Kind Of Language Research Articles

General

General Christopher T. Begg, Andrew W. Dyck, Walter A. Vogels WF, and Jeremy Corley 1593. Yonathan Adler, “The Hellenistic Origins of Jewish Ritual Immersion,” JJS 69 (2018) 1–29. A.’s study explores the origins of Jewish ritual immersion—inquiring when immersion first emerged as a rite of purification and what the reasons may have been for this development specifically at the time in question. Textual and archaeological evidence suggests, he finds, that the practice emerged at some point during—or slightly prior to—the first half of the 1st cent. b.c.e. A. further suggests that the practice grew out of contemporary bathing practices, the Hellenistic “hip-bath” in particular. Via a process of ritualization, full-body immersion emerged as a method of purificatory washing clearly differentiated from profane bathing. By way of a subsequent process of “hyperritualization,” some Jews ventured to make a further distinction between purificatory ablutions and profane bathing by restricting use of “drawn water” for purification and by assigning a state of impurity to anyone who bathed in such water. The developments traced by A. thus provide an enlightening example of one of the many ways in which Jewish religious practices evolved and adapted in response to Hellenistic cultural innovations. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 1594. Ehud Ben Zvi, “Memory and Political Thought in the Late Persian/Early Hellenistic Yehud/Judah: Some Observations,” Leadership, Social Memory and Judean Discourse, 9–26 [see #2020]. In what follows I will focus on social memories of the Judean past that served as a kind of playground in which different political structures and forms of government could be explored and their strengths and weaknesses shown and remembered. At the same time, the “attribution” of some royal roles to Israel—but not others, e.g., that of a military leader—and especially to the Yehudite literati in a “world” that was still not utopian needs to be kept in mind. That world was part and parcel of an encompassing social mindscape that could not but influence and constrain, in some ways, the shaping of social memories, because these memories played a significant role in shaping the literati’s grammar or mnemonic preferences and dis-preferences (p. 15, adapted). The historically contingent circumstances of Yehud, a small province within a large satrapy, within a still larger empire, the social mindscape of the literati, their ideological world and their social roles all contributed to the shaping of their political thought, just as they contributed to the literati’s understanding that neither the Great King nor a vassal king is actually necessary for the stability, happiness, and well-being of the Yehudite community (see, e.g., the sentiment expressed in Psalm 1). Their memories about the past served as a kind of language in which they could express their (implied?) thoughts about political issues (p. 25, adapted).—C.T.B. 1595. Kåre Berge, “Mystified Authority: Legitimating Leadership through ‘Lost Books,’ ” Leadership, Social Memory and Judean Discourse, 41–54 [see #2020]. My argument here is pragmatic: one aspect of the functionality of the biblical texts is as a legitimating device for leadership in postexilic Yehud. My point of departure for reading [End Page 561] the texts discussed here is that they are all presented as sites of memory: they are discussing the past. This is explicit in Deuteronomy and in the Prophets as well, e.g.: “These are the words that came to the prophet in the days of . . .” etc. My concern is to understand the hermeneutics of authority in these texts about the past for the reading audience of the biblical texts as they were known in postexilic times. And for this purpose, I have focused on those three or four texts [2 Kings 22–23; Deuteronomy 31; Ezekiel 2–3; and Jeremiah 36] about the physicality of lost books and their representations by the present biblical books. Returning now to the “today” formula in Deuteronomy, the biblical text is a site of memory, remembering the first and now lost imprints of God’s commandments and Moses’ explications of these and remembering as well that Moses challenged the exodus generation to submit to...

Sztuka nawijki, czyli jak uczyć cudzoziemców polskiego slangu młodzieżowego

Język polski, do którego chce mieć dostęp cudzoziemiec, to nie tylko oficjalne komunikaty, poważne artykuły naukowe, książki czy gazety. To także ta część polszczyzny, zazwyczaj mówionej, którą posługują się młodzi ludzie w barach, na imprezach i niemal w każdej prywatnej rozmowie. Zdaje się, że słownictwo to, choć jest doskonałym przykładem i kolejnym medium kultury popularnej, bywa często pomijane na lektoracie języka polskiego jako obcego (JPJO), szczególnie w kręgach akademickich. Artykuł koncentruje się wokół problemu nauczania slangu młodzieżowego cudzoziemców. Autorka omawia tę odmianę języka, wskazuje jej cechy, a także wymienia wady i zalety nauczania slangu. Dzieli się swoim doświadczeniem w tym zakresie. Przedstawia również przykłady ćwiczeń. Wskazuje źródła, z których można czerpać leksemy na zajęcia, a także wymienia zagadnienia, które należy rozważyć, pisząc własne ćwiczenia. Autorka uważa, że wyrażenia slangowe są bardzo ważne w zrozumieniu, czy wręcz „wyczuciu” codziennej kultury polskiej. Sądzi, że „odwaga” lektorki/lektora w prezentowaniu słownictwa nietypowego dla większości zajęć językowych wpływa także na odwagę studentów w posługiwaniu się polszczyzną. Uważa, że nie ma nic bardziej zniechęcającego do nauki niż sytuacja, w której uczący się, operujący już nieźle polszczyzną, nie może zrozumieć sceny z filmu, czy wątku w prywatnej rozmowie, ponieważ nikt nie nauczył go specjalnego kodu językowego – slangu młodzieżowego, z którym właśnie miał okazję się zmierzyć.

Untranslating Trump

ABSTRACTThe triumph of the language of the U.S.A.'s president is deeply connected to the paradoxical insularity of English: a language perceived to be universal but which in fact limits its ability to converse—it forgets that the blood of any language is translation. Translators know well that their job is the best way to put an end to walls. But maybe the walls around the English language reveal the kind of language that is the language of the forty-fifth president—the president of the Wall—in a deeper sense.

THE

Discourse markers often occur in the process of communicatingusing speaking skills. In this case, between the speaker and the listenerwill always give a sign as the indicators which show that they canunderstand each other. They can follow the conversation or the lecturingprocess. Both parties use discourse markers as an indicator of interest andunderstanding of what is being discussed. In this study, the researcherdescribes the variation of discourse markers in form of three language;English, Indonesia and Madura. The researcher has conducted three timesobservation and taken documentation on Pesantren-Based English course.The term pesantren is described as an Islamic boarding house wherestudents immerse themselves in a learning environment with Islamicvalues. English-based Pesantren has been chosen because all of thestudents and the teachers must speak English although they are doing dailyactivities. The observations were conducted at three teachers or familiarlycalled ustad in the morning hours at 06.00-07.30 and evening at 21.0022.30.The final result states that three teachers have used three kinds oflanguages namely DMs in English are; About, ok, Now, If, there, please,well, really, right, mhmmmm, so and right. While DMs in the form ofIndonesian is: bisa, coba, ya, apa, jadi, tapi. DMs is also used in form ofMadurese language, namely: mon, deddih and apahjiah. The result showsthat DMs have two functions namely textual function and interpersonalfunction.

Språk i rörelse


 
 
 Languages in Motion. Multilingualism and Urban Spaces in Sara Razai’s Jag har letat efter dig and Johanna Holmström’s Asfaltsänglar
 e article is a study of multilingualism, urban space and mobility/immobility in two Finland- Swedish novels, Sara Razai’s Jag har letat efter dig (”I Have Been Searching for You”, 2012) and Johanna Holmström’s Asfaltsänglar (”Asphalt Angels”, 2013) through perspectives of post-mono- lingualism (Yildiz) and literary urban studies. In Razai’s novel, a Finland-Swedish woman and a refugee forge a relationship in broken Finnish, disrupting the link between mother tongue and language of a ections. In an analogous relationship to the depiction of movement (cold) and keeping still in con ned spaces (warmth, safety), Finnish becomes a small space for the lovers to connect. In Holmström’s novel, room for manoeuvre is restricted by gender and ethnicity, although the main characters manage the tension between suburb and city center in di erent ways. In Asfaltsänglar, Arabic is a sign of parental power and rules, but the language is also associated with a white Finland-Swedish woman, a convert, the girls’ mother. ere is a discrepancy between Arabic’s function in the novel – as a local language – and how it is marked for the reader – as foreign. Trilingual Helsinki slang, on the other hand, becomes a hybrid marker of the Suburb as Heimat. Both novels renew the Finland-Swedish urban prose tradition by bringing in new languages and new kinds of language, and by associating these varieties with di erent kinds of characters.
 
 

What kind of language was ‘Chinese Malay’ in late colonial Java?

ABSTRACTDid the Chinese in late colonial Java have their own variety of Malay? The books, newspapers and periodicals issued by Chinese-owned publishing houses indeed feature an idiosyncratic linguistic style. It is less clear how this variety differed from the Malay of other ethnic groups. This has led to the belief that ‘Chinese Malay’ was a purely political concept detached from linguistic reality. Taking issue with this assumption, I call attention to four sociolinguistic phenomena in the Netherlands Indies that have been labelled as ‘Chinese Malay’: (1) mixed languages consisting of elements from local Malay, Javanese and Hokkien; (2) a Chinese-influenced idiom seen in translated books; (3) code-mixing with Hokkien as a deliberate tool to inscribe ethnic difference; and (4) the use of stereotyped Chinese accents for humorous purposes. I approach these phenomena as mutually complementary lenses to investigate the linguistic character of the Chinese-authored Malay publications that shaped the literary landscapes of late colonial Java. Doing so provides novel insights into the society in which they were produced, especially in the under-explored domains of inter-ethnic contact, popular literature, cultural identification, and humour.

An Empirical Study of Senior High School Students’ Willingness to Communicate in English in the Chinese Context

Willingness to communicate (WTC), which means to communicate with others using a certain kind of language, has been an important concept in explaining the first and second language communication. In order to have a deep understanding of the situation of senior high school students’ WTC in English, we made an empirical research on it. In the present study, the quantitative method and interview will be used and 304 participants are from two senior high schools in Jilin Province. From the study results, it can be seen that: Generally, senior high school students have a lower level of willingness to communicate. On the other hand, senior high school students are experiencing a high level of English classroom anxiety, which can have a significant negative influence on students’ WTC. Based on the results of this research, some feasible suggestions for schools, English teachers, students and parents are proposed.

Averroes, Kant and the Origins of the Enlightenment: Reason and Revelation in Arab Thought

Averroes, Kant and the Origins of the Enlightenment: Reason and Revelation in Arab Thought

Seepage Diglossia Pakpak Dairi Language: Sociolinguistics Study

<p>Diglossia is essentially a term used to describe a state of the people who know and use two or more languages to communicate among its members (a society that recognized two or more languages for intrasocietal communication). So the use of bilingual diglossia situation or more in the same community 'governed' by a policy for the selection of the language to be use. Event diglossia shows the distribution function of two or more languages are also giving the impression of their kind of language that is "high" and the type of language that is "low", This type of language used is high in situations that are considered more formal, by people including educated, and more prestige value and prestige. While the types of lower language used in situations that are more informal, by the common man and as a means of general intercommunication. In fact, diglossia situation is actually happening in Indonesia; Functions performed by Indonesian high and low functions carried out by the regional languages in Indonesia. National language as a second language that calls for all levels of society to use it, could result in local languages as a first language gradually eroded. If it is forced through, then the language area that is less powerful because it’s a little bit unknown can disappear even more in the future. This is certainly very unfortunate, because it coincides with the loss of local languages, indigenous or traditional knowledge stored in the oral tradition also can not be saved. It was when seen from the side of the opposition; Different when seen from the side of the union, then between the local language and national languages can co-exist in harmony. This study wanted to examine the analytic theory of how language Pakpak Dairi sociolinguistic as local and Indonesian language as the national language used by speakers in North Sumatra that suffered disproportionately situation.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

Tracking the parallelism of difference with ostension schemes

In this paper I develop an instrument for monolingual elicitation through ostension. I call the instrument an ostension scheme. Ostension schemes are matrices with rows to introduce pictures and columns to represent sentences. Ostension schemes have utility for monolingual elicitation of an unfamiliar language and they allow for the collection and storage of certain kinds of linguistic data in a particularly transparent fashion that does not primarily utilize translation. This transparency is due to design features which help distinguish between a sentence and its entailments or between a sentence and precizations of that sentence. The data stored on an ostension scheme allows access to the linguistic hierarchy at the level of the basic sentence. Comparison of minimal sentence pairs allows for movement within the linguistic hierarchy, from the level of the basic sentence to the level of the morpheme or the phoneme. Ostension schemes utilize a principle I call the parallelism of difference. By this principle, minimal differences in the forms of basic sentences tend to correspond to minimal differences in situations described by these sentences. I take up the problem of how to determine these minimal differences. I demonstrate how ostension schemes have been used to elicit a number of sentences from the Sakha language (Yakut) and to identify morphemes in the language, and I also provide a brief discussion of overcoming first language bias of the designer of the scheme. Finally, I consider how the rows and columns of ostension schemes interact and how this interaction facilitates elicitation. The instrument as developed here promises to be highly practical, but at the same time it is limited in the kind of language it can be used to elicit. The theoretical investigation should be useful not only by engaging in fundamental issues of language study but also by paving the way for possibly broader applications of these ostension schemes.

TEACHING LANGUAGE THROUGH VIRGIL IN LATE ANTIQUITY

Romanmagistriandgrammaticitaught their students a wide range of subjects, primarily through the medium of Latin and Greek literary texts. A well-educated Roman in the Imperial era was expected to have a good knowledge of the literary language of Cicero and Virgil, as well as a competent command of Greek. By the late fourth and early fifth centuries, this knowledge had to be taught actively, as everyday Latin usage had changed during the intervening four centuries. After the reign of Theodosius the division between the Eastern and the Western Empires meant that knowledge of Greek was no longer as common as it had once been in the West. At the same time, by Late Antiquity, migration increased and foreigners as well as provincials moved within the empire, for example, in search of military promotion. There is evidence that recruitment to official or public careers was based less on birth than on education. These ambitious newcomers sent their children to Roman schools, which would facilitate their access to public office. Receipt of this education provided a means by which men from less privileged backgrounds could achieve promotion to such office and become prominent and influential individuals. At the same time a late Roman education also produced a high level of cultural homogeneity among those who had experienced it. So what might we learn about how language was taught—and what kinds of language were valued—in a late-antique Roman school? How might this contribute to our understanding of late-antique Roman elite society?

EXPLICATING POETRY TO DESCRIBE THE POSSIBLE MEANING OF A POEM

Poetry is the literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. There are feelings, thoughts, and ideas that can be difficult to explain and analyze. Poetry is a kind of language within languages that allows people regardless of age, sex, religion, sexual orientation, and even time eras to communicate with one another. When some people hear the word "Poetry", images of unfathomable scenes, words and phrases come to mind. Poetry explication is needed to describe the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem. Writing an explication is an effective way for a reader to connect a poem’s plot and conflicts with its structural features. Since each poem is unique, there is no one way of going about this, butt the elements of analyzing poetry; to identify the meaning through its parts, give a sense of interpreting a poem: (1) Examine the structure of the poem, And (2) Examine the pattern of the poem. Key words: Explicating Poetry, Meaning of a poem.

“The Stamp of Martius”: Commoditized Character and the Technology of Theatrical Impression inCoriolanus

“The Stamp of Martius”: Commoditized Character and the Technology of Theatrical Impression in<i>Coriolanus</i>

Waves as the Symmetry Principle Underlying Cosmic, Cell, and Human Languages

In 1997, the author concluded that living cells use a molecular language (cellese) that is isomorphic with the human language (humanese) based on his finding that the former shared 10 out of the 13 design features of the latter. In 2012, the author postulated that cellese and humanese derived from a third language called the cosmic language (or cosmese) and that what was common among these three kinds of languages was waves—i.e., sound waves for humanese, concentration waves for cellese, and quantum waves for cosmese. These waves were suggested to be the symmetry principle underlying cosmese, cellese, and humanese. We can recognize at least five varieties of waves—(i) electromagnetic; (ii) mechanical; (iii) chemical concentration; (iv) gravitational; and (v) probability waves, the last being non-material, in contrast to the first four, which are all material. The study of waves is called “cymatics” and the invention of CymaScope by J. S. Reid of the United Kingdom in 2002 is expected to accelerate the study of waves in general. CymaScope has been used to visualize not only human sounds (i.e., humanese) but also sounds made by individual cells (cellese) in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (unpublished observations of J. Gimzewski of UCLA and J. Reid). It can be predicted that the gravitational waves recently detected by the Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) will be visualized with CymaScope one day, thereby transforming gravitational waves into CymaGlyphs. Since cellese in part depends on RNA concentration waves (or RNA glyphs) and humanese includes hieroglyphs that were decoded by Champollion in 1822, it seems reasonable to use cymaglyphs, RNA glyphs, and hieroglyphs as symbols of cosmese, cellese, and humanese, respectively, all based on the principle of waves as the medium of communication.

Linguistic Features of English Textese and Digitalk of Iranian EFL Students

This study aimed at investigating the English textese of Iranian EFL learners by scrutinizing the linguistic features through a qualitative design. In doing so, 700 messages were collected from 43 MA Iranian EFL learners of both genders. The features were categorized and analyzed calculating the frequency and percentage. The findings of the study showed that Iranian EFL students used different types of linguistic features with different density in their textese. They had consistency in textism and their text messaging language was mostly standard. The findings of the study could be used to raise students’ awareness on the linguistic features in choosing the right kind of language when communicating with others.

Marka artystyczna. Jak rozumiane jest pojęcie marki w świecie sztuki?

This article shows how members of the contemporary art world in Poland understand the concept of the brand: how they define and validate it; what associations it evokes; and what kind of language is used to speak about it. The article summarizes part of the research conducted in 2015 with members of the art world within the framework of the project ‘The Artistic Brand as a Social Phenomenon: The Creation, Differentiation, and Role of Artistic Brands in Contemporary Poland.’ Thoughts on the subject of art brands lead to a description of the state of contemporary art in Poland. The definitions formulated by the respondents are compared to marketing theories, thus making it possible to determine the respondents’ level of knowledge of such theories. In conclusion, definitions of artistic brands are reviewed and supplemented on the basis of the material obtained from the research.

HERMENEUTICS, REPRESENTATION AND VISUAL ART: LIMITS OF VISUAL (AS) LANGUAGE

Clarification of the question of the legality of representing the system of artistic images of visual art as a special kind of language is a very urgent task for modern humanitarian science. An analysis of this problem shows that the composition of each sample of visual art does not need to be viewed as an “utterance” in the literal sense of the word, nor is it to speak of the “visual language of art” in the same sense in which we speak of a natural language. To be a sign means to be a representation of something, but not every representation is a sign in its special linguistic understanding. The images embodied in visual art often lack the attributes of a linguistically interpreted sign. However, if we widely interpret the concepts of sign and language, then hermeneutics and structural-semiotic analysis reveal practically inexhaustible interpretative possibilities, transforming the external form of our sociocultural existence into a kind of “text”. This “maneuver” transforms the interpretation and analysis of sign-symbolic systems into a variety of culturological studies, and in certain cases allows them to serve as a theoretical basis for social criticism in its creative and political forms.

Kielentarkastaja käännöskielen konventionaalistajana

This article examines the effect of language editing and the language editor on the conventionalization of translations. My data consists of pragmatic texts translated into Finnish and the corrections made in them by the language editor, as well as the arguments given for the corrections. I examine the changes made in the translation during language editing and the resulting increased conventionalization. Conventionalization equals compliance with norms, and all changes aiming at a language free of mistakes and compliant with norms increase conventionalization to some extent. However, this is particularly obvious where several grammatically correct options are available. Here, the language editor appears to opt for wordings that make the translation's language more conventional. In practice, this may include the elimination of non-idiomatic language, conventional word choices, following old recommendations stricter than current practice, or making consistent decisions where norms are fuzzy. I also examine the argumentation for the decisions and look for ideologies that may affect linguistic decisions – what constitutes good language and what kind of language should be aimed at in translations.

PENGGUNAAN JENIS BAHASA SERTA INTERAKSI KOMUNITAS PEDAGANG ASONGAN DENGAN WISATAWAN MANCANEGARA DI KAWASAN WISATA PANTAI KUTA, KECAMATAN KUTA, KABUPATEN BADUNG

This field research aims to determine the type of language used by merchant as well their interaction while offering their wares to international tourist. This field research is interesting because, people do not know what kind of language that is often used by merchant when interacting with international tourist while selling their wares. Even with the limitation of language, this phenomenon does not prevent merchant to communicate with international tourist. The data is analyzed qualitatively. It is collected by structured observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation study. Whereas, the informants and samples are determined by using Purposive Sampling technique, which was to determine the sample with a certain consideration, which considered to be able to provide the data to the maximum in accordance with the criteria of the research objectives. The results of the field research states that the type of language used by the merchant in the tourist area of Kuta Beach was pidgin language, because it did not have a native speaker criterion. Pidgin language is a language that does not have native speakers as well as just a means of communication between people - those who do not understand each other. It was seen the merchant on Kuta Beach came from various regions in Indonesia, such as Sumatra, Java, and Bali. It was considered they had been taught since birth with each regional language (mother tongue), not the language that now they use to interact with international tourist. Meanwhile, when the process of interaction between merchant who are offering their wares to international tourist, it was aided with the help of body gestures. This behavior or symbol was being used in the process of interaction between merchant and international tourist, so that them would understand the purpose of the merchant.

Osservazioni sulla varietà linguistica scritta dei Kosovari su Facebook

Abstract - The language used on facebook between the Albanians who live in Kosovo is quite unique to be evaluated, it is a very rich experience. It is one of the last language evolution. This paper will consider the language used by the inhabitants of the capital city, above all the expression mode. It 's a kind of language that is developed in an interesting respecting, because speakers’ actual language is very quick. Sapir (1921) stated that each language is shaped by its speakers according to their needs. In XXI century the speakers have necessity to efficiency and spreadness, this is the reason because Internet is their favourit channel to communicate. It is a trend about traditional methods and styles of documented and written languages (too important in Kosovo because they have a different language in front of standard Albanian). Facebook language becomes more flexible and it uses very few grammar rules, it becomes the mirror of the modern society with technical vocabulary if they are essential and using a language which is the reflection of a language understandable to everyone. According to Swales (1980) it is a kind of communication, a different genre. Corpus speakers is about different social groups, different social status and different age.