Kind Of Establishment Research Articles

Is the Sky Falling or Are We Rising Towards the Lord?

Is the Sky Falling or Are We Rising Towards the Lord? Mike McClelland (bio) The first church to ascend rose in rambling loops, slow but determined, a beanstalk growing towards the sun. Many followed, sometimes as many as forty or fifty churches in a day, though it appeared only one church per town made the cut. This seemed terribly unfair, particularly when Bezaleel, New Jersey’s one rickety steeple took off on the same day as Manhattan’s 23rd Street Synagogue. News channel helicopters desperately chased the churches into the sky, but no one ever discovered where they went. Satellites didn’t see them leave the Earth; no rubble was ever found. Rather than fade away, an ascending church simply became harder to detect. Then it would be gone. _______ Church is the wrong word, really. Place of worship would be more accurate, perhaps. Churches, temples, synagogues, mosques, and cathedrals were taken. Some groups who will remain nameless (okay, it was the Baptists) were offended when the numbers were crunched and it was found that the distribution of religions among those chosen was very close to that of the general population. The numbers got a bit muddled when agnosticism was factored in, but the truth was there simply weren’t many places agnostics gathered as agnostics. After a week of ascensions, the consensus was that the most devout place of worship in any particular municipality was the one chosen to rise up. And even though this argument had plenty of evidence to back it, there was, of course, evidence to the contrary. Isn’t there always? The methodology for measuring devotion varies greatly from person to person. It all happened that autumn, which had a certain romance to it, but the Christians, particularly those whose churches hadn’t ascended, [End Page 63] feared that the coming Easter season would be anticlimactic. Jesus had ascended forty days after his death, which sent armchair theologists and historians into a frenzy of Internet sleuthing as they tried to figure out what had happened forty days before the first church rose out of Est-court Station, Maine, but nothing they could find seemed to warrant such an astounding shift in the balance of what was known to be possible and not. _______ Can a phenomenon have anomalies? Isn’t a phenomenon an anomaly itself? Can smaller wonders sprout from larger wonders like the eyes on a potato? Because there existed a few of both. No churches rose from the village of Charlemont, Massachusetts. Instead, a mass of roots, soil, and rock erupted out of the nearby Mohawk Trail State Forest. Only a few grainy photos of this ascension exist, but witnesses claim to have seen a furry, oak-sized, hoofed leg kicking furiously out from within the ball of earth as it sped into the sky. In Poughkeepsie, New York, the rising church was The Father’s House, which sat in a strip mall between the Serenity Grace Beauty Parlor and a long-abandoned Radio Shack. It was the basement of The Father’s House that rose first, breaking out through the parking lot, causing The Father’s House to plunge backwards before it was dragged, upside down, into the heavens. The Father’s House took the rest of the strip mall with it, twisting the ugly stretch of the shopping center like DNA. Horrified shoppers watched from the ground as the patrons of Serenity Grace—many of them mid-perm—clung to their styling chairs for dear life. The thing is, no one knew—or admitted to knowing—that The Father’s House even had a basement. On Newport, Rhode Island’s Ascension Day, the members of the Newport Country Club sipped morning scotches and mimosas as they eagerly waited to see what kind of establishment would float away. A few people placed bets. It should have been a surprise, but it wasn’t really—at least not to those watching from the Newport Country Club—when Newport’s International Tennis Hall of Fame erupted into the sky, along with all twenty of its tennis courts. [End Page 64] _______ Dear Parishioners, It is my pleasure to inform you that, in light...

ICT Adoption Implications for SME Innovation and Augmentation

The adoption of information communication technology (ICT) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) plays a critical role in their development, growth, and expansion. To achieve a competitive advantage, an enterprise needs to have the resources and capabilities to operate efficiently. The fast improvement of ICT is rapidly shifting the conventional way of performance in all facets of SMEs. Today, all kinds of establishments are accepting the implementation and usage of ICT to advance administrative efficiency, outputs, and improved communication for strengthening their competitiveness. SMEs need to opt speedily for the adoption of ICT to support their strategy, performance, and development. Adopting a mixed research approach, with an exploratory sequential mixed design, the study focus is on the factors influencing ICT acceptance and adoption implications for SME augmentation. Findings reveal that SMEs face challenges in ICT adoption due to a lack of resources. Hence, there is a need for investing in advanced technology to augment SME innovation and growth through ICT adoption.

Marketing Information Systems and Competitive Advantage at Consolidated Bank of Kenya Limited

Business today is a challenge because of the dynamics involved, marketers whose responsibility is to ensure that the business makes profits also have to be dynamic on how they organize their marketing strategies in a way that is relevant to today’s market. Whatever the kind of establishment, market and purchaser information is necessary if organization objectives are to be met and consumers needs fulfilled, having an efficient marketing information system is one of the channels through which an organization can acquire the information it needs from its customers thereby giving the organization competitive advantage. This study therefore sought to establish the impact of marketing information systems on competitive advantage at Consolidated Bank of Kenya Limited. The study used a case study. Primary data was collected using an interview guide and data collected from the heads of departments particularly from marketing, alternative business channels and business development, who are highly involved in formulation and implementation of strategy. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The study established that the marketing environment in the banking industry is very competitive and therefore marketers must adapt to the ever-changing marketing environment. Further, improvements in the bank’s products, services and the brand image have enhanced competitive advantage of the bank. Finally, the study also revealed that Marketing Information Systems are of value to the organization. In conclusion the study established that the company has in place a marketing information system which the bank uses to acquire relevant information from customers, which is in turn used to develop products and services that meet the customer’s needs while still maintaining lower costs. The study recommends that management should ensure continued improvement in the marketing information system to enable the bank to maintain sustainable competitive advantage. There need for management to set aside resources and invest in marketing information systems to enable the bank to compete effectively in its marketing environment.

Multi-Layer Space Information Networks: Access Design and Softwarization

In this paper, we propose an approach for constructing a multi-layer multi-orbit space information network (SIN) to provide high-speed continuous broadband connectivity for space missions (nanosatellite terminals) from the emerging space-based Internet providers. This notion has been motivated by the rapid developments in satellite technologies in terms of satellite miniaturization and reusable rocket launch, as well as the increased number of nanosatellite constellations in lower orbits for space downstream applications, such as earth observation, remote sensing, and Internet of Things (IoT) data collection. Specifically, space-based Internet providers, such as Starlink, OneWeb, and SES O3b, can be utilized for broadband connectivity directly to/from the nanosatellites, which allows a larger degree of connectivity in space network topologies. Besides, this kind of establishment is more economically efficient and eliminates the need for an excessive number of ground stations while achieving real-time and reliable space communications. This objective necessitates developing suitable radio access schemes and efficient scalable space backhauling using inter-satellite links (ISLs) and inter-orbit links (IOLs). Particularly, service-oriented radio access methods in addition to software-defined networking (SDN)-based architecture employing optimal routing mechanisms over multiple ISLs and IOLs are the most essential enablers for this novel concept. Thus, developing this symbiotic interaction between versatile satellite nodes across different orbits will lead to a breakthrough in the way that future downstream space missions and satellite networks are designed and operated.

Pesantrenisasi sebagai Pembentukan Spiritualitas Mahasiswa (Studi Kasus Wajib Lulus BTA-PPI di IAIN Purwokerto)

The article attempts to examine about ‘a must to be graduated’ phenomena of al-Qur'an Reading and Writing (BTA) dan The Knowledge of Religious Service Implementation (PPI) at The State Islamic Institute of Purwokerto. This idea may be interesting to review since the materialistic living in global culture has brought anxiety concerning a moral ethics alteration of youth that becomes uncontrolled. From this side, therefore, pesantren (Islamic boarding school) becomes the solution to form spirituality value through BTA-PPI Graduated Compulsory which is programmed educationally by IAIN Purwokerto. Students, who failed BTA-PPI, must "mondok" (be quarantined in a boarding house) until they are really mastered the materials which are able to be carried out well in daily life. As a result, this kind of establishment which is held by BTA-PPI leads the students of IAIN Purwokerto to implement succesfully by knowing tartil and tajwid properly, understanding imla pattern and the importance of Qur'an short verses (juz 30). Related to the knowledge of practicing worship, it may be measured on the fundamental piety/faith, Islam, and ikhsan (elements, requirements, and pillars includedly) that could be implemented to the life of social and nationality.

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM WITHOUT EQUALITY? RELIGIOUS MINORITIES AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION IN ARGENTINA

AbstractThe Argentine Constitution contains two provisions regarding church-state relations. The first one recognizes the right of all people to the free exercise of religion. The second one provides that the state must financially support the Catholic Church. Based on this latter clause, over the years a complex regulatory scheme has been developed that differentiates that church from all the other churches and religions. Those differences are addressed in this article. The author argues that the religious establishment does not depend only on how the state defines itself (e.g., through a declaration in the constitution), but also on the way in which it treats people based on their religion. If that treatment is unequal—for example, when there are legal privileges only to a single church—then there is a kind of establishment of religion. It has been claimed that the religious establishment is not itself incompatible with religious freedom. In arguing that religious minorities can hold a different opinion, the author offers a brief account of the problems faced by non-Catholic faith communities in Argentina because of the state's unequal treatment. Finally, the author analyzes whether the reasons given to justify the legal differences between religions are acceptable. Otherwise, it could be said that there is discrimination—at least, in a broad sense—against religious minorities. While this article focuses on the Argentine case, the issues addressed are relevant to any country dealing with the unequal treatment of people based on their religion.

Compartiendo modelos arquitectónicos: morfologías y vigilancias del siglo XVII al XIX

La organización espacial y territorial es un factor importante en la configuración de las estrategias de control y vigilancia que funcionan en nuestra sociedad. La arquitectura en general, y determinados edificios en particular, han sido dispositivos importantes para el desempeño de tales tareas.
 En estas páginas se estudian las estructuras constructivas de establecimientos especialmente diseñados para el control y la custodia de sus habitantes, comenzando por las “Casas de Misericordia” diseñadas para recoger a los marginados, principalmente urbanos, desde el siglo XVI, y se rastrean las morfologías de cárceles, hospitales y lazaretos.
 Analizamos la transferencia de estructuras constructivas de un establecimiento a otro y cómo la reflexión sobre las funciones específicas de cada uno de ellos fue fijando sus morfologías.
 Finalmente, se presta atención al discurso construido en España, desde sus orígenes en el siglo XVI hasta sus concreciones en el XIX, ocupándonos tanto de las propuestas teóricas como de las realizaciones.

How Do Quality Practices Affect the Results?: The Experience of Thalassotherapy Centres in Spain

Most thalassotherapy centres in Spain do not have any quality certification but they are carrying out several actions of quality management in an attempt to obtain better results. Consequently, the aim of this research is to study if the implementation of quality practices on thalassotherapy centres has the same impact on companies’ results as on the results of those companies that got the quality certifications. In addition, the relationships between different factors considered are going to be studied. Our sample is composed of Spanish thalassotherapy centres, and the statistical technique used is based on structural equation modelling, in particular partial least squares (PLS) regression. The data were provided by the answers given by 31 managers (70.45% of the selected sample) to a structured questionnaire based on previous research and statistically validated. The results of this research allow us to conclude that these kinds of organizations have implemented informal practices to improve the quality of the service in terms of leadership, personnel management, alliances, and resources and show that the practices that have been carried out by these centres to enhance the quality of the service have an impact on companies’ results. Managers of these kinds of establishments that want to improve customer results should focus their efforts on continuous improvement, whereas, if they are pursuing enhancement of other results, their efforts should be focused on process management.

東京都内の種別が異なる小規模保育拠点における都市環境の利用・評価に関する研究

In this paper, the situation of outing (childcare in public spaces) was examined targeting the small-scale bases and authorized nurseries. We also compared the evaluations and needs of the urban environment based on children' s age and head-count, though the investigation of different type of bases that are located in the same region and their area of outing are overlapping. The major findings are as follows: 1) Outing is routine at any kind of establishment, children and caregivers are outing every day from the bases of family like babysitters and authenticated nurseries. Although the total time of outing is longest at authorized nurseries, children and caregiver are outing airily in a short time at small scale-childcare basis. 2) Taking advantage of the urban environment greatly enriches the quality of childcare, as caregivers report that it operates relieve children' s stress, have experience that outside of a room, and learn public rules as the significance and purpose of outing childcare. 3) The most prominent activity for family-like babysitters involves walking. For this reason, enriching the environments with paths, such as walkways and promenades, is effective in improving the quality of childcare. In the case of authenticated nurseries, children and caregivers often stay at a distance of around 300 to 400 meters from their base. Therefore, it is desirable that there are destinations such as appropriately scaled parks within this distance range. In addition, in the case of the authorized nursery, in cases where it is difficult for children and caregivers to stop during on the street, then outing may be positioned as an opportunity to learn the public rules. 4) Different Parks or places are selected depending on children' s ages and the type of bases that use the same area as the place of outing childcare. It is considered that the target age of equipment in the park and the probability to use there with children of various ages are effectively and properly utilizing urban space. 5) Based on the caregivers' environmental evaluation at the time of outing childcare, the comments on nature, animals and presence of play location are large in any base type. Since the comments regarding childcare of the urban environmental elements has the highest mention rate in the authorized nurseries, it can be said that unique value is placed on outing is more common. 6) The mention rate of ease of movement is the same between the authenticated nurseries and family-like babysitters, and safety is especially high in authenticated nurseries. In this way, we confirmed that there is a difference in the point of view of the urban environment evaluation depending on the type of base. Given these findings, the authors find it important to authorize and assess the children' s age and head-count and the corresponding surrounding environment when the bases establishing. Further, during the maintenance and updating of urban spaces, it should be considered what kind of bases will be established by the municipality. Then the urban environment will be more efficiently enhanced the value as a place for childcare. For example, it is important to more greatly prioritize promenade maintenance and policy to enhance small-scale bases, and to support the proper use of locations by setting different equipment at each park based on target age or occupancy instead with uniformly. Copyright © 2016 Architectural Institute of Japan Language: ja

Portugues

The hygienic practices must be maintained in any kind of establishment, handlers and environments must abide by ANVISA regulation. From the analysis of the charts there is a great number of handlers, following the criteria of the Health Surveillance Agency, which can be damaging to consumers due to the lack of hygiene in the preparation of food and inefficient site cleaning. We aim to qualify the importance of food handlers and environmental hygiene. Objective: Verify the hygienic sanitary practices of the handlers and environment where food is manipulated, co-relating Law demanded care with the observed. We are able then to evaluate the profile of the handlers, along with their work environment. Methods: It's a transversal research with an observational study, in which factor and effect were visualized at the moment of data colleting, descriptive and quantitatively. A specific food commercial establishment, based on the handled foods public health. Materials: Check list for the data colleting, must abide by regulation, and proven by photography. Results: It was observed that 60% of the food handlers wear improper attire; only 40% wear hairnets, 49% wear tennis shoes and varied types of props. Referring to the handling area 13% of the diners were completely clean; cleaning products were found in 78%; wood or cardboard was found in 38%; a metal or steel brush was found in 37%; dish rags were found in 80%; torn, pierced and dirty packages were found in 55%. Only 72% had their own ventilation system; scrap, garbage and animals were found in 66%; clean surface were found in 67%; proper lighting was found in 44%; proper wiring installation was found in 71%. Lidded sanitary facilities in 80%; trash can with pedal and lid was found in 77%; sink with liquid soap was found in 53% and disposable towels were found in 62%.Conclusion: The results suggest that the snack bars, as well as the handlers, aren't in accordance with current legislation.

Firm Age and the Demand for Marginal Employment in Germany

Many empirical studies point towards an increase in non-standard employment. The reasons for this rise are mainly seen in the increasing economic internationalization or the rapid technological changes which raise the need for both flexibility and cost-cuts on behalf of firms. Yet, only little is known about the role of firm age in this context. Based on a large representative data set of establishments in Germany, this paper analyzes how establishment age impacts on the demand for marginal employment, the main form of non-standard employment in Germany. We find an inverted U-shape relationship between firms’ share of marginal employment and their age indicating that the demand for marginal employment peaks during the middle ages of a firm, which can be explained by both the liabilities of newness and aging. Distinguishing between the extensive and intensive margin by using hurdle models, we find again an inverted U-shape relationship between the probability of having marginally employed workers and establishment age, which coincides with our previous results. However, a further kind of establishment seems to exist in that among those which have at least one marginal employee, young firms have most of them. Taking into account effects of the sample composition, we find that, although the very old establishments in our sample exhibit an equally low share of marginal employment as young establishments, the effect of young firms on the grand share of marginal employment is larger because of their larger number.

Le occupazioni in Europa

Existing frameworks tend to break when applied to the analysis of urban squatting. Five basic configurations, combinations of features that fit together well and are therefore effective, are discussed in this paper. In the case of squatting, configurations differ with respect to the characteristics of the people involved, type of buildings, framing, demands made by activists, mobilization and organization patterns. Each configuration also entails specific problems. Deprivation based squatting involves poor people who are distressed because of severe housing deprivation. In squatting as an alternative housing strategy people organize squatting to meet their own housing needs. Entrepreneurial squatting offers opportunities for setting up nearly any kind of establishment, without the need for large resources nor the risk of getting bogged down in bureaucracy. Conservational squatting involves squatting as a tactic used in the preservation of a cityscape or landscape against efficiency-driven planned transformation. Political squatting is a field of action for those who are engaged in anti-systemic politics.

The Logic of Urban Squatting

AbstractExisting frameworks tend to break down when applied to the analysis of urban squatting. Five basic configurations — combinations of features that fit together well and are therefore effective — are discussed in this article. Where squatting is concerned, the configurations differ with respect to the following: the characteristics of the people involved, the type of building, the framing, the demands made by activists, and mobilization and organization patterns. Each configuration also entails specific problems. Deprivation‐based squatting involves poor people who are distressed because of severe housing deprivation. In squatting as an alternative housing strategy, people organize squatting to meet their own housing needs. Entrepreneurial squatting offers opportunities for setting up almost any kind of establishment without the need for large resources or the risk of getting bogged down in bureaucracy. Conservational squatting is a tactic used in the preservation of a cityscape or landscape against efficiency‐driven planned transformation. Political squatting is a field of action for those who are engaged in anti‐systemic politics.RésuméLes cadres d'analyse existants ont tendance à s'écrouler lorsqu'on les applique aux squats urbains. Cinq configurations de base, combinant des caractères en adéquation, donc efficaces, sont analysées dans cet article. En matière de squats, les configurations diffèrent sur les plans suivants: caractéristiques des personnes impliquées, type de bâtiment, mode de cadrage, demandes exprimées par les militants, schémas de mobilisation et d'organisation. De plus, des problèmes spécifiques correspondent à chaque configuration. L'habitat en squat pour cause de dénuement concerne des individus pauvres qui n'ont pas les moyens de se loger. Lorsque le squattage est une stratégie de logement alternative, les individus l'organisent en fonction de leurs besoins personnels. Le squattage en vue d'une activité offre une possibilité de créer presque n'importe quel type d'établissement sans apport de ressources important, ni risque de s'empêtrer dans des démarches administratives. Le squattage conservatoire est une tactique qui permet de préserver un paysage (urbain) en s'opposant à une transformation décidée sur des critères de rentabilité. Le squattage politique est un champ d'action pour ceux qui s'engagent dans une politique anti‐système.

R&D in the Belgian Pharmaceutical Sector

The Belgian pharmaceutical sector has been accorded a leading role in the attainment of the R&D investment targets which the EU Member States set themselves as part of the Lisbon strategy. To gain a better insight into that sector’s research activities, the NBB conducted an ad hoc survey in 2005, covering pharmaceutical companies active in Belgium in the field of research, production and distribution of drugs for human use. The analysis of the information obtained from that survey makes up the main body of this working paper. The survey results do not only confirm the importance of the research activities conducted by Belgian establishments, but also indicate the frequent cooperation with other research centres and the crucial importance of expertise as a factor influencing the location of such activities in Belgium. The breakdown of the survey results by kind of establishment on the basis of the type of activities conducted in Belgium reveals further clear differences of emphasis in the nature of the R&D activities pursued in Belgium and divergences in the scale of the resources used. The paper also comprises a number of annexes giving additional information on the sector. More particularly, they deal with added value and employment, the indirect effects and profitability of the pharmaceutical companies, and background information on reference reimbursement of drugs.

Les animaux dans leur jardin : l’architecte Jacques Molinos et la ménagerie du Muséum d’histoire naturelle à Paris, 1795-1827

Animals in their garden : the architect Jacques Molinos and the Menagerie of the Museum of Natural History in Paris (1795-1827). The plan to set up a menagerie in the Museum of Natural History was on foot during the French Revolution, but carried out by the architect Jacques Molinos from 1795 to 1827. The idea was to create a new kind of establishment, the zoological garden for which Lacépède gave a detailed program. The history of the successive plans reveals to what point resorting to the landscape model was dependent on the revolutionary context, as well as on the sensualist theories of the Enlightment. The Western part of the Jardin des plantes was to be arranged as a tree garden with picturesque fabriques scattered here and there to house the animals. The different programs given to the architect in the following years show how, along with the evolution of scientific ideas and of physiology, the landscape model gave place to the gallery system. The setting of the Menagerie concerned as a public establishment, devoted to exhibitions and scientific research, appeared as a model for all the zoological gardens built in the first half of the 19th century.

Control of strangles outbreaks by isolation of guttural pouch carriers identified using PCR and culture of Streptococcus equi.

Previous use of repeated nasopharyngeal swabbing and culture of Streptococcus equi showed that healthy carriers developed in more than 50% of 'strangles' outbreaks. The guttural pouches were the only detectable site of S. equi colonisation on endoscopic examination of horses during one of these outbreaks and S. equi was sometimes not detected by culture of nasopharyngeal swabs from carriers for up to 2 or 3 months before nasal shedding resumed sporadically. A more sensitive way of detecting S. equi on swabs from established guttural pouch carriers was therefore required. Conveniently selected 'strangles' outbreaks were investigated in detail using endoscopy, in order to develop and assess a suitable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We report here 3 protracted 'strangles' outbreaks on different kinds of establishments in which between 29 and 52% of sampled horses were infected as detected by culture and/or PCR. Of the infected horses, between 9 and 44% were identified as carrying S. equi after clinical signs had disappeared and the predominant site of carriage was the guttural pouch. Prolonged carriage of S. equi, which lasted up to 8 months, did not cease spontaneously before treatment was initiated to eliminate the infections. The detection and isolation of the carriers, in conjunction with strict hygiene measures, apparently resulted in the control of the outbreaks and allowed the premises to return to normal activity. Comparing PCR and culture, many more swabs were found to be positive using PCR (56 vs. 30% of 61 swabs). Similar results were obtained for guttural pouch samples from 12 established carriers (PCR 76% and culture 59%). These results from repeated samples from relatively few animals need confirming using more long-term carriers. PCR can also detect dead organisms and is, therefore, liable to yield false positive results. Despite this drawback, it is argued that PCR provides a potentially useful adjunct to culture of nasopharyngeal swabs in the detection of asymptomatic carriers of S. equi following outbreaks of 'strangles'.

Black Theatre--The Way it is: An Interview with Woodie King, Jr.

Woodie King, Jr., was born in Alabama in 1937 and, from the age of 9, reared in Detroit. In Detroit, he co-founded Concept East Theatre in 1960 and began working in New York in 1964, where he quickly became the premier producer of Black theatre. He founded the New Federal Theatre in 1970 and went on to produce Broadway plays, films, and recordings; publish anthologies; teach; and mentor literally hundreds of Black actors, playwrights, and theatre professionals as well as found the National Black Touring Circuit. Over a twenty-seven-year period at the New Federal Theatre, King produced and, in numerous cases, provided the launching pad to Broadway for productions such as Black Girl by J. E. Franklin; What The Wine Sellers Buy and Checkmates, both by Ron Milner; The Taking of Miss Janie and other plays by Ed Bullins; Slaveship by Amiri Baraka; for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf by ntozake shange; The Dance and the Railroad by David Henry Hwang; Champeen by Melvin Van Peebles; and Mr. Universe by Jim Grimnsley. As a filmmaker, King's list of credits includes directing and co-producing The Long Night, the only American film selected as part of the New Directors/New Films show at the Museum of Modem Art in New York; directing Death of a Prophet, a feature film on Malcolm X starring Morgan Freeman, and Torture of Mothers, starring Ruby Dee; and producing Right On, an award-winning feature on the Last Poets. He has also produced spoken-word recordings for Motown, and his publications include numerous fiction, drama, and poetry anthologies. Often called a renaissance man, Woodie King, Jr., has excelled as a producer, a director for stage and film, a writer and editor, a teacher and mentor, and a founder and artistic director of theatrical institutions. In the far-ranging and frank interview that follows, Woodie King, Jr., reviews his history and offers his views on the future of Black theatre. Salaam: How did you break into the theatre scene in New York? King: I came to New York at the height of the Black Power Movement. I worked in and around New York for maybe eight or nine months, then became associated with the anti-poverty program. They were setting up cultural arts programs in Harlem, the Lower East Side of Manhattan, and Brooklyn as part of larger anti-poverty agencies. I became the director of the one in Manhattan. It was called Mobilization for Youth. We set up training programs for young Blacks, Latinos, and Asians between the ages of 16 and 21 down on the Lower East Side. We paid them to take classes. It was supposed to be a program designed for failure, but we made it something viable and meaningful in that Lower East Side community. We brought in a lot of fantastic musicians and artists to work with the participants. In jazz, for example, we brought in Kenny Dorham and Jackie McLean. We brought in poet Diane Wakowski and people like Baraka. In dance, we had people like Rod Rogers. In play-wrighting, Lonne Elder, III, and J. E. Franklin. Work that came out of there captured the imagination of a New York critical, mid-'60s kind of establishment. Beyond all of that, what was happening in the city was a whole new movement: Black Power, Black empowerment, social awareness, Black is Beautiful. We operated on the Lower East Side, but we were very close to the sister organizations, Haryou-Act in Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant Redevelopment Corporation in Brooklyn, so we would be traversing among all of these. What was happening around the world was that this new, young Black art was impressing itself on world culture. We ended up taking young people to Rome, Italy, to the Hemisphere in San Antonio, Texas, to the Montreal Expo '67. These young artists, then 18 and 19 years old, are now some of the major artists working in the American performing arts: people like Gary Bolding, Maurice Sneed, Bostic Bearfelder, and Ronnie Clanton, who starred in movies like The Cool World. …

The 1784 Handel Commemoration as Political Ritual

Between May 26 and June 5, 1784, five concerts were given in Westminster Abbey and a West End entertainment palace to mark the death of George Frideric Handel twenty-five years before. The event became a legend in its own time. The scale of the commemoration festival of 1784 was unparalleled among musical events: 4,500 people gathered in the abbey to hear 525 performers render Handel's Messiah, and, as European Magazine put it, “so extraordinary a spectacle, we believe, never before solicited the public notice.” This novel festival to a German-born composer captured public attention all around the Western world but in Britain made Handel's music into a national tradition. The commemoration was indeed a political event. It came on the heels of constitutional crisis—the dispute over the authority of crown and Parliament, the Fox-North ministry of 1783, and the turbulent election of 1784. Nobody planned the commemoration for political reasons, but that is what it became, willy-nilly, celebrating the end of the crisis and the hope for a harmonious new order.The commemoration put in ritual form the culmination of the country's political development over the previous three decades. The new harmony seen in the grand event suggested the reunion of Tories with Whigs in government and the growth of a new political community—a kind of establishment—that, despite the conflict over the war and the constitution, was broad-bottomed in its inclusion of faction and opinion. Yet that does not mean that the commemoration was unanimously supported or was truly nonpartisan, any more than was this establishment itself.

Skill Requirements and Industrial Training in Durable Goods Manufacturing

The publication in 1955 of the National Manpower Council's symposium on Improving the Work Skills of the Nation and the appearance of the Rockefeller Reports in 1958 mark the emergence of a persistent, if not mounting, national concern with the adequacy of the supply of skilled labor. Interest in labor skills, of course, is not new; the long history of vocational schools, work experience programs, and apprenticeship programs attest to the contrary. But the earlier interest was focused primarily on meeting the needs of factory owners in an area or of individual workers. Now, on the other hand, such reports as those mentioned above state that a shortage of skills, should it exist or should it come to exist, will handicap the achievement of national, as well as private, economic goals. It is against this background of concern about the supply of skilled labor that this article was written. Essentially, it covers three points on the use and development of work skills in manufacturing industries: (1) The differences among various types of plants in the proportion of skilled and technical workers in total employment. A priori one would expect variations in the utilization of skills to be found, and the possibility exists that they are systematic. A crude taxonomy is presented, which distinguishes among plants the degree of reliance on skilled and technical personnel. (2) Types of skill development programs that are used in manufacturing plants. (3) Some possible explanations for the emphasis, or lack of emphasis, put on skill development in different kinds of establishments. These tentative explanations are based to some extent on the implications of the classification scheme of (1). (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)