Kind Of Lubricant Research Articles

Effect of lubricant sulfur on the morphology and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particles

This work investigates the effects of lubricant sulfur contents on the morphology, nanostructure, size distribution and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particle on a light-duty diesel engine. Three kinds of lubricant (LS-oil, MS-oil and HS-oil, all of which have different sulfur contents: 0.182%, 0.583% and 1.06%, respectively) were used in this study. The morphologies and nanostructures of exhaust particles were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Size distributions of primary particles were determined through advanced image-processing software. Elemental compositions of exhaust particles were obtained through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that as lubricant sulfur contents increase, the macroscopic structure of diesel exhaust particles turn from chain-like to a more complex agglomerate. The inner cores of the core-shell structure belonging to these primary particles change little; the shell thickness decreases, and the spacing of carbon layer gradually descends, and amorphous materials that attached onto outer carbon layer of primary particles increase. Size distributions of primary particles present a unimodal and normal distribution, and higher sulfur contents lead to larger size primary particles. The sulfur content in lubricants directly affects the chemical composition in the particles. The content of C (carbon) decreases as sulfur increases in the lubricants, while the contents of O (oxygen), S (sulfur) and trace elements (including S, Si (silicon), Fe (ferrum), P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium), Zn (zinc), Mg (magnesium), Cl (chlorine) and Ni (nickel)) all increase in particles.

선박용 압력조절밸브의 마찰 특성에 관한 연구

Low operational cost and high efficiency is absolute requirements in the mass production of the ship engine. Increasing the performance of the fuel injection system in the diesel engine is one kind of solution to improve the efficiency. Modern diesel engines are using electronic control module as the main controller in the fuel injection control system, however the mechanical system still involved in the modern control system. In modern ship engine, a control valve was used in injection fuel to regulate the flow of the fuel. High pressure and friction are intensively occur within this part, therefore high wear resist and low friction coefficient material including fine lubricating are needed. This study is to figure out the wear resist material and proper lubricant in the control valve fuel injection. The experiment has been tested using pin on disk in several treatments those are used various lubricants and non-lubricant condition. Two kinds of lubricant were used in this experiment such as INDERIN AW-32 and paraffin oil. INDERIN AW-32 has a better result compared to non-lubricant condition, which are 20% performance increases than non-lubricant condition. SCM 440 was providing small friction coefficient in the lower velocity. The friction coefficient was constantly maintains at 0.1 m/s of velocity or above respectively with the increment of the loads. Using INDERIN AW-32 and paraffin oil the lowest friction coefficient occurred at the lower load, and increases side by side with the increment of loads.

Development of devices for self-injection: using tribological analysis to optimize injection force

This article describes the use of analytical models and physical measurements to characterize and optimize the tribological behavior of pen injectors for self-administration of biopharmaceuticals. One of the main performance attributes of this kind of device is its efficiency in transmitting the external force applied by the user on to the cartridge inside the pen in order to effectuate an injection. This injection force characteristic is heavily influenced by the frictional properties of the polymeric materials employed in the mechanism. Standard friction tests are available for characterizing candidate materials, but they use geometries and conditions far removed from the actual situation inside a pen injector and thus do not always generate relevant data. A new test procedure, allowing the direct measurement of the coefficient of friction between two key parts of a pen injector mechanism using real parts under simulated use conditions, is presented. In addition to the absolute level of friction, the test method provides information on expected evolution of friction over lifetime as well as on expected consistency between individual devices. Paired with an analytical model of the pen mechanism, the frictional data allow the expected overall injection system force efficiency to be estimated. The test method and analytical model are applied to a range of polymer combinations with different kinds of lubrication. It is found that material combinations used without lubrication generally have unsatisfactory performance, that the use of silicone-based internal lubricating additives improves performance, and that the best results can be achieved with external silicone-based lubricants. Polytetrafluoroethylene-based internal lubrication and external lubrication are also evaluated but found to provide only limited benefits unless used in combination with silicone.

Coated carbide drill performance under soluble coconut oil lubricant and nanoparticle enhanced MQL in drilling AISI P20

This research experimentally investigates the performance of a TiAlN coated carbide drill bit in drilling AISI P20 through two different kinds of lubricants, namely; soluble coconut oil (SCO) and nanoparticle-enhanced coconut oil (NECO) under minimum quantity lubrication system. The tool life and tool wear mechanism were studied using various cutting speeds of 50, 100 and 150 m/min with a constant feed of 0.01 mm/rev. Since the flank wear land was not regular along the cutting edge, the average flank wear (VB) was measured at several points using image analysis software. The drills were inspected using a scanning electron microscope to further elucidate the wear mechanism. The result indicates that drilling with the nanoparticle- enhanced lubricant was better in resisting the wear and improving the drill life to some extent

Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cyclic terpenoid biomarkers in the sediments of fishing harbors in Taiwan

Three fishing harbors were investigated to study the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments and trace possible anthropogenic sources by identification of cyclic terpenoid biomarkers. Seventeen terpanes, 10 steranes and 10 bicyclic sesquiterpanes in the marine diesel and the three kinds of lubricants that are mainly used by fishing boats were identified and quantified. Eighteen biomarker diagnostic ratios are suggested and the correlation coefficients among the lubricants and sediment samples have the R2 value greater than 0.73. Analyzed 16 PAHs in the sediment shows non-normal distributions and the Kruskal Wallis Test shows the significant differences (p value smaller than 0.05) with the greatest variability in benzo[g,h,i]perylene which more than 84% of the effective size (E.S.) is accounted. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was applied and the Kruskal Wallis Test shows a significant difference (p value smaller than 0.05) among certain atoms with the effective size greater than 60%.

Analysis of the Thermal Impact on Gamma Titanium Aluminide by Grinding with Internal Coolant Supply Based on Experimental Investigation and Transient Thermal Simulation

Gamma titanium aluminide as an intermetallic alloy is considered to be one of the materials which can substitute nickel based super-alloys in high duty applications e.g. in turbines of aircrafts. In this respect the grindability of γ-TiAl alloys is of high importance despite of the restrictions due to the alloy's thermal and metallurgical characteristics. High temperatures in the grinding zone effect the formation of micro cracks during the grinding operation. A more efficient cooling by an internal cooling supply can be seen as a suitable approach to tackle this obstacle. Thus the coolant flow is directly induced into the grinding zone through the abrasive. This kind of lubrication allows the reduction of the flow rate and a more effective cooling of the temperature sensitive materials, respectively. In order to investigate the effects of an internal coolant supply experimental investigations has been performed and the thermal impact on the workpiece has been detected by measurement. A newly designed measuring device based on a thermocouple, which is mounted on a ball screw, enables the automated adjustment in the workpiece according to the actual depth of cut. The results of these investigations are used as boundary conditions for a transient thermal simulation. Based on the finite element model the real grinding zone temperature can be calculated with respect to the influences of the heat transfer rate and the thermal inertia of the thermocouple as well as of the workpiece material

Determination of Elastic Modulus of Steel Wire Ropes for Computer Simulation

Modulus of elasticity of steel wire rope (elastic modulus) is a characteristic value, which is important not only for users of the steel rope, but also for designers of machines and machinery that are equipped with the steel wire rope. Values of the elastic modulus depends predominately on the elastic modulus of the material, which the rope is manufactured from as well as it depends on the various other factors. The most important influencing factors are as follows: rope construction, type of core, angle and way of wire stranding, angle and way of rope lay as well as kind of lubricant. The real value of the elastic modulus has also impact on prolongation of the steel wire rope and on intensity of its dynamical loading. The rope elastic modulus value can be determined by means of the various methods. There are analysed in this article such methods for determination of the rope elastic modulus, which can be applied for a computer simulation.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Dry Shearing of Aluminum 6082

In shearing and blanking lubrication is widely used. For future production one aim is to decrease the use of oil or to do without such lubricants. For this purpose it is interesting, if there is an influence of using lubricants on the cut edge quality. Therefore numerical analysis and experiments are carried out with a blanking tool, installed in a servo press, to analyze the cut edge quality of shearing of aluminum 6082-T6. Using FE-simulation with Lemaitre’s damage model, the process is simulated with different friction coefficients for simulate different kinds of lubrication. In this paper the circle punch with 16 mm diameter is used (piercing). In the experiments the cut edge quality and the maximum shearing force do not differ significantly. With a friction coefficient of 0.2 it is possible to give the right cut edge quality by using the damage model of Lemaitre.

Flow Behavior of “EPDM” Rubber during Dry Compression

AbstractIn the recent time rubber has emerged as a very useful and suitable material for wider varieties of engineering and other applications which includes but not limited to domestic, sports and many more. It possesses large elasticity compared to metals, has greater damping capability, high internal friction and can accumulate energy to a greater extent compared to steel or other metals. During the deformation of rubber material, particularly by compressive force, internal damping of the material leads to energy dissipation. This is the cause of hysteretic friction of rubber. Friction of rubber has practical importance. At the same time it has many disadvantages tooUse of rubber as engineering material is not new. However, in the recent time its application is gaining renewed importance as well as interest due to several engineering researches and property enhancement too. It is, however, needless to be mentioned that prediction of exact behavior of any viscoelastic material like rubber is very difficult.In the present work compression tests have been carried out to determine the flow characteristics of EPDM rubber of different hardness. Flat mild steel platens have been used to apply axysymetric compressive load on the specimen under dry working condition. The flow behavior like load – elongation curves, true stress – true strain curves and specific energy requirements have been computed from the experimental data. Statical hysteresis and the loss factors have also been obtained.Experimental results reveal that the hardness of EPDM rubber has significant effect on the flow behavior. Thus, it can be stated that the flow behavior can be governed by controlling the carbon black (CB) concentration in EPDM rubber as the hardness depends on it. It is proposed to extend the experiments with the application of different kind of lubricants.

Tribological study of borated hydroxyalkyldithiocarbamate as additive for environmentally adapted lubricants

PurposeThe fast growing concern for maintaining integrity of the environment has built up development of environmentally‐adapted lubricants. Because of their toxicity, most of the traditional lubricating additives cannot be used in this kind of lubricant. The purpose of this paper is to find a borate ester derivative which can be used as a multifunctional additive in rapeseed oils (RSO).Design/methodology/approachA borated S‐2‐hydroxypropyl N, N‐dibutyl dithiocarbamate (BDTC) was synthesized and characterized. Its tribological properties in rapeseed oil as multifunctional additive were evaluated, using a four‐ball tribometer and compared with one kind of commercial MoDTC. In addition, its thermal stability was identified using TGA and antioxidative ability tested by PDSC. The action mechanism of BDTC was studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (APCI/MS) analysis.FindingsResults show that BDTC exhibits high thermal stability, possesses comprehensive tribological performance in rapeseed oil, and has evident effect in controlling the oxidation of RSO. Analysis of worn surface indicates that BDTC was decomposed and reacted with metal during the friction process. The lubricating film mainly contains inorganic boron compound (B2O3), organic nitrogen derivatives and FeSO4.Originality/valueThis paper provides a borate ester derivative which possesses excellent tribological properties and can be used as a multifunctional ashless additive in environmentally‐adapted lubricants. Furthermore, an innovative method, APCI/MS, was used to analyze the tribo‐fragmentation behavior of BDTC.

Relationship between the Conductivity of Isotropic Conductive Adhesives (ICAs) and the Lubricant Coated on Silver Filler Particles

We investigated the relationship between the conductivity of isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) and silver (Ag) particles (filler) that are coated with different lubricants; high molecular weight fatty acid. The components of the ICAs are organic epoxy binder and silver filler. The conductivity of the ICAs was measured by a milliohm tester and the electron charge between silver particles was determined by powder charge amount measurements. The conductivity of ICAs differs depending on the kind of lubricant used, and there is a possible correlation between conductivity and the charge amount of silver particle in the samples. These results suggest that the conductivity of ICAs is not only a result of connections between the silver particles, but also of some interaction between the lubricants and silver particles. The silver filler particles in the ICAs appear to function as micro-capacitors in the cured state.

Tribological Properties of Cr Coating Lubricated with Different Lubricants

In this paper, Cr coatings were prepared onto AISI 1045 steel substrates using medium frequency magnetic sputtering process, and were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD). Five kinds of lubricants were chosen and evaluated as lubricants for Cr coatings/AISI 52100 steel contacts at room temperature. The tribological properties of the lubricants were investigated using a ball-on-disk type UMT reciprocating friction tester. The results indicated that the 1-ethyl-3-hexylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P206) ILs has excellent friction-reducing properties, the friction coefficient kept at a relatively stable value of 0.036, however pure liquid paraffin has the lowest wear volume value. The Cr coatings using different lubricants show different tribology properties. The worn surfaces of Cr coatings were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

S114033 放射光X線回折法を用いた静水圧下における各種潤滑油の構造解析([S114-03]トライボロジーの基礎と応用(3))

S114033 放射光X線回折法を用いた静水圧下における各種潤滑油の構造解析([S114-03]トライボロジーの基礎と応用(3))

Effects of Electromagnetic Field and Lubricate Condition on the Surface Quality of Aluminum Alloy Billet during LFEC Processing

The microstructures of the aluminum billets could be improved markedly by low-frequency electro-magnetic casting (LFEC) processing. In fact, the low-frequency electromagnetic field (LFEF) also has favorite effect on the surface quality of billet. However, few public reports on the surface quality of LFEC aluminum billets could be found. Therefore, a new crystallizer together with a kind of lubricant was designed aiming at lowing surface turning quantity, and the effects of casting velocity, electromagnetic condition and lubrication on the surface quality of aluminum billets were investigated. The results indicate that LFEF together with the lubricate condition would be responsible for the surface quality of the billets, and the high surface quality billets could be achieved by optimizing the casting conditions.

Computational analysis of the effects of lubrication on the homogeneity of the materials processed by equal-channel angular pressing with the experimental validation

The effects of utilizing two kinds of lubricants on the homogeneity of the processed billets by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) were investigated, while the friction factor of one of them was even higher than the other one multiplied by four. Selecting these lubricants from different available lubricants was based on the ring compression test. Three dimensional finite element analyses were performed to reveal the deformation homogeneity by calculating the values of the inhomogeneity index for the effective plastic strain induced to the billets after one ECAP pass. In addition, microhardness values were recorded on the longitudinal and cross-sectional planes of each billet to verify the results of numerical simulations. The results acquired by simulations together with the data obtained from experimental procedure confirmed that there was a little enhancement in the homogeneity of the work-piece on its longitudinal plane by increasing the friction. However, the homogeneity of the work-piece on its cross-sectional plane decreased by increasing the friction in the ECAP process.

Study on the frictional properties of micro-magnet arrayed surface lubricated with ferrofluids

Ferrofluids (FF) are stable colloids exhibiting normal liquid behavior coupled with magnetic properties. As a kind of lubricant, the most obvious advantage is that FF can be maintained in the desired position without any leakage by applying a permanent magnet. For the above characteristics, a kind of micro-magnet arrayed surface for FF lubrication was introduced in this article. The tribological performances of the surface were tested under plane contact conditions using FF as a lubricant. Flat SUS316 steel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were used as opposite pairs, respectively, for their different wetting properties with FF. The experimental results show that compared with normal surface/PTFE frictional pair, the magnetic surface/PTFE couple expresses distinct friction increasing, while the magnetic surface/SUS316 steel pair presents obvious advantages of antifriction especially at high sliding speeds. The higher the surface magnetic flux is, the better is the tribological performance it displays especially at a higher sliding speed.

The effect of steel balls based on different standards on the anti‐wear properties of lubricants

PurposeThrough practical tests, it has been found that steel balls based on different standards could affect tribological performances of the same lubricant, but unfortunately, past researches in the field have been quite inadequate. The aim of this paper, therefore, is conscientiously to study the problem.Design/methodology/approachThe anti‐wear properties of four kinds of lubricants were evaluated by four‐ball tester using two kinds of steel balls based on different standards. The reason for different anti‐wear properties of the same lubricant was also discussed using hardness tester and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS).FindingsIt was found that steel balls based on different standards could affect the tribological results for the same lubricant. The reason could lie in the surface chemical composition, surface roughness and hardness of steel balls which originated from the subtle difference of different standards.Originality/valueThe paper shows that, as far as evaluating anti‐wear properties is concerned, steel ball based on AISI Standard Steel No. E‐52100 is a better choice than that based on Chinese standard GB 308.

Tribological Characteristics on the Helical Gear in Cold Forging Mold

The purpose of this study is to find out the tribological characteristics of the various lubricants in cold forging of helical gear, which is used in mobile auto-transmission. Five kinds of lubricant were used in this study, i.e. L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. The pin-on-disk type of friction wear test system has been adopted here. The normal load of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100N has been applied to the test specimen. The sliding velocities were 0.06, 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.30 and 0.34m/s. Experimental results show that the friction coefficients of oils having higher kinematic viscosity such as L1, L2, L4 and L5 tend to increase gradually as the sliding velocity increases. The increasing rate of the friction coefficient is relatively high in lower sliding velocity range. However in case of L3 which has low kinematic viscosity the friction coefficient tends to decrease as the sliding velocity increases. The friction coefficients of Bondelube and Bondelite were 3 times higher than those of L1 and L5. The Stribeck curve indicates that L1, L2, L4 and L5 were in hydrodynamic lubrication condition and L3 was in boundary lubrication condition. SEM micrographs revealed that there were some scratch, adhesive wear, adhesion wear and scuffing on the worn surface.

Effect of lubricants on warm compaction process of Cu-based composite

The use of lubricant is the key of warm compaction technology. Because of admixed different lubricants, the optimal parameters of warm compaction process were also different. This paper investigated the effect of two kind of lubricants (zinc stearate and polystyrene) on the parameters of warm compaction process by compared properties of Cu-based composite. It was shown that with the rise of compacting pressure, the density and hardness of the Cu-based composite increased, but the resistivity and gaining weight reduced. With increasing compacting temperature, the density and hardness first increased and then decreased, but the trend of resistivity and gaining weight just reversed. For the samples admixed zinc stearate (ZS), the optimal admixed concentration was 0.4wt%, and the sample prepared at 120°C and 650MPa had the highest density and hardness, the lowest resistivity and gaining weight. For the samples admixed polystyrene (PS), these parameters were 0.7wt%, 140°C and 650MPa, respectively. The properties of samples admixed PS were superior to that of admixed ZS.

Effectiveness of a new lubricant for dry eye after photoablation using an osmolarity measurement

Abstract Purpose LASIK has been shown to lead to corneal hypoesthesia, which can trigger a decrease in the reflex arc regulating tears secretion. The goal of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a new lubricant after LASIK compared to a classical treatment by measuring tear osmolarity. Methods Twenty patients scheduled to undergo LASIK were enrolled in the study and randomized into two groups. A baseline osmolarity measurement was taken (TearLab Osmolarity System, TearLab Corp) and then randomized into one of two groups. Patients in the first group received two artificial tears (Refresh and Celluvisc, Allergan) following surgery while the 2nd group received a PEG 400 and hylauronic acid (HA) artificial tear (Blink, Abbott Medical Optics) following treatment. These patients were assessed at 1 month postoperative for changes in osmolarity. Results Normal values of osmolarity with Tear Lab range between 275 and 308 mOsm/L; above this, we consider that the eye is dry. The single tear treatment had the same efficiency as our standard two‐drop therapy. No side effects were noted in any patients. Most patients found it easier to have only one kind of lubricant instead of a combination of two, which lead to a better observance. The use of the tear osmolarity system provided a quick, reliable test for detecting patient with a risk of postoperative dry eye and for assessing the effectiveness of the therapy. Conclusion The new lubricant, Blink, is another choice in the therapeutic panel for treatment of dry eye disease. It is well tolerated and as efficient as the combination of Refresh and Celluvisc. New osmolarity measurement is an easy, fast and non‐invasive well tolerated test for detecting infraclinical dryness especially before refractive surgery.