of quality costs and their application. This is due to the partners' lack of knowledge about quality costs so that the handicraft products that are successfully made do not have adequate quality with an efficient level of cost expenditure. The method offered in the activity is training/socialization on quality costs and the classification and utilization of quality costs in online handicraft processing. The results of the activity show that the implementation of the training went smoothly, there was a discussion between the partners and the PKM team. It is hoped that knowledge about quality costs can be able to overcome partner problems, so that partners can increase product excellence compared to competitors.

Kombucha Beverages Produced from Fruits, Vegetables, and Plants: A Review on Their Pharmacological Activities and Health Benefits.

Kombucha is a traditional health beverage produced by fermenting sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. Consumption of kombucha beverages has been growing and there is kombucha commercially available worldwide as one of the most famous low-alcohol beverages. Kombucha beverages have been claimed to have beneficial effects on human health because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds that possess various functional properties. At present, several kinds of raw material (e.g., milk, fruit, vegetables, and herbs) have been fermented with kombucha consortium and consumed as kombucha beverages. Although several studies have been written regarding the biological activities of kombucha and raw materials, there is however little information available on the characterization of their components as well as the biological activities of fermented kombucha from many raw material mixtures. Several pharmacological activities were reviewed in the scientific literature, describing their potential implications for human health. In addition, the adverse effects and toxicity of kombucha consumption were also reviewed. In this study, we focused on the main and latest studies of the pharmacological effects of kombucha beverages produced from various kinds of raw materials, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Analysis of Pigments from Decorated Antler or Bone Artifacts from the Early Iron Age Princely Burial Mounds in Jalžabet (NW Croatia)

During the Early Iron Age in Europe (EIA), the phenomenon of the Hallstatt culture enveloped a large portion of the European continent. Between the Atlantic Ocean and the River Danube, cultural groups can be roughly divided into two major regions: the Western and the Eastern Hallstatt circle. EIA finds made from organic material decorated with pigments are usually well-preserved only in specific conditions. A good example is the coloured textile found in the salt mines of the eponymous site Hallstatt (AT). Other examples are Scythian finds north and east of the Black Sea, far outside the Hallstatt culture area. This paper presents the results of the analysis of decorated artifacts made from bone or antlers from Jalžabet (NW Croatia). The artifacts were found in two princely burial mounds with incinerated remains: burial mound 1 (Gomila) and burial mound 2. The funerary monuments belong to the Eastern Hallstatt culture and date back to the middle of the 6th century BC, i.e., the end of the Ha D1 period. A group of scientists from Croatia and abroad performed several series of analyses on the selected bone or antler artifacts. The motifs on the artifacts were made by incisions and were filled with black pigment, and there are faint traces of red pigment on the surface. With the help of colourant analysis performed in Brussels and Zagreb (SEM-EDX, MRS, FT-IR), zooarchaeological taxonomic identification, and archaeological determination of a selected group of findings from Jalžabet, we have tried to answer several major questions. The most important question being: are the traces of pigments on artefacts deliberate decoration? If so, can we determine the composition of the paint? What kind of raw materials were used for the production of the artifacts? These questions are important because these kinds of EIA finds are rare and even more rarely analysed. New data would considerably expand our knowledge about the funeral rites of the most prominent members of the Hallstatt nobility in the Drava River valley and Central Europe. Taxonomically, the raw material from which the finds were made was identified to be antlers, probably from red deer (Cervus elaphus). Using methods for colourant analysis, we have successfully proven deliberate application of black paint based on carbon black as a pigment, probably in combination with terpenoid resin. Until now, this composition was only known from much later, Roman-period finds. Also, it was confirmed that the black paint on the artifacts from both burial mounds in Jalžabet is of the same composition. The red pigment on the finds has been identified as hematite. It is highly probable that the red surfaces were deliberate, painted decoration. The probability of extracting the raw material needed for the production of the red paint in the Jalžabet micro-region was also established and requires further research (bog iron ore). The archaeological analysis of the finds supports the idea of the use of various types of decorated plates as inlays, probably on furniture or other luxury everyday items. Smaller finds could have been used as utilitarian objects, parts of attire, and jewellery.

Obvious non-obviousness. Bifacial sickles of striped flint

The article presents results of refittings of two half-products of bifacial sickles made from banded flint. Theseitems are typical for the Mierzanowice culture but usually had been made from different kind of raw material. Banded flint was extracted in the Borownia mine and used mainly for the production of bifacial axes. Nine kilometers away from site is Ożarów where production was focused on sickles made from Turonian flint. Banded flint is very difficult to work with and is unlikely to be suitable for the production of thin bifaces. To deal with that and make more elaborate product such as sickles, the flintknappers in Borownia used only a certain part of raw material just underneath the cortex layer. Although the presented sickles seem to by something extraordinary when it comes to selection of raw material they don’t contradict the relation between the physical properties of flints and the types of tools known from Mierzanowice culture.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF METHOD FOR ISOLATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM SUNFLOWER ROOTS OF ONE-YEAR-OLD

The aim of the study was to develop and validate an express method for the isolation and quantitative determination of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of sunflower of a one-year-old. To accelerate the process of extracting biologically active substances from the roots of one-year-old sunflower, as well as increasing the yield of water-soluble polysaccharides, it was decided to use an ultrasonic bath. Varying the process parameters, it was possible to select the optimal conditions for extracting water-soluble polysaccharides of sunflower roots of one-year-old under ultrasound treatment conditions: crushing of raw materials 0.5–1.0 mm, temperature – 80 °C, extraction rate – 3, duration of extractions - 30 minutes, ultrasound frequency – 30 kHz, ratio of raw materials and extractant 1 g per 15 ml. The proposed technique allows intensifying the process of producing water-soluble polysaccharides from sunflower roots of one-year old and reducing the time spent on it to 5–6 hours, as well as increasing the product yield to 16.29% in terms of absolutely dry raw materials. The developed technique is precision in the conditions of repeatability, correct, stable and has a fairly rigid linear dependence of the mass of the sediment on the mass of the analyzed raw materials in gravimetric determination of water-soluble polysaccharides in the roots of sunflower of a one-year-old. The procedure can be used for express analysis of the quality of sunflower roots of one-year old, as well as in industrial production of water-soluble polysaccharides from this kind of raw material.

Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust with Local Ores to Prepare Ceramic Building Materials

Kiln dust material is collected during the manufacturing process of cement industry. It is considered as a waste material and poses environmental pollution. The properties of Kiln dust material depend on the kind of raw materials and fuel used. It is considered as a waste material This study focuses on the utilization the waste materials for ceramic products (bricks and tiles). The efficiency parameters (percentage of raw materials, additives, and firing temperature) during manufacture of the samples. Different amount of Kiln dust materials (20, 30 and 40) % were mixed with red kaolin clay and 10% (Na2CO3) is added to reduce firing temperature as a catalyst to prepare glassy phase. The samples were prepared by semi-dry press at a pressure 250 Kg/cm2 in two molds, cylinder (3.5 × 10 cm2) and square (5 × 5 cm2) for brick and tile respectively. Theses samples were dried at room temperature for 48 h. and at 110 °C for 24 hr. then, fired in muffle furnace at different firing temperatures (1050, 1100 and 1150 °C). The properties of ceramic materials after firing are produced a new material modifying in properties, and it is desirable stability of the product during the manufacture, as well as, firing temperature of the samples are very influential parameter on the physical and mechanical properties. Using kiln dust material with red kaolin clay, needs to high firing temperature up to 1150 °C, but the presence Na2CaCO3 in sample aid to decrease firing temperature to 1100 °C, with maintain requirement [1, 2, 3], fixing the addition of kiln dust material should not exceed 30%.

Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Supply Chain: Fresh Versus Semi-Finished Based Production Process

The agri-food supply chain is responsible for high GHG emissions. In industrial food processing, there is potential for reducing environmental impacts. In the case of apricot jam, several practices for realizing the finished product can be adopted. If, on the one hand, the scientific literature provides detailed studies on the economic aspects of the existing practices, on the other hand, a comprehensive assessment of the most common production practices from an environmental perspective is not provided. Apricot jam production can be based on two different kinds of raw materials: fresh fruit and the so-called “semi-finished product”, which is obtained by treating fresh fruits with mechanical and thermal processes. The most extended shelf-life of the semi-finished product allows for the adoption of more flexible production practices, leading to increased production performance and ensuring more efficient transportation strategies. In environmental terms, the convenience of this approach compared to adopting fresh fruit is questionable. The aim of this paper is to compare the environmental impacts due to these two different production and transport practices of apricot jam. Consistent with this end, a Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been adopted to evaluate the environmental impact of each step in the apricot jam supply chain. Research results suggest that the use of fresh apricots in the production of jams has a lower environmental impact (about 50–65% without considering transport activities) than the use of semi-finished products, and that losses due to the short shelf-life of fresh fruit limits the transportation distance of the raw and fresh material, also depending on the transport mode adopted (in the range of 875–4450 km). This highlights the need to adopt more clean and sustainable practices in the current industrial food processes.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETER-MINATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM DANDELION ROOTS OF MEDICINAL

The roots of the dandelion drug (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg) are rich in chemical composition and contain water-soluble polysaccharides based on inulin. The aim of the study is to select optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from dandelion roots based on regression analysis. For the experiment, raw materials purchased from one of the pharmacies in the city of Voronezh were used. A sample of raw materials (1.0 g) was placed in an ultrasonic bath "Grad 40-35," which allows maintaining the necessary temperature and frequency of ultrasound with a given duration of time. one-year old, as well as in industrial production of water-soluble polysaccharides from this kind of raw material. Then, 10 (15 or 20) ml of purified water purified from impurities at a temperature of 60 °C to 80 °C was measured with a measuring flask and extracted from 10 to 20 min with a multiplicity of 1 to 3, and after each of the multiple studies, the same raw material was further filtered with a new solvent. The initial conditions and the data obtained during the experiments made it possible to present the regression model in the form of a linear multiple regression equation, which can be used with sufficient accuracy in prediction and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by testing hypotheses against Pearson's x2 criterion. The correlation coefficient derived from the values of the regression coefficient and the mean square deviation was used in determining the tightness of the overall relationship between the source and the obtained data. In addition, a detailed study of a sample of those variables whose priority was not clearly expressed was carried out by processing when fixing their values. The most important conditions for extraction of dandelion roots for obtaining the most stable performance should be considered: extraction temperature – 80 °C; extraction multiplicity – 3, ultrasound frequency – 35 kHz, extraction time – 40 min, ratio of raw material and extractant – 1 g per 10 ml, at the same time, grinding of raw material can vary from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm.

Mechanism and influencing factors of bacterial cellulose synthesis based on Minitab

In order to improve the quality of bacterial cellulose synthesis, a Minitab-based method was proposed to analyze the factors influencing the synthesis mechanism of bacterial cellulose based on the diversity of synthetic raw materials, synthetic pathways and regulatory mechanism of bacterial cellulose. Three kinds of raw materials for bacterial cellulose production and their research status were reviewed, and the synthetic process of bacterial cellulose was optimized, which involved many related enzymes. Under these conditions, three steps of glucose hydrolysis, cellulose synthesis, final assembly and secretion were improved. The mechanism and influencing factors of bacterial cellulose synthesis were analyzed effectively, the quality of high bacterial cellulose synthesis was optimized, and the large-scale production, development and application of bacterial cellulose were prospected.

Study on the Development of Ceramic Ball Based on Selendang Clay

An inert ceramic ball was prepared by using three kind of raw materials i.e. Selendang clay, silica sand, feldspar and distilled water. Selendang clay, silica sand, feldspar and distilled water were pre-mixed manually and compounded using a beaker. Universal testing machine (UTM) was used to test mechanical strength. Electron scanning microscope (SEM-EDX) was used for the study morphological feature and element mapping in the ceramic balls. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the phase of crystalline material. The optimum sintering temperature was 1300 °C23 and got the strength of 238.8 kgf.

The Need for a Black Feminist Climate Justice

The Need for a Black Feminist Climate Justice

Salt-free Chromium Tanning: Practical Approaches

Chromium tanning finds a prominant place in leather manufacturing for permanent stabilization of hide/skin matrix. Though, it has multiple advantages in terms of high thermal stability, easy process and low cost etc., the current practice is not environmentally sustainable. Poor chromium exhaustion and TDS load generation are the major environmental threats of conventional chromium tanning systems. On the other hand, salt-free chromium tanning is identified as one of the efficient alternative approaches for hide/skin matrix stabilization. However, it has not been commercially practiced due to the several practical difficulties. In this work attempts have been made to develop a practically viable high-performance salt-free chromium tanning system using deliming liquor as tanning float and changing the order of addition of masking salt. The developed methodologies completely avoid the use of salt/basification process and it is suitable for all kinds of raw materials and tannery houses. Besides, the process enjoys 71-77% reduction in TDS load and the uptake of chromium is around 90%. The physical strength characteristics are on par with conventional process and the leathers exhibit good grain tightness and roundness. The developed methodologies are simple and do not require any specialty chemicals.

Blockchain-based raw material shipping with PoC in Hyperledger Composer

In today?s world, a lot of various kinds of raw materials are shipped from one place to another as per the requirement of industries. This shipping process involved many multiple levels with multiple personalities or authorities. The intermediates may be influenced by some illegal external factors and there may be some theft or modification in the raw material which is in the shipping process. This generates a significant loss if the material is of high cost. Presently, the advancements in information technology precede a method to restrict this loss and it is blockchain. Blockchain technology is an essential feature in enabling a comprehensive view of events back to origination. The shipping chain of raw materials that provides integrity and tamper resistance for raw materials in the shipping process is proposed in the manuscript. we have also provided proof of concept (PoC) in Hyperledger Composer with performance evaluation.

The evaluation of structural-mechanical properties of the functional fermented milk product

In the conditions of high competition on the market of food products producers have to carry out a search for new kinds of raw materials in order to diversify the assortment of produced products. Adding raw materials and ingredients of different origin of the composition of dairy products irrevocably leads to the change of quality parameters. One of such parameters is consistence. To control the consistence, it is necessary to check it orgonaleptically and study the structural-mechanical properties of the product under development. In the work, consistence of the samples of a newly developed fundamental fermented dairy product with wheat brans was studied by an organoleptic method and a method of rotational viscometry. The necessity of the conducted studies is conditioned by the fact that using only organoleptic method for the evaluation of the consistence is not always objective as it depends on the skills and qualifications of a specialist who carries out a study. The appliance of the method of rotational viscometry allows describing a model of body flow mathematically, defining effective viscosity and other characteristics. Rheological characteristic were identified with the help of the rotation viscometer Rheotest. The samples of a fermented dairy product with wheat brans were the objects of the study. Their amount in the product was from 0 to 10 %. As the result of the conducted organoleptic and rheological studies of consistence of the samples of the functional fermented dairy product with wheat brans, it was concluded that the new product, depending from mass fraction of wheat brans in the composition, could be referred to a drinkable or eaten by a spoon types. It was found out that according to the flow character the functional fermented dairy product could be referred to pseudoplastic bodies.