Kind Of Motivation Research Articles

Current cases of and motivations for second screen use by generation Z: university students

ABSTRACT Second screen use is becoming increasingly popular among young people. Türkiye can be expressed as a place where the use of devices such as TV, phone, tablet and computer is widespread. This study, which is based on the uses and gratifications approach, seeks answers to the following questions: a) which devices are used as second screens, b) with which TV programs they are used, c) with what kind of motivations they are used by Generation Z members who still watch TV. We collected data from university students using a questionnaire and the convenience sampling method, which is a type of non-probabilistic sampling, through SPSS. The data showed that Generation Z primarily uses smartphones as second screens, and only a few use second screen applications on their mobile phones. Music programs are the most popular thematic programs watched together with the second screen. Women tend to use their second screens for watching series and shopping. Generation Z prefers using a ‘smartphone with computer’ as a second screen. Future studies could investigate the motivations of students and academics to use second screens in distance education. Additionally, future studies can investigate the usage habits of second screens in second language learning.

An Analysis of the Motivation in Learning English as a Foreign Language of Senior High School Students

Motivation is an element that affects a student's ability to learn. There are two different kinds of motivation: integrative and instrumental. Instrumental motivation moves learners to learn a language because of positive attitudes toward the target language, culture, community, way of life, literature, etc. Integrative motivation drives individuals to learn a language for practical reasons. This study aimed to determine the motivation for learning English as a foreign language among 12th-grade senior high school students and the factors that influence the students' motivation to learn English. The type of research used was a mixed method sequential explanatory model by conducting quantitative research first, followed by qualitative data collection. To collect the quantitative data, the researcher used questionnaires. Meanwhile, to manage the qualitative data, the researcher conducts semi-structured interviews. The result of the study shows that it was found that 12th-grade high school students have both integrative and instrumental motivation. Then, four factors influence the student's motivation, namely: the teacher, the method of teaching, which refers to the way that students are taught, the Atmosphere in class, and success in learning.

Motives and modifying factors for giving or rejecting psychiatric diagnoses in general medicine and psychiatry – a qualitative interview study

BackgroundThere is a discussion among general practitioners and psychiatrists regarding over-diagnosing versus under-reporting of psychiatric diagnoses. A deeper understanding of this topic is relevant for providing reasonable health care and for planning future studies. A crucial factor to understanding this discussion is the difference in the prevalence of a disease in each sector. One way to attain knowledge about such prevalences is the analysis of routine care data of the sector in question. However, diagnosis-related data might be modified by several additional influencing factors.AimsThis study aims to explore what kind of motives and modifying factors play a role for or against giving psychiatric diagnoses in psychiatric and general medical settings.MethodsTwenty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with German physicians in the fields of general medicine and psychiatry. Interviews were analysed using content analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed three major motivational categories for finding a diagnosis: (1) “objective matters” such as “categorisation for research”; (2) “functional and performance-related factors” such as “requirement for medication”, “billing aspects” that go with certain diagnoses or “access to adequate care” and (3) “Individual factors” such as the “personality of a physician”. Similarly, factors emerged that lead to not making psychiatric diagnoses like “fear of stigmatization among patients” or “detrimental insurance status with psychiatric diagnosis”. Additionally participants mentioned other reasons for “not diagnosing a psychiatric diagnosis“, such as “coding of other clinical pictures”.ConclusionThe diagnostic process is a complex phenomenon that goes far beyond the identification of medical findings. This insight should be considered when processing and interpreting secondary data for designing health care systems or designing a study.

Pemaafan Sebagai Metode Para Santri Antisipasi Kasus Bullying di Pondok Pesantren

Islamic boarding school is a traditional Islamic educational institution in Indonesia. Cases of bullying in Islamic boarding schools are a problem that often occurs. Bullying can be in the form of bad treatment, such as intimidation, ridicule, physical violence, or discrimination against other students. From previous research it is known that there are internal and external aspects that cause bullying. Bullying can lead to negative consequences for students who become victims, such as psychological or mental health problems. The author wishes to continue discussing other aspects of the occurrence of bullying and seek alternative methods so that they can be used to anticipate bullying cases at Islamic boarding schools. Library research is used in this article. The results of this study are that there are three kinds of motivation that may arise from victims of bullying, namely revenge, avoidance and making up. Bullying can cause very strong feelings for victims, including resentment. Revenge can be interpreted as a feeling of wanting to get back at the bully. So that revenge can be concluded can lead to repetition of bullying behavior in the future. Forgiveness is useful for overcoming feelings of anger, hatred, or revenge that victims may have against perpetrators who have bullied them. Forgiveness can help students at Islamic boarding schools to let go of these negative feelings and make them feel better. Forgiveness can also help to improve relationships with others and increase emotional and physical happiness

Motivations for Primary School Students in EFL Countries to Participate During In-Person English Sessions

Motivations for primary school students to participate in English classes are important for educators in areas that consider English as a foreign language (EFL). Although there is a lot of research discussing how to motivate non-native English-speaking children to participate in sessions, there is little study making an effort to find out what motivates primary school students in EFL regions to engage in their English classes despite their relevance. However, there is still a lack of specific studies, so this is a systematic review of previous studies about motivations for those students to participate during online and in-person sessions because of the limitations of previous literature. By reviewing previous research, this paper finds that both external and internal motivations have an influence on the engagement of EFL primary school students during in-person English sessions. For intrinsic motivations, reward plays an important role in motivating EFL primary school students to learn English. However, students can be influenced by different kinds of motivations at the same time.

Review of behavioral economics models of the altruistic crowding‐out effect from monetary incentives

AbstractThe altruistic crowding‐out effect is a decrease of prosocial behavior due to monetary incentives or material rewards that intend to increase an extrinsic motivation for the behavior. The decrease in a behavior by increasing a motivation for that behavior, seems irrational, but behavioral economists presented a dozen different models to explain this crowding‐out effect. In these models, the decrease in prosocial behavior is rational in the sense that agents maximize their expected utility. All the models assume that people have utility functions that represent their preferences and motivations. This review clarifies different kinds of motivations, rewards, incentives, and crowding‐out effects, presents 13 behavioral economics models, classifies them in five types of models, discusses subtle nuances of the models, summarizes the different predictions of the different models, and provides an overview of the empirical support of the models. The main take‐away is that the crowding‐out effect could not only be explained in terms of rational, utility‐maximizing behavior, but could be done so in many (at least 13) different ways. This review can be used to improve empirical validation of the models and to gain insights in the specific contexts in which crowding‐out occurs.

What explains early numeracy achievement: A comparison of South Africa and China

Mathematics is pivotal in the contemporary technology-driven world. However, poor mathematical performance continues to be a concern in many countries. Guided by Mathematics in a Cultural Context (MCC) framework, this article investigates the similarities, differences, and potential reasons behind early numeracy achievement in South Africa and China. Applying a qualitative research approach, selected teachers, parents, and government officials in the two countries were interviewed for their views on the cultural context and pedagogical practices that potentially impact mathematics teaching and learning. The findings confirmed the multifaceted and interconnected nature of mathematics teaching and learning. However, the findings raise questions about the efficacy of certain practices on mathematics learning and achievement, including the teaching approach, the value of different kinds of motivations, and methods to inspire motivation. This finding suggests the importance of practicing key mathematics concepts in building a solid foundation and confidence in mathematics.

Pemaafan sebagai Metode Para Santri Antisipasi Kasus Bullying di Pondok Pesantren

Islamic boarding school is a traditional Islamic educational institution in Indonesia. Cases of bullying in Islamic boarding schools are a problem that often occurs. Bullying can be in the form of bad treatment, such as intimidation, ridicule, physical violence, or discrimination against other students. From previous research it is known that there are internal and external aspects that cause bullying. Bullying can lead to negative consequences for students who become victims, such as psychological or mental health problems. The author wishes to continue discussing other aspects of the occurrence of bullying and seek alternative methods so that they can be used to anticipate bullying cases at Islamic boarding schools. Library research is used in this article. The results of this study are that there are three kinds of motivation that may arise from victims of bullying, namely revenge, avoidance and making up. Bullying can cause very strong feelings for victims, including resentment. Revenge can be interpreted as a feeling of wanting to get back at the bully. So that revenge can be concluded can lead to repetition of bullying behavior in the future. Forgiveness is useful for overcoming feelings of anger, hatred, or revenge that victims may have against perpetrators who have bullied them. Forgiveness can help students at Islamic boarding schools to let go of these negative feelings and make them feel better. Forgiveness can also help to improve relationships with others and increase emotional and physical happiness

Politeness Strategies Used by the Main Characters in Christopher Robin (2018) Film

This research focuses on the politeness strategies used by the main characters of Christopher Robin film. The objectives of this research are to find out the politeness strategies used by the main characters of the film and to explain the motivations of the main characters of the film in using the politeness strategies. This research is a qualitative research with content analysis approach. The data sources of this research are the screenplay of Christopher Robin film and the transcript of the dialogue done in the film. The data were taken from the dialogues and utterances from the main characters containing politeness strategies. All of the main characters of the film used politeness strategies. However, not all of the main characters used all of the types of politeness strategies. Christopher was the one who used the politeness strategies most because he was the character who had the utterances and dialogues most compared with the other main characters. Pooh, as the second main character, did not use any off record strategy to all other characters he interacted with. The last main character, Madeline, used the off record politeness strategy most, in contrast with Pooh, even with the fact that she had the least dialogues from all of the main characters. For the motivation in using politeness strategies, only Christopher had the two kinds of motivation in using politeness strategies: intrinsic payoffs and sociological variables circumstances; Pooh and Madeline only had one of those kinds: intrinsic payoffs.

A New-Old Spirituality: How Spirituality has Softened and Revitalized Religion

Abstract This article seeks to continue the unfolding of the tangled relationship of spirituality and religion but from the vantage point of Christianity (religion), and more specifically, from Christian practice and from the perspective of representatives of institutionalized religion (clergy) and rather unchurched participants in organized religious practice. While first-wave scholars argued that religion and spirituality are at odds with each other, second-wave scholars rather consider the relationship between the two more blurred and hybrid. Following the lead of this latter group of scholarship, I make the case that contemporary spirituality at the intersection of “individualized spirituality” and “institutionalized religion” can be understood as a new-old spirituality and that religion is being changed by spirituality. This entails that people are approaching old Christian practices in new ways and new places often urged by a new kind of motivation. By attending to issues of subjectivity and regarding experience as a significant source of authority without leaving the theistic framework of religion altogether, this new-old spirituality is available and attractive to constituencies as varied as clergy, children, incarcerated, and young people. Hence, it can be argued that religion is not only giving way to spirituality. Religion is also softened and revitalized by spirituality, as empirical studies in the Scandinavian countries show a resurgence and revitalization of religious practice, both inside and at the margins of institutionalized religion, and, thus, a sacralization of the congregational domain.

Continuous knowledge contribution in social Q&A communities: the moderation effects of self-presentation and motivational affordances

Purpose Based on the perspectives of social capital, image motivation and motivation affordances, this paper explores the direct and moderation effects of different kinds of motivations (i.e. relationship-based motivation, community-based motivation and individual-based motivation) on users' continuous knowledge contributions in social question and answer (Q&A) communities.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect the panel data of 10,193 users from a popular social Q&A community in China. Then, a negative binomial regression model is adopted to analyze the collected data.Findings The paper demonstrates that social learning, peer recognition and knowledge seeking positively affect users' continuous contribution behaviors. However, the results also show that social exposure has the opposite effect. In addition, self-presentation is found to moderate the influence of social factors on users' continuous use behaviors, while the moderation effect of motivation affordances has no significance.Originality/value First, this study develops a comprehensive motivation framework that helps gain deeper insights into the underlying mechanism of knowledge contribution in social Q&A communities. Second, this study conducts panel data analysis to capture the impacts of motivations over time, rather than intentions at a fixed time point. Third, the findings can help operators of social Q&A communities to optimize community norms and incentive mechanisms.

Cruel Intentions and Evil Deeds

What it means for an action to have moral worth, and what is required for this to be the case, is the subject of continued controversy. Some argue that an agent performs a morally worthy action if and only if they do it because the action is morally right. Others argue that a morally worthy action is that which an agent performs because of features that make the action right. These theorists, though they oppose one another, share something important in common. They focus almost exclusively on the moral worth of right actions. But there is a negatively valenced counterpart that attaches to wrong actions, which we will call moral counterworth. In this paper, we explore the moral counterworth of wrong actions in order to shed new light on the nature of moral worth. Contrary to theorists in both camps, we argue that more than one kind of motivation can affect the moral worth of actions.

Understanding and supporting the motivation of students from low-income families

Motivational development in low-income adolescents has been insufficiently studied, due to the difficulties involved in accessing the target population. Nevertheless, previous research suggests that some specific developmental patterns might be particular to this group. On the basis of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and using latent growth modeling (LGM), we investigated the trajectories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in low-income students during adolescence, and we identified the role of parents, teachers, and classmates in determining these trajectories. The participants were 228 adolescents (Mage = 12.8; SDage = 1.74; 43.4% girls; 17.1% immigrants) officially certified by the Italian government as being below the poverty threshold. Data was collected by means of a four-wave research design over a period of two years.Our findings revealed a significant drop in levels of identified regulation over time, while all other forms of motivation, including intrinsic motivation, remained stable during the period considered. Low-income students therefore appear to experience a specific form of motivational decline during adolescence, so that they perceive studying as being less and less meaningful in relation to their goals, values and identities. This decline is even more pronounced for second-generation and male low-income adolescents.However, parents and teachers were significant predictors of identified regulation at each point in time, suggesting that their support for autonomy fosters identified regulation throughout adolescence. As regards the role of classmates, peer acceptance appears to support identified regulation, while having many friendships seems to have a negative impact on this kind of motivation.

Армия Российской империи как ретранслятор многовекторной мотивации в условиях Северного Кавказа первой половины XIX века

Introduction. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the course of the Caucasian War at its initial stage of development and the roles of the Russian imperial army, which the military had to perform in the conditions of the realities of the North Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century. Materials and methods. Using published sources, the author turned to the method of historical reconstruction to achieve the research goal. Analysis. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the Russian side actively influenced the developing situation in the region. Finding itself in climatic and geographical conditions that went beyond its previous experience, and meeting with peoples whose daily lifestyle was too different from those familiar to Russian habits, the army itself was forced to adapt to new challenges. Authorized military commanders have radically changed the strategic approaches and tactics of conducting combat operations in mountainous forest areas. The equipment, weapons and moral and psychological training of the troops participating in the expeditions against the highlanders have changed. At the same time, the imperial authorities, given the opportunities and means they had at that time, saw in the Caucasian troops not only a force capable and intended for crushing local Caucasian strongholds, but endowed the army with a peculiar mission to be a communicator of innovations brought by Russia to the Caucasus region. In this regard, the army was also instructed to be a conductor of various kinds of motivations, covering the socio-cultural and economic spheres of life of the conquered region, to strive in every possible way to involve the local population in them. Representatives of the mountain peoples were involved in the construction of roads, fortresses and bridges, participation in trade and exchange operations, which had the goal of overcoming distrust and hostility, as well as strengthening ties in everyday life. Often the headquarters of the army regiments became the centers providing innovations introduced by the Russians. Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Russian imperial army acted as the vanguard of the Russian world, with which it introduced the Caucasian peoples. Through the military St. Petersburg hoped to establish the type of communication with the local population (at first, at least part of it) that would allow achieving a tolerable mutual understanding in order to lay the foundation not only for peaceful coexistence but also for the transmission of imperial state-political messages to the Caucasus foundations.

Controlled and Autonomous Motivation Relation with Social Media Network Content Contribution: Post-COVID-19 Scenario

People are dependent on Social Media Networks (SMNs) to get in time information about crises. Therefore, emergency managers are interested in how individuals participate in social media networking sites after crises, as well as in how to encourage their participation. Based on the theory of self-determination, this study builds a theoretical model to investigate how various varieties of motivation lead to different kinds of participation in SMNs after a crisis. A survey was conducted after COVID-19, which occurred in China and Europe at the end of December 2019. The 310 data were gathered by a "time-lagged, two-wave survey" and "convenience sampling." According to the findings of this study, autonomous motivation is strongly linked to posting new COVID-19 content, while controlled motivation is significantly linked to commenting on others' COVID-19 content. Moreover, perceived autonomy and perceived relatedness are positively associated with autonomous motivation. This study proposes that crisis managers might wish to enhance various kinds of motivations; dependent on the particular take-part behavior chosen post crises. Moreover, perceived autonomy and relatedness are positively associated with autonomous motivation. The study proposes that risk managers may seek to promote different forms of motives based on the preferred style of participation after a crisis.

What’s on a Party Member’s Mind? Voting Motives in Competitive Party Leadership Elections

ABSTRACT Procedures of party leadership selection have attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent years, but voting motives of party members in leadership elections have not been fully studied yet. This paper presents a new model of voting in party leadership elections that is inspired by previous models that were mostly tailored to more exclusive selectorates (such as the parliamentary party). We adopt an inductive research strategy that is based on an open question in member surveys that were held on the occasion of three Belgian party leadership elections. As a result, we obtain a comprehensive model with eight different vote motivations: policy positions, electability, competence, perceptions of personality traits, socio-demographic characteristics, personal relationships, party-organisational reasons and negative voting. Our findings also show that the kinds of motivations that are put forward by members are dependent upon the number of contenders.

Resurgent back‐to‐the‐land and the cultivation of a renewed countryside

AbstractIn connection to concerns about, for example, climate change, peak oil, pandemics and the depopulation of many rural areas, there has been a counter‐migration from urban to rural areas in past decades. An important part of this counter‐migration is the so‐called 'back‐to‐the‐land' migration of former urban residents who move to rural areas and adopt primarily agrarian lifestyles. Through a review of 48 migration letters in which migrants write about their experiences of moving from urban to rural areas to commence agriculture, this article explores the underlying ideals and agricultural practices of the back‐to‐land phenomena and discusses what significance this form of agricultural migration may have for understanding broader sustainability transformations and contemporary rural change. Important questions concern: What kinds of motives, practices and ideals underpin back‐to‐the‐land migration? What relevance does “back‐to‐the‐land” have for how we comprehend rurality and how the current food landscape is changing? Based on the letter reviews, this article illuminates four interconnected themes with regard to back‐to‐the‐landers practices and ideals. Back‐to‐the‐land as (i) rebelling against payroll work and meaningless lives in the cities, (ii) reinvention and retrotopia, (iii) reconnecting with nature and cultivating resilient alternatives and (iv) resistance and silent revolution. The article argues that the current back‐to‐land migration contributes to the construction of a renewed rurality—a reinvented form of rurality—that are adapted to suit both present and future needs in a world that is perceived as becoming more unruly. The article further suggests that, although back‐to‐the‐land migration may not yet have any significant material implications on the current food system, the ideals and practices the back‐to‐the‐landers profess, provide an important imaginary of how we can comprehend an alternative ‘rurality’ that reconnect people, land and food in more sustainable ways, through, for example, benign ways of practising agriculture and organising the food system. In this light, the current back‐to‐the‐land phenomena can be seen as a particular form of sustainability migration of voluntary peasantry that is based on retrotopian ideals of a rural past that is paired with progressive sustainability practices of the present.

Enhancing English learning materials with data-driven learning: a mixed-methods study of task motivation

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present mixed methods study was to investigate if enhancing Focus on Form (FonF) tasks with data-driven learning (DDL) affects English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ task motivation from the self-determination theory (SDT) perspective. Following a quasi-experimental comparison group pretest-posttest and sequential explanatory mixed methods designs, 76 female English-major university students were randomly assigned to comparison and intervention groups and exposed to the control and treatment, respectively. The control involved completing 15 non-DDL tasks, whereas the treatment was completing 15 DDL-enhanced tasks over a month. The results of a task motivation questionnaire and semi-structured interviews showed that DDL-enhanced tasks increase learners’ task motivation from the SDT perspective. In other words, enhancing FonF tasks with DDL leads to more self-determined motivation to perform English tasks. That is, discovery learning which is a kind of self-regulated learning, along with awareness raising, in tasks with authentic language data where the primary attention is on meaning, tends to promote learners’ agency, and result in more motivation to learn English. This kind of motivation which seems to be the result of increased achievement in English language skills, autonomous language learning, association with others, internal reward, and usefulness, is most influential, as it is self-determined.

Students’ Instrumental and Integrative Motivation in Learning English as A Foreign Language in Indonesia

English as one of the most appealing subjects for student at University especially in Indonesia. Over the decade English is the subject that many students want to mastered it. To achieved it, student need to learn English as the way they need it for specific goals. One of the aspects to reach the goal in learning English is motivation. Motivation has been broadly accepted by both teachers and researchers as one of the most significant factors that influence and affect the rate and success of foreign language learning. Because teaching and learning English is not only the cognitive aspects on its but also there is psychology aspect how maintain the point of view in every student how to achieved new material as the language input that is very different with their native language. Inspired by such resume above, the study on which the present article is based aimed to investigate and to knowing kind of motivation such as instrumental and integrative motivation for student who learn English as a foreign language in Indonesia. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the responses to a questionnaire of 50 students at university, it sought to examine the relative importance of motivational variables as theorised in the field of second language motivation. It also aimed to go further, by considering the kinds of motivation on its’. This study has gained pertinent insights on the information regarding the type and level of motivation that influence students the most. The discussions and the result is that majority of the students are integratively motivated. There is a need to motivate the students more integratively and also instrumentally.

Predicting students' basic psychological need profiles through motivational appeals: Relations with grit and well-being

The aim of the present study was to examine the predictive relation between teachers' motivational appeals (i.e., messages that appeal to a certain kind of motivation) and students' basic psychological need profiles and how the different profiles relate with students' well-being and grit. A total of 655 secondary students participated in the study. To determine the number of profiles a person-centered approach was followed. Results of the latent profile analysis revealed four profiles regarding student's need experiences: thwarted, fulfilled, low fulfilment and neutral profiles. Students whose teacher relied on autonomous motivational appeals were more likely to belong to the most adaptive profile (i.e., fulfilled), whereas students whose teacher relied on amotivational appeals were more likely to belong to the most non-adaptive profile (i.e., thwarted). Moreover, students belonging to the adaptive profiles reported higher levels of well-being and grit. The present findings highlight a resource for teachers to satisfy students' needs, well-being, and grit.