Kinds Of Extracts Research Articles

The Uncanny Future of the Anthropocene

This essay will go over the basic notions of the uncanny while addressing the distance and the alienation of subject from the very concept of time in the imagination of the future in the age of Anthropocene. In fact, the two trajectories of time, namely past and future, overlap as the uncanny reflection of each other. It is by paying attention to the phenomenon and the consequence of the melting of glacier of the Alps that this essay attempts to remap the basic concepts of time, which consists of two kinds of engagements to historicization, namely remembering and anticipating. This essay argues that our failure to imagine the future is connected to the repressed memory of the colonial experience. In other words, the unveiling of the mountain as a result of global warming shows that our historical time is moving towards its own end, demanding us to address the issues that are repressed in our culture that allows all kinds of extractions. The time of Anthropocene is now bridging the gap between the location of death and the location of life with the force that can be best addressed as the uncanny return of the repressed voice.

Comprehensive Review of the Potential Anti-Breast Cancer Properties of Various Medicinal Plants

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women throughout the globe, and its management can be difficult due to its complex etiology. Treatment with chemotherapy, surgical procedures, radiation treatment, and hormone therapy are among the most frequently utilized treatments. However, complications and resistance to multiple drugs can cause challenges. This overview addresses how organic medicinal products obtained from edibles and plants can assist with treatment of Breast cancer. The article scrutinizes the ways by which natural substances may exert beneficial impact in the prevention and management of breast carcinoma as well as offers knowledge regarding the therapeutic plant, including its family, part used, kind of extraction, and molecular mechanisms in breast carcinoma. Following an exhaustive analysis of the various plants, we discovered that Peganum normata, Ammi visnaga, Camellia sinensis, Curcuma longa, and Allium sativam L. had potential anti-breast cancer activities. These data were gathered from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial extracts from grape stalks obtained with subcritical water. Potential use in active food packaging development

In order to valorise winemaking grape stalks, subcritical water extraction at 160 and 180 °C has been carried out to obtain phenolic-rich extracts useful for developing active food packaging materials. Red (R) and white (W) varieties (from Requena, Spain) were used, and thus, four kinds of extracts were obtained. These were characterised as to their composition, thermal stability and antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The extracts were incorporated at 6 wt% into polylactic acid (PLA) films and their effect on the optical and barrier properties of the films and their protective effect against sunflower oil oxidation was analysed. Carbohydrates were the major compounds (25–38%) in the extracts that contained 3.5–6.6% of phenolic compounds, the R extracts being the richest, with higher radical scavenging capacity. Every extract exhibited antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, while PLA films with extracts preserved sunflower oil against oxidation.

The Trends of Antibiotic Prescribing among Indonesian Dentists: Evidence-Based or Empirical-Based Prescriptions?

Antibiotics are frequently employed in the field of dentistry for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Prophylactic antibiotics are used as a preventive measure against endocarditis, whereas therapeutic antibiotics are employed to treat infections in the oral cavity. Orofacial infections constitute a substantial component of dental therapy, wherein antibiotics assume a prominent role. Nevertheless, the utilization of antibiotic prophylaxis has become deemed inappropriate as a result of its widespread implementation. This study investigates the trends of antibiotic prescription among dentists in Indonesia. The analysis demonstrates that there is a concerning trend among dentists in Indonesia who are engaging in unethical prescription practices, namely with regards to antibiotics such as amoxicillin and clindamycin. These antibiotics are frequently employed due to their cost-effectiveness, low levels of toxicity, and capacity to compete with the absorption of nutrients from food. Antibiotic resistance can arise as a consequence of the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Hence, it is imperative for dentists to show judiciousness in the prescription of antibiotics, taking into account many criteria such as dental cleanliness, complexity of extraction technique, and kind of extraction.

Yi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF) inhibited the progress of lung cancer via regulating tumor-associated neutrophil: An integrated study of network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamics

Ethnopharmacological relevanceYi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF), a prescription consisting of eight traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung cancer, has been clinically proven to be effective in improving the life quality and prolonging the survival time of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of YQCTF on NSCLC mice model and further explore its therapeutic targets by using network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamic methodologies. Materials and methodsThe network pharmacology analysis was firstly conducted to screen out the potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets of YQCTF against NSCLC. Three kinds of extracts, i.e. the water extract (WE), water extraction-alcohol precipitation (WEAP) and alcohol extract (AE) of YQCTF were prepared, which chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and which anti-neoplastic efficacy was examined on NSCLC mice model. Mice tumor tissues were collected for proteomics analysis, and the immunomodulatory effects of YQCTF extracts on the tumor microenvironment (TME) were further validated by using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot. ResultsNetwork pharmacology identified 60 conjunct genes and ample cancer-related signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets of YQCTF. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that YQCTF might negatively regulate cancer-related inflammation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the main components of YQCTF include at least ginsenosides, solasodine, solamargine, solasonine, peimisine, peiminine, peimine and sipeimine-3β-D-glucosihde. All kinds of YQCTF extracts significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer allograft and regulated the ratio of immune cells in tumor tissues, i.e. upregulated the fractions of T cells, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), increased the M1/M2 ratio of tumor-related macrophages, but reduced the number of Tregs and immunosuppressive neutrophils. Proteomics identified neutrophils to be the most prominently enriched target linked to NETs formation in mice tumor tissue, which is verified by the downregulation of neutrophil recruiting factors involving IL-6, HIF-1α and IL-8, as well as the decreases of NETs-related biomarkers including H3cit, MPO, CD18, MMP9 and ICAM-1 in immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot analysis. ConclusionYQCTF inhibited the progress of mice NSCLC allograft, suppressed the pro-tumorigenic tumor-associated neutrophils and improved the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME).

Ion beam induced luminescence analysis of europium complexes in styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer-coated spherical silica by proton and argon ion beams irradiation

Ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) analysis of adsorbents containing Eu complexes was carried out using a 3-MV single-ended accelerator and an azimuthally varying field cyclotron to evaluate structures of complexes in an extraction chromatography. Some adsorbents were prepared by impregnating a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer-coated porous silica particle (SiO2-P) with extractants. The IBIL spectra of Eu complexes in the adsorbents produced some differences depending on the kinds of extractants. The experimental results imply that the difference in the IBIL spectra of Eu complexes in the adsorbents is caused by the difference in the structures. The only clear luminescence peak in the alkyl diamide amine (ADAAM) with n-octyl and 2-ethylhexyl alkyl chains (ADAAM(Oct, N(EH))) adsorbent was not observed by H+ ion beam irradiation. Meanwhile, the luminescence of Eu could be detected by irradiation of an Ar8+ ion beam. The luminescence of Eu complexes is presumed to be easily detected by high linear energy transfer (LET) beam irradiation. The symmetric properties of Eu complexes were evaluated with the luminescence due to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition, and it is implied that ADAAM with 2-ethylhexyl alkyl chains (ADAAM(EH, N(EH))) is a high asymmetry property. The luminescence intensity of Eu complexes in the adsorbent decreased with the ion beam irradiation because extractants were damaged by the ion beam. This phenomenon was clearly observed by irradiation of high LET ion beam, Ar8+.

Evaluation of Tunisian Olive Leaf Extracts to Reduce the Bioavailability of Acrylamide in Californian-Style Black Olives.

The aim of this work was analyzing the use of olive leaf extracts (OLE) obtained from two local Tunisian olive tree cultivars 'Chemlali' and 'Sayali' to reduce the acrylamide in Californian-style black olives. The phenol profile, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of the two OLE extracts were evaluated. The principal phenols found were hydroxytyrosol (1809.6 ± 25.3 mg 100 g-1), oleuropein (2662.2 ± 38 mg 100 g-1) and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (438.4 ± 38 mg 100 g-1) presented higher levels in 'Sayali' variety. Small differences were observed between the two kinds of extracts used; the greatest activity of OLE was observed against S. choleraesuis, with values up to 50% inhibition. The extract of 'Chemlali' cultivar was added to the Californian-style table olive, improving its phenol content and its antioxidant characteristics without negatively affecting its sensorial characteristics; these olives showed the highest firmness and proper quality characteristics. The gastrointestinal activity on the acrylamide concentration showed a partial degradation of this compound through the digestion, although the addition of the extract does not seem influence in its gastrointestinal digestion. These findings prove the usefulness of by-products to generate a high-quality added-value product, and this would also be relevant as a step towards a more sustainable, circular economy model.

Identifikasi Komponen Kimia Ekstrak Daun Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) Berdasarkan Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi

Screening, characterization and identification of chemical components of typical Indonesian plants are important for the purpose of finding high potential chemical components in the use of primary sources of cosmetic, medicinal and food ingredients. The selection of the right extraction method and the appropriate type of solvent is very decisive in the acquisition of the target chemical components. The brand of this research focuses on the comparison of extraction between soxhletation and maceration methods in identifying the chemical components of Ketapang leaves (Terminalia Catappa). Sample preparation was carried out by selecting fresh, cleaned, dried and mashed Ketapang leaves. The extraction was carried out in two stages using two types of solvents, namely the first stage of extraction using ethanol. Obtained a dilute extract, then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The second extraction used n-hexane as solvent. There are 4 kinds of extracts, each ethanol extract and n-hexane extract by applying the soxhletation and maceration method. The results obtained showed that: the application of the maceration method to the identification of chemical components of ketapang leaves gave relatively better separation results than the soxhletation method. The number of chemical components identified from the ethanol extract of ketapang leaves is ± 20 species which are dominated by fatty acid compounds. There are two groups of chemical compounds identified from ketapang leaves using n-hexane as solvent both in the application of soxhletation and maceration methods with high similarity 90%, namely 4 kinds of chemical components of the fatty acid group (tetradecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic, Octadecanoid, Octadeca-9,12 -Dienoite) and 2 kinds of aliphatic components (methyl cyclopentane, Tetraco Hexane)

Determination of secondary metabolites including curcumin in Rheum ribes L. and surveying of its antioxidant and anticancer activity

Dry stem and root of Rheum ribes are used for the treatment of different diseases. In this study, the organic components in the root of R. ribes were extracted by three extraction methods (soxhlet, ultrasonic and maceration) and the efficiencies of these methods were calculated. To validate the existence of Curcumin, analysis such as UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography) and GC/Mass were performed and in order to separate Curcuminoids, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) technique was implemented on the extract which had the highest yield. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three kinds of extract were measured. For studying antioxidant activity, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging was done. Finally, for investigating anticancer activity, MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium), NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) and DNA-Binding tests were done. The most yield was belonged to soxhlet extract. The results showed the presence of Curcumin in soxhlet extract has not been reported previously. Furthermore, the total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were belonged to ultrasonic extract. As well as the maximum antioxidants properties were belonged to ultrasonic and maceration extraction. The MTT assay showed the lowest IC50 in the ultrasonic extract. At NBT test, the highest NBT reduction percentage was belonged to maceration extraction. DNA-binding test revealed that all the extracts have shown some degree of fragmentation. Due to the presence of Curcumin in R. ribes and the notable features that the results showed, it can be a good source for Curcumin extraction and use in the drug industry.

DFT-based study on the molecular interaction of hydrochloric acid with different extractants

As an important chemical raw material, hydrochloric acid widely exists in various chemical production processes. After being used in industrial production, an acidic waste solution will be produced, creating a need to recover hydrochloric acid from the waste solution. Solvent extraction is considered to be an efficient and easy-to-operate method. This paper uses DFT theory to study the binding characteristics of different kinds of extractants and hydrochloric acid molecules. The comprehensive analysis of RDG, AIM, and ELF found that hydrogen proton transfer occurs during hydrochloric acid extraction by amine extractants, and HCl is extracted by ionic association. At the same time, alcohols, ketones, esters, and neutral phosphorus-containing species are all bonded with HCl in the form of a hydrogen bond. In addition, by studying the changes of Gibbs free energy before and after the extraction process, it was found that amines had the most potent binding force to HCl. Moreover, the binding force of TEHA to HCl is much smaller than that of other amines, which not only retains the ability to extract HCl but also makes it have excellent stripping performance. Finally, the results of the DFT calculation are verified by experiments.

Pristimerin improve renal fibrosis by regulating miRNA-145-5p in vitro and vivo study

Abstract Pristimerin (Pri) was a kind of extraction from natural plant, and it has anti- inflammation effects in previous studies, however, it has been unclear that Pri’s effect in renal fibrosis treatment. The purpose of this research was to evaluate pristimerin (Pri) treatment effects in renal fibrosis and relative mechanisms in vivo study. Using UUO and TGF-β1 to make renal fibrosis rats and HK-2 cell fibrosis model. Evaluating renal tissues pathological and fibrosis by HE and Masson staining; measuring Scr and BUN concentrations of serum, IL-1β, TNF-α, SOD and MDA concentrations by ELISA assay in serum and supernatant. Relative gene expressions were measured by RT-qPCR assay in renal tissues and cells and relative proteins expression by WB assay. Using Double luciferase assay to analysis correlation between miRNA-145-5p and TLR4. NF-κB(p65) nuclear volume were evaluated by cellular immunofluorescence. Scr, BUN, IL-1β, TNF-α and MDA concentrations were significantly increased and SOD concentration was significantly down-regulation (P < 0.001) in Model rats group; miRNA-145-5p gene expression was significantly depressed, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB(p65) gene expressions were significantly increased (P < 0.001, respectively); with Pri supplement, the renal pathological, masson region, Scr, BUN, IL-1β, TNF-α, SOD and MDA were significantly improved. In cell experiment, miRNA-145-5p play important role in Pri treatment of renal fibrosis by targeting TLR4. Pri could improve renal fibrosis by via regulation miRNA-145-5p to target TLR4.

SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF SILVER FROM NITRIC ACID MEDIUM WITH DITHIZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF A SECONDARY AMINE- AMBERLITE LA-2 USING 110mAg-RADIOISOTOPE

Synergistic extraction of silver has been investigated in the presence of two different kinds of extractants, one of which is a chelating ligand, dithizone and the other is a long-chain secondary amine amberlite LA-2 at pH 3.0 using a radiotracer technique. The apparent formation constant, overall equilibrium constant and adduct formation constants were calculated from distribution coefficients. Interestingly, it was observed that the adduct formation constant is too high when the ligand concentration is increased by keeping the amine concentration fixed at 0.044 M compared to that obtained when the ligand concentration is kept fixed at 8.74×10-4 M.

Equilibrium studies on reactive extraction of glycine with di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid dissolved in n‐octanol, butyl acetate and solvent oil

AbstractBACKGROUNDReactive extraction is an efficient and highly selective technique for the separation of polar organic compounds. In this work, we used three kinds of extractants, namely acidic di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), neutral tributyl phosphate (TBP) and basic trioctyltertiaryamine (7301) dissolved in three diluents with different polarity (strong‐polar n‐octanol, weak‐polar butyl acetate and non‐polar solvent oil) for optimization of a reactive extraction system. Based on the result, the reactive extraction kinetics of glycine by D2EHPA and the factors that affect the distribution ratio (D) were discussed in detail. Finally, the reactive extraction mechanism was analyzed, and an extraction model was proposed.RESULTSD2EHPA + n‐octanol is the best system for the reactive extraction of glycine. The apparent equilibrium constant K was calculated to be 1.71 L mol−1 and the physical extraction distribution constant (m) was 0.10. The reactive extraction equilibrium of glycine by D2EHPA can be reached in 1 h and room temperature is suitable for the extraction. D2EHPA reacted with glycine to form a 1:1 type ion‐pair complex, and the structure of the complex is less affected by aqueous pH. Chemical extraction is dominant in the extraction process. The distribution ratio D increases with the increase of D2EHPA concentration. pH and polarity of the diluent also have an influence on extraction efficiency.CONCLUSIONThe results provide preliminary practical information and a theoretical basis for the separation of glycine, which would be beneficial for the purification of glycine and the treatment of wastewater containing glycine. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

A Review of the Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Properties of Cynodon dactylon

Pharmacognosy Research,2021,13,3,104-112.DOI:10.5530/pres.13.3.1Published:June 2021Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Shweta Das, Sonia Morya, Arno Neumann, and Vijay Kumar Chattu Author(s) affiliations:Shweta Das1, Sonia Morya2,*, Arno Neumann3, Vijay Kumar Chattu4 1Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab, INDIA. 2Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab, INDIA. 3BET Bioscience Extraction Technologies Inc., Abbotsford, B.C. CANADA. 4Department of Public Health Research, Global Institute of Public Health, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Cynodon dactylon is the scientific name of the common perennial grass whose lustre of green pasture covers the land. In layman’s language, it is seen as a surface pasture in a sports field, garden lawns or terrace gardens, or as an unwanted weed in gardens. Many are unaware of its phytoconstituents, pharmacological and nutraceutical properties which progressively make science to aim for C. dactylon’s enormous nutraceutical potential in curing problems like ulcers, diabetes, arrhythmia, diarrhoea, inflammation, edema and etc. Objectives: To discuss the constituents of phytochemicals and nutraceutical properties of C. dactylon with its curative investigation for various common ailments. Materials and Methods: Different kinds of extracts i.e. aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, alcoholic extract, hydro-alcoholic extracts etc. of C. dactylon were taken into account to study their curing potential against ailments organically. Results: Having its origin from east of Africa, it contains large amounts of biologically active compounds or phytochemical compounds, which has attracted many researchers to study its curative nutraceutical properties. Experiments conducted on animals have resulted in the effect of C. dactylon is, in the field of whether treating ailments or healing up excision or incision wounds, reducing ulcers, or improving the functioning of the muscular system and the circulatory system of the body. Conclusion: Biologically active phytocontituents in C. dactylon effective against the bodily ailments and are of high importance once the products are made easily available. Keywords:Cynodon dactylon, Extracts, Nutraceutical, Pharmacological, PhytoconstituentsView:PDF (628.65 KB)

Experimental and mathematical modelling data of green process of essential oil extraction: Supercritical CO2 extraction

The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) of Algerian Inula Viscosa leaves was studied. This eco-friendly extraction method proved an appreciable yield about (63.5 – 80.4) 10−3Kg/Kg of dry leaves. On his part the impact of pressure and temperature as technological parameters on the supercritical CO2 extraction rate has been studied aimed at understanding the mechanisms involved in this kind of extraction. Therefore, the pressure has significant positive effect on the yield. The application of three mathematical models on the experimental kinetic data was made firstly to choose the adequate model that gives a best description of the experimental data, then to identify the mass transfer phenomena governing the kinetic of the Inula Viscosa leaves supercritical CO2 extraction. The results show that Sovova’s model gives the best fit with an average relative error less than 8%, and that phase equilibrium governs the behavior of mass transfer in the first period as well as the importance of the internal mass transfer during the final stage of this extraction technique.

Pharmacognostic assessment and pre-clinical toxicity of ethanolic extract from Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. stem bark (Guatambu)

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects approximately 10% of the world population. As it is a chronic disease, several patients search for alternatives to the traditional allopathic treatment, such as medicinal plants. In Brazil, the Aspidosperma subincanum (Guatambu) is one of the vegetal species commercialized in open markets used for diabetes popular treatment. Objective: To perform the phytochemical prospection and pre-clinical assessment of the ethanolic extract from stem bark of A. subincanum bark (EEAS). Material and methods: A. subincanum stem barks were collected in state of Goiás, Brazil and the EEAS was obtained by cold maceration. The phytochemical prospection was performed and acute and subacute toxicity assessments were performed according to OECD guidelines. Results: Phytochemical prospection identified the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, and resins. The acute toxicity showed no death in EEAS doses administered intraperitoneally (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) and orally (5000 mg/kg). The subacute toxicity showed signs of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and lung damages in the two highest doses tested (250, 250 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent way. However, the satellite group showed reversion of the lesions after 30 days of EEAS interruption. Conclusion: The acute toxicity of EEAS suggests an LD50 &gt; 5000 mg/kg. The oral use of EEAS during a short period (30 days) or more can be hazardous at doses similar to that tested in this study and may represent a risk for those who consume this kind of extract as a medicinal plant.

A novel strategy based on targeted cellular metabolomics for quantitatively evaluating anti-aging effect and screening effective extracts of Erzhi Wan

The complexity of ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) makes it challenging to clarify its efficacy in an acceptable and scientific approach. The present study was aimed to use quantification results from targeted cellular metabolomics to evaluate anti-aging efficacy of a famous Chinese medicine formula, Erzhi Wan (EZW), and screen possible effective extracts, depending on the developed strategy integrating multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, senescent NRK cells induced by D-galactose were treated with drug-containing serum of EZW and four kinds of extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). Intermediates of two major metabolic pathways for energy synthesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis, were accurately quantified by GC–MS/MS to identify discriminate metabolites for clarifying therapeutic mechanism of EZW based on multivariate statistical analysis. Senescent and non-senescent cells were successfully distinguished using these metabolites by ROC curve analysis. Next, these metabolites were used as evaluation indexes to quantitatively reflect different effect of EZW and its extracts, according to the role of them in distinguishing groups and in conjunction with AHP. In vitro detection of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity was used to verify the reliability of evaluation results. The reversal after treatment of drug-containing serum of EZW and extracts was observed, and the petroleum ether extract might be the potential active extract responsible for the major anti-aging effect of EZW, which was in agreement with in vitro experiments. Altogether, metabolomics was a powerful approach for evaluation efficacy and elucidation action mechanisms of TCM. The integrated evaluation strategy in this paper with properties of high practicality, feasibility and effectivity was expected to provide a new insight into comprehensive and quantitative efficacy evaluation.

Preservative Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Macroalga Bifurcaria bifurcata on the Quality of Chilled Hake (Merluccius merluccius).

This work addressed the preservative behaviour of different icing media containing extracts from the alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. A comparative study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this macroalga was carried out. Whole hake (Merluccius merluccius) pieces were stored in ice containing either kind of extract and analysed for quality changes throughout a 13-day storage period. A progressive loss of microbial and biochemical quality was detected in all batches as chilling time increased. A significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on microbial activity could be observed as a result of including the aqueous (lowering of psychrotrophic and lipolytic counts and pH value) and ethanolic (lowering of psychrotrophic and lipolytic counts) extracts. Additionally, both kinds of extract led to a substantial inhibition (p < 0.05) in the lipid hydrolysis rate (formation of free fatty acids), greater in the case of the batch containing ethanolic extract. Concerning lipid oxidation, a similar inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on the formation of secondary compounds (thiobarbituric acid substances) was noticed in fish specimens corresponding to both alga extracts; however, more (p < 0.05) peroxide formation was detected in fish corresponding to the ethanolic extract batch. A preservative effect can be concluded for both kinds of extract; this effect agrees with previous studies reporting the presence of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds in B. bifurcata.

Les choix moraux du psychopathe sous le prisme de la théorie de l’identité morale

GoalsContrary to the hypothesis that psychopaths do not possess the moral discernment required to think about their actions on the basis of certain moral reasons, several studies suggest the presence of a gap between what these individuals evaluate, judge, or recognize and what they actually choose to do. While theories of moral motivation designed to account for this discordance generally favor either rationalist or emotivist positions, recent work in experimental philosophy as well as in moral psychology tends to give an increasingly central place to the notion of moral identity, which would constitute an additional – and ultimately truly decisive – source of moral motivation, drawing on norms that are not objective and impersonal, but subjective and personal. MethodAfter having shown that our moral reasoning and our affects are not in themselves sufficient to shed light on the origin – and the intra- and inter-individual variability – of our moral decisions, we present the personological conception of the moral self and the normative relationship to oneself that it supposes. We then discuss the nature of the relationship between psychopathic personality and moral identity. ResultsSome research with adults has shown that differences in moral judgment skills do not predict the levels of psychopathic traits assessed. However, subjects who function psychopathically would only minimally – and anecdotally – incorporate moral traits into their self-concept. They would find it difficult to perceive or conceive of themselves as moral agents shaped and defined by a series of ethical commitments. DiscussionThe motivational influence of the moral self on our moral choices rests on a self-referential process that resembles a third-order reflection consisting in questioning – and then conforming to – the kind of person I want to be, that I have to be; to evaluate the degree of conformity of my momentary desires with what I wish to desire on the moral domain. This presupposes, as we will see, a kind of extraction, of detachment from the present, in order to identify – and thus identify with – past moral resolutions. ConclusionWe finish by defending the thesis according to which psychopathy could, in some cases at least, result from the subject's inability to mentally “time travel,” thus compromising the capacity to distance or to disengage oneself from a present desire, or to situate it in the competitive “space” of previously (self)contracted normative requirements. Such temporal inefficiency disrupts the movements of identification with particular moral commitments; paralyzes the prospective impulses projecting the person we will be if we make such and such a choice; and, moreover, neutralizes the narrative process that contributes to the construction of our moral identity by assigning us moral dispositions or tendencies to which we ultimately refer when it comes to making moral decisions.

Comparison of Extraction Ability between a Mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and Ionic Liquid ALi-D2 from Weak Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The development of extraction systems to improve the extraction efficiency of metals using commercial extractants and ionic liquids is of importance. The extraction behavior of Co(II) between mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and synthesized ionic liquid ALi-D2 was compared in this work. Some factors, such as equilibrium pH, properties of the extractants, and concentration of components in the mixture had a remarkable effect on the extraction of Co(II). The interactions occurring in the mixtures as well as the change in solution pH were analyzed. Co(II) was completely extracted by ionic liquid when equilibrium pH was higher than 6.5, while it was difficult to extract Co(II) by employing the mixture of D2EHPA and Alamine 336/Aliquat 336. The formation of ionic liquid in the mixture of D2EHPA and Aliquat 336 was verified through FT-IR spectra. In addition, the competition extraction of hydrogen ion and Co(II) by ionic liquid ALi-D2 was explained. Among the three kinds of extractants, the ionic liquid showed the best extraction efficiency for Co(II) and pH control from weak acidic solutions. The present study provides valuable information on the extraction behavior of metal ion by the mixtures of commercial extractants, and thus can give some light on the development of metal extraction systems.