Kinds Of Buildings Research Articles

Wall sandwich panels with steel facings and PUR foam core under transverse loading: Experimental testing and numerical model calibration

Light weight panels are largely used for the envelope (wall assembly, roofing system) of different kind of buildings. Under extreme loading conditions, like external explosions, the walls may suffer extensive damage, under either positive or negative pressures. The study presented in the paper describes the results obtained on wall sandwich panels tested for transverse loading until complete failure. The panels are arranged as single span systems supported on side rails and loaded at the mid-span. After a quasi-linear response, the maximum bending capacity is reached. At this point, the panels have a sudden drop in capacity, associated with the rapid wrinkling of the face in compression. If the end fasteners have adequate resistance, catenary stage develops, and the ultimate capacity can be significantly higher than the peak bending capacity. Flexibility of the lateral restraints significantly influence the initiation of catenary action and the ultimate capacity of sandwich panels. Numerical models were calibrated using the structural analysis and design program SAP2000. This may allow professionals to integrate more quickly the wall models into the structural design even for extreme loading conditions.

Study on Influence of Mechanical Properties of Concrete based on Microbe Supported in Slag

Concrete material with its own excellent properties, plays a vital role in the construction industry, the annual production of about 10 billion tons, which makes concrete become second only to water, the world's second largest amount of material. However, in the actual service process, all kinds of buildings will be affected by their own and environmental factors, concrete is easy to crack, which affects the mechanical properties of concrete decline, this paper in slag as a carrier of microorganisms on the basis of adding nano-SiO2 in ready-mixed concrete, studied its 3d, 7d, 14d, 28d compressive strength changes. The results show that the strength of concrete can be improved by adding the right amount of nano-SiO2. The addition of nano SiO2 can promote the hydration reaction of cement, resulting in more hydration gelling products of concrete, thus reducing the porosity of concrete and improving the compressive strength of concrete. The results of this study provide an important reference value for the practical application of microbial concrete self-healing.

Experimental test and mechanism analysis of soil crust erosion resistance of rammed earth Great Wall in rainy season

Rammed earth is a kind of cleaning material, widely used in all kinds of buildings in the world. The Great Wall of ancient China is a typical world cultural site built from rammed earth. The rammed earth Great Wall of Shanhaiguan is close to Bohai Bay, which has suffered from long-term erosion by rain, causing a series of problems such as soil loss, collapse and gully flushing. The protection materials of the rammed earth site have always puzzled scholars. However, during the rainy season, it was found that some of the walls at Xiaowan Gouge and Nantuzhuang Gouge in the Shanhaiguan Great Wall had unwashed traces, the soil surface of the walls was intact, and the anti-erosion ability of the walls was significantly higher than that of other places. In order to explore the reasons for its strong anti-erosion ability in the natural state of rammed earth wall, guide the protection of rammed earth Great Wall, and carry out different experimental tests to explore its anti-erosion reasons and internal mechanisms. Firstly, the characteristics of rammed soil were understood through the composition test of rammed soil, and the indoor and outdoor erosion test was carried out to determine that the anti-erosion reason was the protection of gray-green soil crust. The property and composition of soil crust were determined through the immersion test and genome sequencing. Finally, the protection mechanism of soil crust was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

A novel intelligent modeling and prediction of heat energy consumption in smart buildings

The rising cost and demand for energy have prompted several organizations to devise innovative methods for monitoring, managing, and conserving energy. Heat energy load prediction in smart buildings is critical for saving energy as well as for meeting energy demands. As the cost of energy and demand is increasing, people must find some way to control it and save energy. To overcome these issues, an intelligent energy management system needs to be developed to help individuals by predicting heat energy demand ahead of time and analyzing energy use patterns. This paper introduces a data-driven short-term heat energy consumption prediction for smart buildings by developing a hybrid deep learning model considering the capabilities of Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks. The proposed model extracts hidden patterns from actual data collected through sensors and also uses hand-crafted features to predict the heat energy demand accurately. The efficiency of the proposed model has been evaluated on real smart heat metering data, a case study in Denmark, having three kinds of buildings: single-family, apartment, and terraced houses. The extensive experimental results have been reported with real-world data by considering various evaluation metrics such as MAE, RMSE, MAPE and R2. The results are promising and outperformed other state-of-the-art methods.

Human factors for a successful Integrated Design Process in Zero Energy Buildings: leadership, trust, and goal orientation. A case study in Singapore

ABSTRACT The Integrated Design Process is one of the most recommended methods to deliver Zero-Energy Buildings as it brings together all the stakeholders in the early moments of design, allowing performance optimisation and synergies among the different approaches and expertise. The practice of this design process is complex and difficult because it aims to integrate evolving decisions by all parties. It has been widely studied from the perspective of the process itself and its efficacy. However, the human side or how to manage the collaboration of the different stakeholders in the design development for a Zero Energy Building is unknown. To address this research gap this study is focused on the synergies among the consultants and the purpose behind this kind of building. Through the analysis of the design process and eight interviews with the main stakeholders of a Zero Energy Building at the National University of Singapore, three human factors are identified as critical for the success of an Integrated Design Process: client leadership, acting as the engine of the project; trust among the team, acting as the glue during the process, and focus on the goals that sustains the effort and allows the continuity in time. Although the results are limited to a case study, they can serve as a guide for clients and consultants to implement optimised Integrated Design Processes for future Zero Energy Buildings.

A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO URBAN AREA: ODUNPAZARI HISTORICAL AREA CASE, ESKISEHİR

Through the use of visual symbols and design elements, architecture has many abstract meanings and integrated communicative elements. It relates to cultural systems such as shared values, scientific developments, moral codes, religions, and economic situations. Without a doubt, globalization has caused countries to resemble each other, and that makes local cultures more attractive. This has led to the tendency of local governments to create a new urban identity for economic development. This study examines the "Historic Odunpazari Houses Conservation and Development Project” area in Odunpazarı Locale, as a place with deep indicators of different urban images. The area is built on a hillside in the South of Eskisehir, Turkey, which symbolizes the Ottoman period's urban life. The semiotic approach is used to determine connotative meanings of buildings in historical area. Results show that renovated buildings are highly connotative structures. These kinds of buildings contain more metaphors than the original ones.

Research and Analysis of Modern Consulate Complexes --Taking Yantai Hill in Fuzhou City as an Example

Since the First Opium War, foreign forces have flooded into China, building a great variety of public buildings across China, and importing Western culture. As one of the representatives of the recent Western culture, the consulate building plays an important role in history. As the political, economic, and cultural center of Fujian Province, Fujian was introduced to many Western cultures as one of the five port cities after the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. Foreigners set up all kinds of buildings and municipal facilities here, such as consulate buildings, customs, foreign firms, churches, hospitals, workshops, clubs, etc. Western architectural techniques and forms have collided and fused with the traditional architectural culture of Fuzhou, together constituting a diverse modern architectural history of Fuzhou. Taking the modern consulate building complex in Yantai Mountain of Fuzhou City as an example, through field research and literature arrangement and induction, we analyze the buildings of modern consulates, understand the historical evolution of consulate buildings in Fuzhou, the architectural form and the existing situation, excavate their characteristics and summarize them, to provide basic information for the study of modern architectural history in Fuzhou. The article concluded that the Western consulate architecture is characterized by the central axis symmetry, the characteristics of each country are obvious, while retaining part of the local characteristics, to achieve the fusion of Chinese and foreign.

Analysis and optimization strategy of residential buildings in the main urban area of Kunming

With the rapid development of China's social economy, the number of housing construction has been increasing and the quality of housing has always been improving. At the same time, people's requirements for residential construction are also higher. Aiming at the residential buildings in the main urban area of Kunming, this paper analyzes the current situation of residential buildings in the main urban area of Kunming by using the methods of literature analysis, field investigation, induction and comparative analysis. It is found that the existing residential forms in Kunming mainly include multi-storey residence, villa and high-rise residential buildings, and analyze the problems of these three kinds of buildings.

IoT based Fire Detector and Automatic Extinguisher

This paper suggests creating an automatic fire detection system that makes use of the Blynk platform to notify users of fire emergencies. Sensors and image processing techniques will be used by the system to identify fires and notify users via a mobile application. Also, data on fire accidents will be gathered and analyzed by the system to spot trends and create preventative measures. The dataset will contain data on the origins of fires, how frequently they occur, and how they affect various kinds of buildings and structures. Machine learning algorithms will be used in the analysis to find potential risk variables and create fire prevention plans. This project's overall goal is to increase fire safety through the provision of early detection and alert systems as well as the use of data analysis to create efficient preventive measures

Exploratory Data Analysis for Building Energy Meters Using Machine Learning

The purpose of this research was to apply exploratory data analysis techniques to building energy meters, such as electricity, cold, heat, and steam meters. A thorough understanding of energy usage patterns becomes increasingly vital in an era of growing awareness of energy management and sustainability. Trends, patterns, and anomalies can be identified in building energy meter data using meticulous data exploration approaches, which can give significant insights for increasing energy efficiency. Exploratory data analysis combined with machine learning approaches may be was used to reveal hidden patterns of energy usage and examine the links between relevant factors. The findings of this exploratory data analysis gave vital insights into building energy use trends. Some significant and hidden information that was crucial for understanding energy usage within a certain time frame in each building was discovered via the investigation of the data used in this study. Steam had the highest use, whereas electricity had the lowest. Utilities were more popular before 5 a.m., followed by healthcare, with daytime use hours beginning around 10 a.m., depending on the area. During the working day, the industry needs more energy. Places of worships use more energy on weekends. There was a significant relation between the number of floors and spaces per level of a building and the height meter reading between May and October. There is a significant association between the kind of buildings used for schools, workplaces and high energy use. This study significantly contributed to the management of the energy and sustainability domains. Using exploratory data analysis and machine learning approaches to building energy meters could optimize energy usage, minimize running costs, and enhance overall energy efficiency. This research is still very open to be continued using other methods, to obtain other hidden information.

History and architectural characteristics of the iron bandstands in Belém, Pará

From the late 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, Belém underwent a comprehensive urban and architectural renovation in Pará, northern Brazil. The transformations in these Amazonian lands, the rubber cycle’s outcomes, included the construction and renovation of squares which were remarkably equipped with prefabricated iron bandstands imported from diverse European countries. Several buildings have remained in the city’s landscape but have been little researched and documented. Meanwhile, they suffer from weathering (mostly corrosion) and inappropriate anthropic actions allied to the absence of proper maintenance, gradually losing their features and pieces. As these facts are a significant challenge to their conservation, this paper aims to document Belém’s eight remaining iron bandstands by investigating their historical trajectories and architectural characteristics as preservation subsidies. The methodological approach was divided into two phases: 1) historical and iconographic study; 2) architectural documentation and analysis. The research’s products consisted of two-dimensional drawings, registration forms, and a comparative analysis of the buildings assembled within Belém’s historical centre. The process allowed the detailing of their backgrounds, origins, and dating. It produced consistent graphic documentation whose interpretation highlighted various architectural and technical solutions due to the uniqueness of each structure. This data advances the knowledge about this kind of building in heritage conservation and construction history, grounding the conclusion that industrialization processes do not define them as homogenous structures.

Giving Historical Photographs a New Perspective: Introducing Camera Orientation Parameters as New Metadata in a Large-Scale 4D Application

The ongoing digitization of historical photographs in archives allows investigating the quality, quantity, and distribution of these images. However, the exact interior and exterior camera orientations of these photographs are usually lost during the digitization process. The proposed method uses content-based image retrieval (CBIR) to filter exterior images of single buildings in combination with metadata information. The retrieved photographs are automatically processed in an adapted structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline to determine the camera parameters. In an interactive georeferencing process, the calculated camera positions are transferred into a global coordinate system. As all image and camera data are efficiently stored in the proposed 4D database, they can be conveniently accessed afterward to georeference newly digitized images by using photogrammetric triangulation and spatial resection. The results show that the CBIR and the subsequent SfM are robust methods for various kinds of buildings and different quantity of data. The absolute accuracy of the camera positions after georeferencing lies in the range of a few meters likely introduced by the inaccurate LOD2 models used for transformation. The proposed photogrammetric method, the database structure, and the 4D visualization interface enable adding historical urban photographs and 3D models from other locations.

A Scientometric Research on Applications and Advances of Fire Safety Evacuation in Buildings

Fire safety evacuation has been used in numerous different kinds of buildings. This research conducts a scientometric review of fire safety evacuation applications and advances in the buildings to clarify the research trends of fire evacuation in the future and provide guidance for relevant research. A total of 3312 journals and conference proceedings were analyzed through different dimensions. The result proves that evacuation environments concentrate mainly on residential building, commercial building, school, and railway station. The characteristics of the evacuee have been gradually refined in recent years, including children, the elderly, patients, and vulnerable groups. The main experimental approaches of fire safety evacuation are evacuation drills, site records, and VR/AR experiments. The crowd behavior models mainly consist of six types: a cellular automata model, a social force model, a lattice gas model, a game-theoretic model, an animal agent-based model, and a computer agent-based model. The analysis results in the theoretical method are becoming gradually closer to the behavioral characteristics and movement data of the crowd during the actual evacuation with improvements of practical considerations. The study of evacuation drills, disaster rescue, emergencies, and other external environmental factors will become the forefront of future research, and subway stations, airports, high-rise building, and other personnel places will be the focus of the study of crowd evacuation.

A review and comparison of studies on office window behaviour using engineering and social science methods

With the urgent need of reducing building carbon emissions to ease climate change, it is necessary to have energy efficient buildings. An effective way of achieving this mission is adopting natural ventilation, which is commonly achieved by openable windows controlled by building occupants in most cases. In this kind of buildings, therefore, occupant window behaviour becomes significantly important on the building performance. To better understand this behaviour, researchers from both engineering domain and social science domain have contributed, but it seems like that they have different research aims, methods and findings. To promote transdisciplinary collaboration in this area, this study has carried out a thorough review of studies on window behaviour in office buildings. The review work collected 66 relevant studies, and analysed their aims, methods and main findings to figure out the differences between engineering studies and social science studies. The existing studies were mainly coming from renowned academic journals (91%) and academic conferences (9%). The comparison revealed significant differences between the two scientific domains, with some overlapping between them. To obtain deeper understanding on occupant window behaviour, critical discussions on how to better collaborate between these two domains in the future have been provided as well.

TH Analyses and Simplified Approach for Precast RC Frames Retrofit with Dissipative Fuse Devices Sismocell

Precast RC structures are a typology of construction widely spread in Italy among industrial buildings, made of single-storey isostatic RC frames built, in past decades, without any connection between beams and columns. The Emilia Earthquake (2012) caused extensive damages in this kind of buildings that have a significant mass located at roof level and lack of connections between horizontal and vertical elements. The recent seismic events highlighted that the lack of connections is the main vulnerability of existing precast RC buildings and at the same time that large displacements are determined between beams and columns. In order to improve the seismic performance of precast RC buildings a cost-effective solution is to dissipate energy at roof level, avoiding at the same time any loss of support between elements. Dissipative fuse devices (Sismocell) placed at beam-column joints are able to dissipate energy and guarantee an effective connection between elements. To evaluate the improvement achieved with the use of Sismocell devices, non-linear time history analyses are usually performed, taking into account the plastic hinges at column base. This work aims to quantify the improvement that can be obtained using Sismocell devices, in terms of reduction of effect of actions in different typologies of structures, remaining in the range of elastic behavior of materials. The TH analyses have been performed on different frame configurations with different seismic input, comparing the behavior of models with hinged connections and connections equipped with dissipative fuse devices. In order to define the optimal force of plastic activation of Sismocell devices, different device sizes have been considered. The results have been analyzed in terms of reductions of shear and moment at base of the columns, with different scaling factor applied to seismic input. Finally, a proposal of a simplified approach based on linear analyses has been compared to TH results.

Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Structure with and Without Floating Column Including Lateral Load Resisting Systems

: Soft storey, vertical or plan irregularity, floating column, and high loads are all common features of modern multi-story structures. In metropolitan India, these kinds of buildings are becoming increasingly popular. According to the findings of previous earthquake research, most RC buildings with such flaws are extremely undesirable in seismically active locations. These effects occurred as a result of a variety of factors, including nonuniform mass distribution, stiffness, and strength. This study uses the software STAAD PRO V8i to discuss the seismic analysis of a multi-storey G+7 building with floating column built in seismically active area, observing its responses to external lateral force generated on the building in seismic zone 5,including different lateral load resisting systems. The structure is represented in ten different model cases. Model 2 contains a floating column structure, Model 3includes increased column size on the ground floor. Models 4, 5, 6 and 10 contain different types of bracing (type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4) which are installed one after another from the ground floor to the top floor and modelled separately. Shear core/shear tube is introduced in model 7 and 9 with thickness 0.2m running from ground to top. Shearwalls of 4 typesareintroducedinmodel8withthicknessofwallas0.3mrunning from ground floor to top. Thus, alternative measures involving improving non uniform distribution in irregular buildings, such as multi storey buildings with floating columns, were highlighted, and the safer design of such buildings in seismically active areas was recommended, taking into account the results observed from base shear, storey drifts, storey displacements, bending moment using Equivalent static method. As a consequence of the results, we determined that the introduction of a single bracing/strut contributes to the maximum reduction in shear force and bending moment compared to all model cases, Shear core structure withstands the highest seismic load of any model, When the columns are completely removed to create a floating column design, the % increase in maximum drift is 67.65%, indicating the minimum lateral resistance compared to all model cases.

Application of Planar Binary Image in Building Elevation Design

Architecture is one of the key and important parts of a city. Various kinds of buildings have absolute control over the quantity and area and are the key factors for the appearance of a city. With the development of cities and the increase of population, high-rise residential buildings can effectively alleviate the shortage of urban residential land, but at the same time, it also brings some problems, such as monotonous elevation of high-rise residential buildings, improper selection of elevation forms. As people’s aesthetic awareness is getting higher and higher, people’s requirements for the image of residential buildings are getting higher and higher. However, the research on the elevation design of high-rise residential buildings is relatively lagging behind. Therefore, it is necessary to enrich and expand the elevation design of high-rise residential buildings. Image binarization is an important technology in image preprocessing. It plays an important role in pattern recognition, optical character recognition, and medical imaging. Binary image is a simple image format. It has only two gray levels, but it occupies an important position in the field of image processing. In specific image processing application systems, it is often necessary to obtain binary values. The binary image processing arithmetic is developed from set theory under mathematical morphology. Although its basic arithmetic is simple, it can produce complex results. Based on the characteristics of binary image and the complex effect it produces, this paper finds out its regularity, finds a design method of building elevation, and realizes the application of binary image in building elevation design.

A summary of the research on building load forecasting model of colleges and universities in North China based on energy consumption behavior: A case in North China

In recent years, the research on the energy consumption of colleges and universities has mainly focused on the campus as a whole or only a certain kind of building, and most of the research on its influencing factors also focuses on one or several factors. Research has found that the different energy consumption behaviors of individuals in different buildings have a significant impact on overall energy consumption. This article summarizes the research progress of energy consumption behavior and building energy consumption, and uses citespace to conduct a visualization study of keywords and author, comprehensively discusses the influencing factors of building energy consumption, and proposes a load forecasting model to provide a reference for the study of building energy efficiency. In addition, scene analysis of northern universities is carried out from different aspects such as time, space, and discipline.

Optimal configuration planning of rule and optimization-based driven storage coupled micro cogeneration systems by the implementation of constraint programming

In this paper, an optimization model for optimal size and dispatch planning of micro combined heat and power systems regarding distinct structures for the inclusion of the cogeneration unit, auxiliary boiler, heat storage and battery storage in the configuration of the system is introduced. The presented model is developed in a unified form by the implementation of constraint programming to consider different strategies for the system's operation. Furthermore, important details such as minimum/maximum permissible state of charge, maximum charge/discharge rate and battery inverter for modeling practical storages as technical specifications and simultaneous consideration of calendar life and life cycle as service life as well as assessment of heat dumping avoidance has been taken into account in this study. The model has been applied to three operation strategies and four kinds of buildings while considering two single-objective and one multi-objective optimization for minimization of the greenhouse gas emissions and annual costs of the system. The study has been validated by multiple study cases and the analyzes indicate that the implementation of different structures for the configuration of the micro CHP systems can impressively affect the optimum size and dispatch of these systems in each operation strategy. Comparison of the obtained results for the candidate multi-criteria solutions considering the exploitation of different storage options indicates that the inclusion of the heat storage by up to 21.5% further reduction in annual expenditures with an equal amount of emissions is a more influential energy storage option for utilization in the proposed residential cogeneration system. Regarding heat dumping assumption, dumping avoidance can be a powerful key factor in the system's management to prevent extra greenhouse generations by restricting the heedless minimization of the annual costs when it adversely affects the generation of the emissions.

Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-Facial Photovoltaic System as a Shade

Solar architecture is defined as a kind of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) in which the PV modules are deployed to passive solar concepts, to minimize the heating and cooling load, to upgrade the indoor environment, and to be adjustable for regional weather and to continuously succeed architectural culture. Solar architecture needs to consider the architectural culture and climate of the region through an ecological convergence. The ecological criteria lead to optimizing solar architecture through an ecological convergence of a passive intelligence and renewable energy system. The optimal angle of the bi-facial PV module as a shade is 23.5° considering the physical interaction and the traditional architecture in Korea according to the ecological criteria. The shading concept of the PV module reduces 27.5~34% of the building cooling load. Effective solar irradiance (ESR) is very important not only for PV efficiency but also for the system usage rate. This ESR should be controlled depending on the climate condition to maximize the total energy elimination factor and total energy transmittance factor for a window. The MB-BIPVS play an excellent role to maximize the total energy elimination factor and total energy transmittance factor for a window.