Kind Of Filter Research Articles

Scale-Aware Edge-Preserving Image Filtering via Iterative Global Optimization

Presently, few filters are able to smooth images in a scale-aware manner like Gaussian filtering while not blurring the edges of large-scale features, whereas this kind of filter can be important in many visual applications requiring scale-aware manipulation while avoiding halos. In this paper, we propose a filtering technique through iterative global optimization (IGO), enabling to achieve both good scale-aware and edge-preserving performance. Our method is based on a filtering idea of selective gradient suppression and guidance gradient correction in the framework of IGO, which has the advantages of avoiding halos and preventing oversharpening of edges, and a scale-aware measure can be introduced to further control the way of gradient suppression. The proposed measure is spatially varying and oriented by coarse-scale local extrema at each pixel to better preserve the natural boundaries of large-scale structures. Besides, we show that our method can be fast implemented with a sequence of 1-D filtering. In the experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by comparing it with current state-of-the-art filtering methods and using it in a variety of applications.

Application of interacting multiple model-based fault detection method on a hydraulic two-tank system

This paper addresses the problem of designing a fault identification and detection algorithm for non-linear systems. Timely identification and detection of a fault in a system is crucial in condition monitoring systems. However, finding the source of the failure is not trivial in systems with large numbers of components and complex component relationships. In this paper, an efficient scheme to detect adverse changes in system reliability and find the failed component is proposed, based on the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm, with fault detection and diagnosis formulated as a hybrid multiple model estimation scheme. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for fault detection, diagnosis and state estimation. Its performance is illustrated for fault detection of a non-linear two-tank system. The proposed method can be used with different kinds of filters, using the confusion matrix and classification accuracy as comparison metrics. A particle filter is used with the IMM algorithm and its performance is compared to the linear Kalman filter as a comparative case concerning the improvement that can be achieved when going beyond the consideration that the system is linear.

Development of New Digital Phantom Creation Tool for Evaluation of Low-contrast Detectability Using Iterative Reconstruction

We developed a novel digital phantom-creation tool that will help formulate the standard shooting method for a three-phase dynamic liver study. Here, we present data demonstrating the usefulness of this tool in the assessment of low-contrast detectability and visibility. We performed a visual evaluation by adding a spherical digital phantom with a diameter of 8 mm and a computed tomography (CT) value difference of 10 Hounsfield unit (HU) to images taken using filtered back projection and seven types of adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D (Weak, Mild, eMild, Standard, eStandard, Strong, and eStrong). We also examined the partial-volume effect by drawing a profile curve using a digital phantom with a CT value difference of 30 HU and a diameter of 5 mm. Furthermore, a digital phantom with two kinds of filters (smoothing and Gaussian) was added to the image of the home-made simulated tumor phantom to visual valuate its visibility in the phantom's low-contrast module and the digital phantom. Detection sensitivity was significantly decreased in Standard, eStandard, Strong, and eStrong, and the area under the curve also decreased in a similar fashion. We confirmed that the partial-volume effect was due to the different maximum CT values in the profile curve at 4 and 5 mm thickness. The visibility of the low-contrast module and digital phantom was most consistent when using the Gaussian filter. This tool can be used for low-contrast detection ability evaluation.

Eigenfunction expansion method for multiple solutions of fourth-order ordinary differential equations with cubic polynomial nonlinearity

Multiple solutions of fourth-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with cubic polynomial nonlinearity are presented in this paper. The ODEs are discretized by the eigenfunction expansion method. Discretization error estimates are derived. We construct an efficient polynomial homotopy to find all solutions for the system of polynomial equations on the coarse level by recursion. Two kinds of filters are suggested for removing possible spurious solutions of the discretized system of polynomial equations. Numerical experiments are included to verify the error estimates and efficiency of the proposed homotopy.

Research on crack detection applications of improved PCNN algorithm in moi nondestructive test method

Abstract On the basis of the Faraday Magneto-optical Effect (FMoE) method, that the polarized light would rotate its polarizing direction when there is the magnetic in its moving direction, a NDT method based on Magnetic optic imaging (MOI) is proposed to detect and identify the crack. In order to identify the crack, the pulsed-couple neural network (PCNN) model based this method is developed and improved to select the threshold dynamically. The output image of the PCNN model is pulsed image and this kind of image is processed by the magnetic domain spots filter. This kind of filter is based on the connection law which can detect the crack in the pulsed image. The detecting system could be used to identify the crack accurate by the above two steps, which would be confirmed by the results.

Rough approximations in non-commutative residuated lattices

Based on Pawlak’s rough set theory, we study and investigate the roughness in non-commutative residuated lattices, which are generalizations of non-commutative fuzzy structures such as MV-algebras and BL-algebras. We give many theorems and examples to describe the rough approximations. Also, to investigate the properties of roughness of subsets (and of course filters) more closely, we consider some different kinds of filters such as Boolean filters and prime filters. Especially, we prove that with respect to some certain filters, the obtained approximations form a Boolean algebra or a pseudo MTL-algebra.

Research on Using AlMg10-SiC Cellular Alloys for Fluids Filtering

The paper presents some aspects of theoretical-experimental researches on the possibility of obtaining filters from a cellular metallic composite, based on theoretical considerations and practical aspects of the fluid environment, filter elements and the specific equipment that can accommodate this kind of filter. Thus, development of such new and performant filtering technologies, based on multifunctional materials, is currently conditioned by the design and development of cellular structures, with properties adapted to the filtering and functioning demands, structures that can reach operating temperatures between 150 and 2000oC. It was examined the possibility of obtaining alloys with cellular structure directly from casting process, alloys with high porosity, adjustable size and distribution of pores and high thermo-mechanical properties, which can be adapted for applications in the field of fluids filtration at temperatures above 100°C, fluids which can be chemically corrosive. The AlMg10-15% SiC cellular composite was obtained by means of melt bubbling method. We chose this type of material due to its achieved overall morphology: pores are uniform distributed throughout the mass of the material and they are connected through communication channels in the entire volume of the metallic composite. Through the conducted filtration tests we obtain the following values: filter fineness 97 μm, filtering capacity β97 = 8 and filtration efficiency E97 = 87.5 %. In accordance with determined filtering characteristics, the cellular metallic composite AlMg10-15% SiC belongs to the filters materials class that ensure a purity of the filtered fluid corresponding to a purity grade 6, in accordance with NAS 1638 and ISO 4406-1999.

Purification Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Combined Bio-filters for Aquaculture Wastewater

As an effective technology for wastewater treatment, bio-filter has been widely used. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of systematic report on purification efficiency and influencing factors of combined bio-filters. To this end, a novel combined system that consisted of aerated vertical-flow filter (AVF) followed by baffled horizontal-flow filter (BHF) was designed. After setting a series of hydraulic loading rates (131, 94 and 60 mm·d-1) and diversion ratios (8:2、6:4、4:6), we comprehensively assessed the impact of running condition adjustment on treatment performance by multiple statistical analyses. The results showed that, the average removal rates of organic matter, ammonia nitrogen and dissolved nitrogen in AVF were all above 80%, while the average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and dissolved nitrogen in BHF were all below 40%. Different running conditions had a significant (P<0.05) impact on treatment performance. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in purification efficiency between the two different kinds of filters. Oxidative degradation was one of the main ways to remove organic matter in the two kinds of filters. There were obvious nitrification and denitrification processes within the two kinds of filters. Nitrification followed by denitrification was the main way to remove total nitrogen since ammonium occupied the most portion of total nitrogen in the synthetic wastewater. Meanwhile, the intensity of nitrification and denitrification in AVF was obviously higher than that in BHF. Phosphorus removal was mainly controlled by hydraulic loading rate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, etc. This might indicate that microbial absorption was one of the main ways to remove phosphorus for the two filters. Compared to the sole AVF, the removal of total organic matter and total phosphorus in the combined system was increased by 4.4% and 23.2%, respectively, but the removal of total nitrogen was reduced by 12.1%. Reducing the diversion ratio was helpful to improve the denitrification intensity in BHF. However, due to the introduction of excessive ammonia from the raw wastewater, as well as the limited nitrification capacity in BHF, the removal rate of total nitrogen for the combined system was decreased. Therefore, according to the composition of treated raw wastewater, the control of appropriate diversion ratio, residence time and redox conditions inside the filter bed was the key to enhance the overall performance of the combined system.

Comparative experiments on the technological performance of disc filters

The filtration performance of JY disc filters was compared with that of Arkal disc filters when a parallel filtration system was designed under lab-scale devices. The comparisons of working and backwash performance were made for different filtration level. The experimental results showed that the two kinds of filters had similar process performance and effluent water quality under the same experimental condition. JY filter has higher filter performance index (FPI) than Arkal disc filters with the micron rating from 20 to 55μm discs, on the other hand, FPI value of JY filter has lower FPI than Arkal disc filters with the micron rating from 100 to 200μm discs. The removal rates of suspended solid(SS) for both filters vary in the range from 64% to 91.5%, moreover, the mean removal rate of SS for JY and Arkal filter was 78.2% and 79% respectively. The removal rates of turbidity were lower than 13% and the mean removal rate of turbidity was 7% for both filters. The critical backwash time and the critical backwash water loss for both filters were 5 seconds and 15 litres respectively.

Parameter integration filter and parameter decomposition filter for Autonomous Navigation of BDS

Autonomous Navigation (AutoNav) based on inter-satellite cross-link can substantially maintain BDS survivability in war and alleviate the need of the Operational Control Segment. It plays a major role in the implementation of the global capabilities of BDS. There are two kinds of filters used in AutoNav, namely the parameter integration filter (PIF) and the parameter decomposition filter (PDF). In order to discuss which filter is better suitable for AutoNav, we compare observation equations of the PIF and PDF and analyze the performance of AutoNav implemented by the two filters. In detail, first, we compare the one-way observation equation of the PIF and the two-way combined observation equations of the PDF regarding number of redundant observations, computational cost and observation errors. Then, with the simulation of the BDS constellation, we implement AutoNav by the PIF and PDF and analyze the performances of the two filters regarding precision, computational efficiency and parameter correlation. The results show that the PIF and PDF can achieve equivalent precision, but the solution time of the PDF is less than half of that of the PIF.

Advanced Methods for Detecting PUJ Dilatation by 2D Ultrasound

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction is a condition frequently encountered in both adult and pediatric patients. Congenital abnormalities and crossing lower-pole renal vessels are the most common underlying pathologies in both men and women. There are different methods for detecting it the most usual, safe, and easy one is by ultrasound scanning. The aim of this study is how to improve the image quality of two dimensional (2D) ultrasound screening of detecting PUJ dilatation using image processing software, image enhancement, and different types of filters, then making comparison which filter is the best to improve the image quality, that helps the medical doctors, and sonographers to make the correct decision and diagnosis. 1357 patients scanned by ultrasound in Harer general hospital for general abdominal scanning, 987 cases among them have detected as urinary tract infection cases among this 987 case there were 73 case of them with PUJ dilatation. The 2D ultrasound images saved, after making image enhancement and using different types of filters (HE, ADH, CLAHE, and Wiener) to enhance four 2D ultrasound images of abnormal kidneys, the result was in each type of filters there were some advantages and disadvantages, so that the best type of filters are (HE and ADH) because the PUJ and pelvis is much more clear and easy to define after using these kinds of filters. Index Terms: ADH, CLAHE, HE, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Pelviureteric Junction, Wiener

画像処理を用いた経編ニット製品の糸切れ欠陥検出の自動化

The factories to manufacture the cloth textile products need an automatic defect detection system to improve efficiency. However, the warp knitted fabric often used for sports etc. uniforms has a complicated structure. Therefore, the defects of warp knitted fabric cannot be detected by the existing methods such as the methods using a laser beam. We had proposed a method to detect the defects of warp knitted fabric by using block division and two different filters. This method needs a number of parameters, such as coordinates of perspective transformation, the width of block division, and a revision value of the threshold value at the time of judgment. Therefore, it has the problem that a number of parameters needs to be set manually. This paper proposed an inspection method using the block division and two kinds of filters which does not need the manual setting before inspection. The procedure is as follows: 1. The angle of the texture pattern is calculated from the image of cloth captured by a camera. This captured image is rotated based on this calculated angle. 2. The suitable block width is determined by calculating the cycle of a cloth pattern of transformed image. 3. The existence of a defect is detected without setting the threshold value manually by comparing the tendency of distribution of the filters output with a normal distribution. Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the defects of different types of cloth were correctly detectable from the image captured by a camera attached to a weaving machine placed in factory by using the proposal method.

Design and Realization of FIR Filter for Inter Satellite Link at 50-90 MHZ Frequency using FPGA

In this paper, design and realization of FIR filter with a bandwidth of 40 MHz at 50-90 MHz frequency has been proposed. The design was destined to be implemented on the Inter Satellite Links (ISL). This kind of filter had been selected due to a need in linear phase responseon the ISL data communication. Equiripple method was used to design the filter becauseof its reliability in minimizing the magnitude errors. The design of this FIR filter was conducted with theoretical calculation and simulation using the R2012b Matlab. For the implementation, FPGA was used with a VHDL as the programming language with a help of Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.5. Simulation results in Matlab and Simulink indicated that the filter design could be well implemented on ISL at frequency of 50 MHz - 90 MHz with stopband of 60 db. The phase responseresult of the realized design is quite linear so that the filter is suitable for data communication on the ISL.

Laser-Scanned Programmable Color Temperature of Electroluminescence from White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.

Recently, the control of correlated color temperature (CCT) of artificial solid-state white-light sources starts to attract more attention since CTs affect human physiology and health profoundly. In this work, we proposed and demonstrated a method that can widely tune the CCTs of electroluminescence (EL) from white-light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) by employing plasmonic filters. These integrated on-chip plasmonic filters are composed of semicontinuous thin Ag film or Ag nanoparticles (NPs) both included in the indium tin oxide anode contact, which have different characteristics of plasmonic resonant absorptions that can tune the EL spectra of white LECs. The CCTs of EL from white LECs integrated with semicontinuous thin Ag film and randomly distributed Ag NPs are 5778 and 2350 K, respectively. A commercially available laser scanning system was used to locally thermal anneal the semicontinuous thin Ag film to form the randomly distributed Ag NPs on the scanned areas. Hence, these two kinds of filters can be integrated on the same chip of white LEC, giving more freedom to control the CCTs of white EL and more potential applications. In addition, the laser scanning system used here is quite often used in display manufactures so that our proposed method can be immediately adopted by the light-emitting diode industry.

GEOPHYSICAL REGIONAL GRAVITY MAP of TURKEY and ITS GENERAL ASSESSMENT

In this study, the apparent gravity density data was measured for Turkey using apparent density filter, and the seismic velocity distribution map was generated from this data cluster. By interpreting these two measured data clusters, three dimensional structure of the Conrad discontinuity was investigated. The apparent gravity filter is a kind of filter which is used in the apparent gravity measurements for different depth levels different than gravity data. In this study, considering previously measured distribution of the continental crustal thickness of the Anatolia, the density maps for different depth levels were formed and interpreted. The lowest and highest densities in different levels of Turkey are 2.6 gr/cm 3 , and 3 gr/cm 3 , respectively; and the mean density is 2.698 gr/cm 3 . The lowest and highest seismic velocities for different thicknesses were measured as 5.13 km/sec and 6.86 km/sec, respectively. However; the mean seismic velocity of Turkey for depths increasing up to 10 km until MOHO discontinuity was estimated as 5.66 km/s. The density and seismic velocity in the first 20 km of the continental crust have reached its highest values as 2.74 gr/cm 3 and 5.86 km/sec, respectively. This zone is also the Conrad discontinuity between the lower and upper crusts, and its average depth is 16 km in Turkey. The Conrad discontinuity boundary, which developed between SIAL-SIMA, not to be observed in the East Anatolian High Plateau made us consider that SIMA had disappeared as a result of the geological evolution, and the available crust could only be SIAL in origin.

A comparative study of Hankel transform filters for marine controlled-source electromagnetic surveys

Using a closed-form solution of the Hankel transform in transverse magnetic mode for a homogeneous half-space model, we can assess the accuracy of digital linear filters for evaluating the Hankel transform. In this paper, we conduct comparative performance tests on the linear filter with known integral transforms. We examine three kinds of filters developed by W. L. Anderson, F. N. Kong and H. Mizunaga, which are known to be suitable for marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) applications. Kong’s filters perform best in the three kinds of filters over a practical range of offset distances in marine CSEM surveys. While the relative error versus distance appears as a V-shaped curve in semi-log scale, Mizunaga’s filters are the shortest in length and have a performance comparable to Kong’s filters. Anderson’s filters have a quite similar performance between the J0 and J1 filters, although these are somewhat inferior to Kong’s and Mizunaga’s filters when computing marine CSEM fields.

건물의 3차원 구조체에 대한 전열해석 프로그램 개발 중 3차원 모델의 해석 오류 저감을 위한 사전 수정 방법 연구

This study is part of three-dimensional(3D) heat transfer analysis program developmental process. The program is being developed without it's own built in 3D-modeller. So 3D-model must be created from another 3D-modeller such as generic CAD programs and imported to the developed program. After that, according to the 3D-geometric data form imported model, 3D-mesh created for numerical calculation. But the 3D-model created from another 3D-modeller is likely to have errors in it's geometric data such as mismatch of position between vertexes or surfaces. these errors make it difficult to create 3D-mesh for calculation. These errors are must be detected and cured in the pre-process before creating 3D-mesh. So, in this study four kinds of filters and functions are developed and tested. Firstly, 'vertex error filter' is developed for detecting and curing for position data errors between vertexes. Secondly, 'normal vector error filter' is developed for errors of surface's normal vector in 3D-model. Thirdly, 'intersection filter' is developed for extracting and creating intersection surface between adjacent objects. fourthly, 'polygon-line filter' is developed for indicating outlines of object in 3D-model. the developed filters and functions were tested on several shapes of 3D-models. and confirmed applicability. these developed filters and functions will be applied to the developed program and tested and modified continuously for less errors and more accuracy.

Flat-Format Lens-Free Imaging Using an Organic Sensor With Guided Illumination and Application to Fingerprints

The cheap basis of organic sensors likely to be soon available for large areas (over 25 cm2) opens novel opportunities for flat capture photonic schemes. We investigate one such scheme whereby a thin coverslip-type glass above an organic sensor is used as an illumination medium. To preserve sufficient resolution of the order of 50 μm in spite of the nonimaging optics of considerable numerical aperture ∼1.5, a design frame for directional filters is given. The response of various kinds of filters to the bandwidth and polarization of the illumination source, typically an LED, is discussed. Illustrations for fingerprint detections are provided. A possible layout for cheap, dense, parallel detection of scattering by nanosized systems is finally suggested.

C6-P-09Image enhancement of electron microscope images with Gabor wavelets-based filtering

In general, an electron microscopic image is processed with some enhancement tools, such as integration types, various kinds of filtering and so on, because of the low sn ratio and low image contrast. Since, it is essentially desirable to suppress the electron dose, such an image enhancement method is significant. The Fourier filtering especially for enhancement of a crystal lattice image is well known as one among those methods. In this type of filtering (conventional case), diffraction spots and streaks appearing in a pattern of Fourier transform are extracted and the other spectra are filtered. However, because Fourier transform of an image reflects all localized lattice information, artificial lattice images are mixed in the filtered image. Fourier filtering cannot enhance local lattice images only. On the other hand, Gabor wavelets-based filtering is an alternative method to resolve the problem. It is well-known that the response characteristics of the cortical neurons are best modeled with a family of self-similar 2D Gabor wavelets [ 1 ]. We think that 2D Gabor wavelets are suitable to analyse the frequency characteristics of local lattice images. It seems that there are few applications of the Gabor wavelets filtering to electron microscopic images. Then, we have applied the Gabor wavelets filtering to some high-resolution transmission electron microscope images of locally crystalized specimens. As a result, local lattice image enhancements were achieved avoiding the artificial generation of the Fourier spectral lattice images.

A Novel Compact &lt;formula formulatype="inline"&gt; &lt;tex Notation="TeX"&gt;$E$&lt;/tex&gt;&lt;/formula&gt;-Plane Waveguide Filter With Multiple Transmission Zeroes

This paper presents a novel compact $E$ -plane waveguide filter using multiple resonators, which lead to multiple transmission zeroes. The proposed filter is less than $0.15~\lambda_{ g}$ in length of a waveguide. The key of the proposed method is to design the locations of transmission zeroes. Four transmission zeroes, of which two are located in the upper stopband, while the other two are in the lower stopband, are produced by four resonators. The couplings between the resonators and locations of the transmission zeroes are carefully analyzed and designed, which enhance the selectivity as well as the out-of-band performance. Theoretical studies and experimental investigations are conducted to demonstrate the proposed design. The good agreement between the simulation results and measurement results is achieved. Moreover, this kind of filter can be implanted well in $E$ -plane structures.