Kinds Of Judgments Research Articles

The Transformation of the Character Sengkuni from Wicarita to Kakawin Bharatayuddha in the Perspective of Literary Anthropogeneology

This article attempts to provide an answer to the question of the transformation of the character Sengkuni. The study aimed to explain the transformation process of Sengkuni. The perspective used is literary anthropogenesis. The results of the discussion show that the character Sengkuni in Kakawin Bharatayuddha has undergone an aesthetically transformed process. The process of change is intertextual. Therefore, from the perspective of literary anthropogenesis, there are two important things to note about the character Sengkuni in Bharatayuddha. First, there is a concept of the influence of the Javanese philosophy of life that gives colour to Sengkuni from the works of Old (kuna) Javanese literature, new Javanese literature, and recent Javanese literature. The concept of influence in wayang literary studies is the development of Javanese personality values that are still valid and related to moral ethics. Secondly, there is a change in the form of the transformation of the character Sengkuni from wiracarita (an epic) to Javanese literary texts. The transformation of Sengkuni is still characterized by the noble Javanese personality, so there may be still a kind of judgment on the character Sengkuni as a metaphor for a wicked life. In the eyes of the Javanese, the character Sengkuni is often seen as evil.

On the accuracy, media representation, and public perception of psychological scientists' judgments of societal change.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological scientists frequently made on-the-record predictions in public media about how individuals and society would change. Such predictions were often made outside these scientists' areas of expertise, with justifications based on intuition, heuristics, and analogical reasoning (Study 1; N = 719 statements). How accurate are these kinds of judgments regarding societal change? In Study 2, we obtained predictions from scientists (N = 717) and lay Americans (N = 394) in Spring 2020 regarding the direction of change for a range of social and psychological phenomena. We compared them to objective data obtained at 6 months and 1 year. To further probe how experience impacts such judgments, 6 months later (Study 3), we obtained retrospective judgments of societal change for the same domains (Nscientists = 270; Nlaypeople = 411). Bayesian analysis suggested greater credibility of the null hypothesis that scientists' judgments were at chance on average for both prospective and retrospective judgments. Moreover, neither domain-general expertise (i.e., judgmental accuracy of scientists compared to laypeople) nor self-identified domain-specific expertise improved accuracy. In a follow-up study on meta-accuracy (Study 4), we show that the public nevertheless expects psychological scientists to make more accurate predictions about individual and societal change compared to most other scientific disciplines, politicians, and nonscientists, and they prefer to follow their recommendations. These findings raise questions about the role psychological scientists could and should play in helping the public and policymakers plan for future events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Language Standardization & Linguistic Subordination

Abstract Language standardization involves minimizing variation, especially in written forms of language. That process includes judgments about people who don‘t or can‘t use the standard forms. These kinds of judgments can unfairly limit people's access to opportunities, including in educational and professional realms. In this essay, we discuss standardized language varieties and the specific ways beliefs and ideologies about them allow judgments about language to become judgments about people, especially groups of people who share, or are presumed to share, gender, race, ethnicity, social status, education status, and numerous other socially salient identities. After describing how the process of standardization occurs, we illustrate how the expression of language peeves becomes embodied. Finally, we discuss how ideologies about standardized language circulate in higher education to the detriment of many students, and include a range of suggestions and examples for how to center linguistic justice and equity within higher education.

Close counterfactuals and almost doing the impossible.

Can we feel that an unrealized outcome nearly happened if it was never possible in the first place? People often consider counterfactual events that did not happen, and some counterfactuals seem so close to reality that people say they "almost" or "easily could have" happened. Across four preregistered experiments (total N = 1,228), we investigated how judgments of counterfactual closeness depend on possibility, and whether this varies across two kinds of close counterfactuals. In judging whether outcomes almost happened, participants were more strongly impacted by possibility than by incremental manipulations of probability. In contrast, when judging whether outcomes easily could have happened, participants treated the distinction between impossible and possible like any other variation in probability. Both kinds of judgments were also impacted by propensity, though these effects were comparatively small. Together, these findings reveal novel differences between the two kinds of close counterfactuals and suggest that while possibility is privileged when judging what almost happened, probability is the focus when judging what easily could have happened.

An Austrian Critique of Passive Investing

This article reviews numerous arguments Austrian scholars have made against the efficient market hypothesis and asserts that these arguments are sufficient grounds for dismissal of many of the theoretical justifications which have been advanced in favor of passive investing, and in favor of the traditional value-weighted index fund in particular. In the absence of theoretical justification, empirical test results are the primary evidence to substantiate passive investing’s claim to superiority relative to alternative investment strategies—results which, this article contends, are insufficient grounds for acceptance of the claim. Finally, it is argued that the much-emphasized contradistinction between active and passive investing is lacking in substance. The passive portfolio’s construction is the product of subjective human judgment just as the actively managed portfolio is; passive investing merely involves a different kind of judgment.

On the Changeful History of Franz Boas’s Concept of Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism has its roots in an era long before the emergence of anthropology. Anthropologists, and Franz Boas in particular, took up this concept in order to establish the paradigm of a holistic description of cultures. This concept refrains from any kind of judgements about cultures or comparisons between them. According to cultural relativism there is no objective parameter to adequately describe the value of a culture. Only the subjective perspective of a culture’s members can inform about its particularities. The emphasis on differences and the idea that each part of a culture stands for a coherent whole are other closely related features of descriptions in the framework of cultural relativism. Boas’s innovative method and therewith the cultural relativist perspective has been so successful that today it can be considered one of the principles of the appreciation of multicultural societies. At the same time, however, it became clear that the renunciation of any critical assessment can also be a handicap for ethnographic description. The rejection of universal norms, such as human rights, and the rejection of criteria applied to a culture from the outside make ethnologists blind to cultural conflicts and power asymmetries. Cultural relativism is thus both an extremely successful concept and a problem for the future shape of anthropology.

Hegel and Nietzsche on Self-Judgment, Self-Mastery, and the Right to One’s Life

Abstract Nietzsche’s views regarding suicide are usually interpreted as a response to Christian, Kantian, and Schopenhauerian ethics. Here, they are defended on the basis of his notion of life as an aesthetic phenomenon in order to provide extramoral responses to such challenges as the following: a) whether the self can deliver the right kind of judgment regarding her life, b) how suicide can be considered an empowerment of the will, and c) whether suicide can be considered an exercise of freedom by the subject who thereby cancels the very grounds and means for will and action. Reconstructed as a response to Hegel’s argument against suicide on the grounds that one is not the master of oneself and that one therefore lacks the proper means to judge one’s life, Nietzsche’s position provides the epistemic footing to ground an alternate notion of self-mastery as well as the necessary insight regarding one’s life. It is shown that this reading of Nietzsche’s argument is in alignment with his non-dualism and expressivist views regarding agency. Finally, a response is formulated to the socially-grounded arguments prohibiting suicide on the basis of this reading of Nietzsche’s position.

HAK ASUH ANAK PUBERITAS PASCA PERCERAIAN

This paper discusses the issue of post-divorce puberty child custody. In our daily life we often encounter in society, that after the divorce of parents of children we often find that we lose our identity. We encounter various kinds of judgments in the midst of society towards divorced families. Even though the problem of divorce is not a new problem in Islam. Shari'a has arranged in such a way for every follower of Islamic teachings in a very systematic way. As we will discuss here, every husband and wife who has divorced Islam provides steps that are mutually beneficial, even children are also regulated by Shari'ah regarding the rights of children when their parents are separated. Therefore, parents should hold each other back to avoid divorce in the household for the sake of children who still need perfect attention and affection from both parents. According to Islam, the child has the right to be cared for by the mother if he is still small and if he has entered puberty, the child may choose to live with the father or mother, this depends on the wishes of the child. However, if a child who has entered puberty chooses to live with his mother, the mother may not restrain the child from being with his father and vice versa. This is done to meet the needs of love and attention from both parents which are still very much needed by puberty children.

Genetic essentialist beliefs about criminality predict harshness of recommended punishment.

Genetic essentialism is a set of beliefs holding that certain categories have a heritable, intrinsic, and biological basis. The current studies explore people's genetic essentialist beliefs about criminality, how such essentialism relates to beliefs about appropriate punishment, and the kinds of judgments and motivations that underlie these associations. Study 1 validated a novel task, in which respondents estimated how possible it would be for a child to inherit criminal behavior from a sperm donor with whom they had no contact. Studies 2-4 used this task to address how genetic essentialist beliefs related to the harmfulness of a crime and the harshness of recommended punishment. Results indicated a tendency to essentialize both low- and high-harm crimes, though genetic essentialism was higher for more harmful crimes. Moreover, genetic essentialist beliefs predicted recommendations for harsher punishments, with retributive and protective motivations, as well as perceptions of recidivism risk, partially mediating this association. Further, Studies 3 and 4 found that genetic essentialism positively predicted support for harsh punishments such as the death penalty, as well as support for directing financial resources more toward law enforcement and less toward social support. Lay theories about criminality may have profound implications for decisions about appropriate punishment for wrongdoers, as well as broader policy decisions about crime, punishment, and resource allocation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Art’s Work in the Age of Biotechnology: Shaping Our Genetic Futures

Art’s Work in the Age of Biotechnology: Shaping Our Genetic Futures

O impeachment no Estado democrático de direito brasileiro

Diante do processo que levou ao impeachment da Presidente Dilma Rousseff em 2016, foram suscitados debates acerca da natureza do juízo realizado pelo Senado Federal brasileiro nos crimes de responsabilidade, ficando nítida a necessidade de uma delimitação teórica acerca da espécie de julgamento levado a cabo, seja ele político, jurídico ou misto. Neste trabalho, pretende-se realizar, por meio da fenomenologia hermenêutica, uma análise crítica do processo histórico pelo qual o impeachment foi incorporado no país, bem como explorar as correntes que apontam a natureza do instituto no Brasil. Finalmente, tendo em vista o contexto político-institucional específico do Brasil, o presente artigo realiza um debate teórico a respeito do impeachment para que se encontre uma solução satisfatória aos parâmetros do Estado Democrático de Direito instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988.

Seeing Like Sophie: Developing Judgment in Rousseau's Émile

AbstractScholars often assume Émile seeks to educate readers to become like Émile. However, I suggest that by calling upon his readers to act as judges, Rousseau's aim is not for readers to copy Émile, but to educate them to act as independent judges. The first section of this article argues that Émile's education fails to teach him this kind of judgment. He never learns to navigate the interdependent relationships created by property ownership or family life. Rather, as explored in the second section, Sophie's education offers a better style of judgment. The article concludes with a consideration of the reader's education as distinct from that of either Émile or Sophie. By emulating Sophie readers do not become like her. Rather, through comparing the characters and situations Rousseau presents in Émile and “Émile et Sophie,” readers learn to judge for themselves.

Has God Indeed Said? Skeptical Theism and Scriptural Hermeneutics

This paper demonstrates that the skeptical theist’s response to the problem of evil deprives the analytic theologian of theoretical resources necessary to avoid accepting as veridical merely apparent divine commands that endorse cruelty. In particular, I argue that the same skeptical considerations that lead analytic theologians to endorse skeptical theism also lead to what I call “divine command skepticism”—an inability to make certain kinds of judgements about what a good God would or would not command. The danger of divine command skepticism is not that it generates new reasons to think that God has commanded horrors, but, rather, that it undercuts the defeaters we might otherwise have for thinking that God has commanded those horrors. It does so both by rendering illicit certain theological and hermeneutical methodologies employed within liberatory frameworks (i.e., various kinds of liberation theologies) and by depriving the theologian of some of the more “traditional” mechanisms for resolving such apparent conflicts.

Dr Livingstone, I Presume?

AbstractPresumption is often discussed in law, less often in epistemology. Is it an attitude? If so where can we locate it within the taxonomy of epistemic attitudes? Is it a kind of belief, a judgment, an assumption or a supposition? Or is it a species of inference? There are two basic models of presumption: judgmental, as a kind of judgment, and legal, taken from the use of presumptions in law. The legal model suggests that presumption is a practical inference, whereas the judgmental model suggests that presumption is an epistemic attitude. I argue that presumption is neither a practical inference nor a merely epistemic attitude: it involves both, within the category of what we may call the inquiring attitudes.

Should teachers be accurate or (overly) positive? A competitive test of teacher judgment effects on students’ reading progress

Previous findings on effects of teachers' judgments on student learning have been contradictory leading to the question of what kinds of judgments are most beneficial: accurate or (overly) positive ones? In this study, we provide the first competitive test of prominent but contradictory hypotheses regarding the consequences of teachers' judgments in the context of reading proficiency using reading fluency and reading comprehension performance judgments from 145 teachers and measures of real performance and learning progress across eight points of measurement from 2880 students. Response Surface Analyses combined with an information-theoretic approach for model comparison revealed no evidence of positive effects of judgment accuracy or overestimation of student performance by teachers. Instead, progress in reading fluency and reading comprehension was best predicted by students' prior achievement. For reading comprehension, the positivity of teachers' judgments was additionally beneficial: The higher a teacher judged a student's performance, the more the student learned.

The Principle of Excluded Middle in Kant

The principle of excluded middle is more important than is commonly believed for understanding Kant's overall philosophical project. In the article, this principle is examined in the following contexts: (i) kinds of judgments, (ii) concepts of opposition, negation, and determination, and (iii) apagogic proof. It is first explained how the principle of excluded middle is employed by Kant in distinguishing between the kinds of judgment. Also called the principle of division, it is the principle of disjunctive and apodictic judgments in Kant's famous table of judgments. Next, the Author shows which kind of opposition is related to the principle of the excluded middle. As a merely logical criterion of truth, this principle grounds the logical necessity of a cognition and plays an important role in the use of apagogical proofs. Then Kant's account of logical negation will be investigated briefly. Negative judgment with a negative copula indicates that something is not contained within the sphere of a given concept. This process occurs in accordance with the principle of excluded middle. Finally, an analysis is made of how Kant presents the metaphysical principle of thoroughgoing determination and its differences from the logical principle of excluded middle.

Meaningless Descriptors Increase Price Judgments and Decrease Quality Judgments

Consumers commonly encounter products with descriptors. Descriptors with meanings understood by consumers clearly affect judgments of the described products. However, can descriptors for which consumers do not know the word’s semantic meaning (as is increasingly common in a globalized world) still affect judgments in systematic ways, via altering the product’s perceived prototypicality? We examine two kinds of judgments that typically move in the same direction, but which we propose are affected by prototypicality in opposite directions: (a) judgments of how expensive the product is and (b) expectations of the subjective quality of the product. Four experiments show that meaningless descriptors lead consumers to assume that a product is a less prototypical version in its category, increasing price judgments but decreasing quality expectations. Altogether, meaningless descriptors lead to more negative attitudes toward products. This research thus sheds light on the impact of encountering descriptor words with unknown meaning, showing that encountering such words does not lead to the typical effects wherein factors that lift price judgments also lift quality expectations.

Divine simplicity and scripture: a theological reading of Exodus 3:14

AbstractExodus 3:14 had traditionally been taken as God's self-identification as ‘being-itself’, and hence as a source for the doctrine of divine simplicity. I begin this essay by arguing that the appropriateness of this interpretation of Exodus 3:14 should be evaluated by attention to the judgements about God made within scripture rather than merely the semantic range of a few words. There are three questions elicited by Exodus 3:1–14, concerning God's incomparability, intimacy and ineffability, that are relevant to the significance of verse 14 for divine simplicity. Consideration of the kind of judgements these questions elicit about God allows a case to be made for the aptness of divine simplicity to hold the judgements together, thereby allowing for a more sympathetic retrieval of premodern uses of Exodus 3:14.

Kant and the Need for Orientational and Contextual Thinking: Applying Reflective Judgement to Aesthetics and to the Comprehension of Human Life

AbstractThis essay explores the relation between worldly orientation and rational comprehension in Kant. Both require subjective grounds of differentiation that were eventually developed into a contextualizing principle for reflective judgement. This kind of judgement can proceed either inductively to find new universals or by analogy to symbolically link different objective spheres. I will argue that the basic orientational function of reflective judgement is to modally differentiate the formal horizonal contexts of field, territory, domain and habitat laid out in the Introduction to theCritique of the Power of Judgement. Assessing which context takes priority will be important in making aesthetic judgements and for applying practical reason to comprehend human affairs.

Horizontal-vertical anisotropy with respect to bias and sensitivity.

Previous research suggests that participants are biased to assess horizontal distances as smaller than vertical distances. We explored the effect of horizontal versus vertical orientation on the sensitivity, as well as the bias, of distance judgments. In contrast to participants of most past studies, our participants never directly compared horizontal and vertical distances. On each trial, participants judged the horizontal or vertical distance between a pair of horizontally or vertically oriented dots as being greater than or less than the average distance between previously presented pairs of dots of the same orientation. When the same participants judged horizontal and vertical distance, the distance judged greater than average 50% of the time (P50) was larger for horizontal than for vertical judgments—a pattern consistent with the horizontal–vertical bias of past work. When different participants judged horizontal and vertical distance, the horizontal and vertical P50s did not differ. When participants did not know whether they would judge horizontal or vertical distance on the coming trial, sensitivity was lower for horizontal than vertical judgments. When participants knew what kind of judgment they would make on the coming trial, sensitivity did not differ for horizontal and vertical judgments. We consider the implications of these findings for accounts that attribute the horizontal–vertical bias (1) to real-world-retinal mapping, (2) to the elliptical shape of the visual field, or (3) to the asymmetry of the receptive fields used to assess frontal distance. We suggest that distance field asymmetry must be invoked to explain the present sensitivity effect.