Kilogram Of Diet Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Nano-Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Antioxidative Status, and Immunity in Broiler Chickens under Thermoneutral and High Ambient Temperature Conditions.

The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of nano-selenium on growth performance, antioxidative status, and immune function in broiler chickens reared under thermoneutral (22±1°C) or high ambient temperature (35±1°C) conditions. Thirty-six broiler chicks at 15d old were randomly divided into 6 treatments in a 3×2 factorial design. The main factors included the dietary supplementation (basal diet without Se supplementation [control], basal diet with 0.3 mg of nano-elemental Se per kilogram of diet [nano-Se], and basal diet with 0.3 mg of sodium selenite per kilogram of diet [SSe]) and the ambient temperature challenge (22±1°C or 35±1°C). The birds were given the experimental diets from 15 to 30 d of age. High ambient temperature significantly depressed body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, breast muscle weight, and abdominal fat weight, while feeding nano-Se clearly alleviated these negative effects of high ambient temperature. In addition, feeding nano-Se increased glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression in liver and alleviated the negative effects of high ambient temperature via reducing the malondialdehyde content in liver and breast muscle. Furthermore, feeding nano-Se increased mRNA expression of cytokine genes (interleukins 2 and 6) under both thermoneutral and high ambient temperature conditions. Under both thermoneutral and high-temperature conditions, broiler chickens fed nano-Se had higher Se and vitamin E concentrations in breast muscle than broiler chickens fed the control diet. In contrast, feeding SSe at the same dose as nano-Se did not alleviate the negative effects of high ambient temperature on broiler chickens. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with nano-Se at 0.3 mg/kg diet might enhance growth performance by improving antioxidative or immune properties in broilers reared under high ambient temperature.

The effect of dietary fat, vitamin E and selenium concentrations on the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of frozen stored broiler meat

A total of 160 Ross 308 female broilers from day 22 to 35 of age were used to investigate the effects of vitamin E and selenium (Se) supple- mentation on performance, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of meat en - riched with n-3 fatty acids. There were 4 treatment groups, 3 diets contained rape seeds and fish oil (60 and 15 g · kg -1 , respectively - RF), the control diet contained animal fat - lard. To the RF diet different doses of vitamin E and Se were added (80 and 0.3, 150 and 0.3, 150 and 0.7 mg per kilogram of diet, re- spectively). Performance was measured and samples of breast and thigh meat were vacuum packed and stored at -30°C. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was determined after 3 weeks and after 3 months of frozen storage, when also fatty acid profiles, vitamin E and choles - terol contents in meat were measured. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were negatively influenced ( P ≤ 0.05) by the increased dietary level of Se. Feeding diets with rape seeds and fish oil resulted in higher concentrations and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in breast and thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the control. The increase of dietary vitamin E, but not Se, increased the tocopherol content in meat and reduced TBARS values in 3-month-stored thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05). It may be concluded that fortification of diets with vitamin E increases its concentration in, and oxidative stability of frozen stored breast and thigh meat, but no additional benefit was observed in feeding excess Se in combination with vitamin E.

Effects of exogenous non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in diets containing Gracilaria lemaneiformis on white-spotted snapper Lutjanus stellatus Akazaki

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading enzymes in diets containing Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of white-spotted snapper Lutjanus stellatus Akazaki (initial mass 8.0 ± 0.1 g). A basal diet (D0) containing a mixed protein source (fish meal, soybean meal and GL meal) was used as the control. Two diets supplemented with 0.5 g (D1) and 1 g (D2) exogenous NSP-degrading enzymes per kilogram of diet were formulated. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish in a total of nine floating sea cages (270 fish, 30 fish per cage). After a 60-day feeding trail, significantly higher weight gain, specific growth ratio and feed efficiency ratio were observed in fish fed D2 diet compared to those of control (P < 0.05). Body lipid, moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected by NSP-degrading enzyme supplementation, but significantly higher protein content was noticed in fish fed D2 diet compared to that of control (P < 0.05). The amylase activity in the stomach and intestine was significantly higher in fish fed D2 diet (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed in pepsin and lipase activities in the stomach or trypsin and lipase activities in the intestine between all treatments. The results suggested that addition of 1 g kg−1 NSP-degrading enzymes in diet could efficiently improve seaweed feed utilization and growth performance of white-spotted snapper fish.

Effect of Zinc-Bearing Zeolite Clinoptilolite on Growth Performance, Nutrient Retention, Digestive Enzyme Activities, and Intestinal Function of Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc-bearing zeolite clinoptilolite (Zn-ZCP) on performance, growth performance, nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal function in broiler chickens. A total of 180 1-day-old Arbor Acres chickens were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates of ten birds for a 21-day feeding period. Birds were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet (29.1 mg of Zn per kilogram of diet) without supplemental zinc (control) or the same diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg zinc from ZnSO4 or Zn-ZCP. Zn-ZCP and ZnSO4 treatments had lower feed: gain ratio than that of control group (P < 0.05). Addition of Zn-ZCP increased (P < 0.05) the apparent retention of organic matter and ether extract during 14-17 days, and increased (P < 0.05) pancreatic lipase activity at 14 and 21 days as well as amylase activity at 21 days. Addition of Zn-ZCP increased the villus heights and villus height to crypt depth ratio at the duodenal (P < 0.05) and jejunal (P < 0.05) of broilers at 14 days. Broilers fed the diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg Zn from Zn-ZCP had higher villus heights and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum (P < 0.05) and jejunum (P < 0.05) than those fed with control diet on day 21. Zn-ZCP treatment increased (P < 0.05) IgG and sIgA concentrations in jejunum at 21 days. The results indicated that Zn-ZCP supplementation which might have modified the release of Zn further down in the intestinal tract with the controlled-release characteristic, modulated digestive enzyme activities and intestinal structure and function, increased nutrient retention, and improved feed efficiency.

Dose-Dependent Incidence of Hepatic Tumors in Adult Mice following Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical with hormone-like properties that has been implicated as a potential carcinogen. Early-life exposure has been linked to increased risk for precancerous lesions in mammary and prostate glands and the uterus, but no prior study has shown a significant association between BPA exposure and cancer development.Objective: We explored the effects of BPA exposure during gestation and lactation on adult incidence of hepatic tumors in mice.Methods: Isogenic mice were perinatally exposed to BPA through maternal diets containing one of four environmentally relevant doses of BPA (0, 50 ng, 50 μg, or 50 mg per kilogram of diet), and we followed approximately one male and one female per litter until they were 10 months of age. Animals were tested for known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma, including bacterial and viral infections.Results: We found dose-dependent incidence of hepatic tumors in 10-month-old BPA-exposed mice. Of the offspring examined, 23% presented with hepatic tumors or preneoplastic lesions. We observed a statistically significant dose–response relationship, with an odds ratio for neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of 7.23 (95% CI: 3.23, 16.17) for mice exposed to 50 mg BPA/kg diet compared with unexposed controls. Observed early disease onset, absence of bacterial or viral infection, and lack of characteristic sexual dimorphism in tumor incidence support a nonclassical etiology.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a statistically significant association between BPA exposure and frank tumors in any organ. Our results link early-life exposure to BPA with the development of hepatic tumors in rodents, and have potential implications for human health and disease.Citation: Weinhouse C, Anderson OS, Bergin IL, Vandenbergh DJ, Gyekis JP, Dingman MA, Yang J, Dolinoy DC. 2014. Dose-dependent incidence of hepatic tumors in adult mice following perinatal exposure to bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect 122:485–491; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307449

Assessment of Plasma Concentrations and Potential Adverse Effects of Doxycycline in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) Fed a Medicated Pelleted Diet

Doxycycline hyclate was mixed with soybean oil and then added to a low-fat pelleted diet that contained approximately 2.4% fat, which produced a final diet that contained a calculated 6.4% fat and 300 mg doxycycline per kilogram of diet. The medicated diet was fed to 9 healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for 47 days; a control group of 6 birds received the identical diet without doxycycline. Trough doxycycline plasma concentrations were measured 7 times during treatment and ranged from 0.98 to 3.83 microg/mL with an overall median of 2.09 microg/ mL. The birds were observed daily, weighed, and examined at least weekly, and selected plasma biochemical parameters were measured before treatment and at days 21 and 42. No adverse effects were noted, except one treatment bird became obese. This medicated diet may be suitable for treating spiral bacteria and Chlamydophila psittaci infections in cockatiels that will consume a pelleted diet.

Vitamina A em dieta de juvenis de pacu cultivados em tanques-rede

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina A na alimentação de juvenis de pacu cultivados em tanques-rede. Foram utilizados 2.000 peixes, com peso inicial médio de 66,93±15,03 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 20 tanques-rede de 5,0 m³, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As rações foram formuladas com 0, 3.000, 6.000, 9.000 e 12.000 UI de vitamina A por quilograma de dieta, por meio da suplementação com acetato de retinol. O arraçoamento foi realizado às 8:30, 13:30 e 17:30 h, até a saciedade aparente dos animais. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto aos parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, rendimento e composição química da carcaça, e aos parâmetros hematológicos e lipídios no fígado dos peixes que foram alimentados com diferentes níveis de vitamina A. A suplementação de vitamina A em dietas para juvenis de pacu criados em tanques-rede não influencia o desempenho produtivo dos peixes.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exerts protective effects against heat stress through modulating stress-responsive transcription factors in poultry

1. The aim of the study was to describe the effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from green tea, on activator protein-1 (AP-1) components (phospho-c-Jun and c-Fos), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the liver of heat-stressed quails. 2. A total of 180 5-week-old female Japanese quails were reared either at 22°C for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, TN) or 34°C for 8 h/d (heat stress, HS) for 12 weeks. Birds in both environments were randomly given 1 of 3 diets: basal diet and basal diet with 200 or 400 mg of EGCG added per kilogram of diet. 3. The hepatic c-Jun, c-Fos, COX-2 and HSPs gene expression for quails reared under the HS environment was greater than those reared under the TN environment. Supplemental EGCG decreased hepatic expression of these proteins at a greater extent under HS than TN. 4. In conclusion, suppression of AP-1 COX-2 and HSPs may partly account for the inhibitory effect of EGCG in heat-stressed quail.

Effect of dietary canthaxanthin on the growth and lipid composition of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus)

A 24-week feeding trial was conducted to study the possible effect of dietary canthaxanthin on red porgy growth and lipid composition. Two triplicate groups were established to test two experimental diets: (1) Control group fed a diet with no added carotenoids, and (2) canthaxanthin group (CTX100) fed a diet with 100 mg of synthetic canthaxanthin per kilogram of diet (CTX). Final and eviscerated weight were increased (P < 0.05) in the CTX100 treatment. The rest of growth performance parameters were not affected by the CTX diet. Whole-fish total lipid content was decreased (P < 0.05) in CTX100 fish. In the liver, total lipids were not affected; however, saturated fatty acids in CTX100 treatment were significantly lower together with a higher n-3 PUFA and a lower n-6 PUFA, therefore increasing the n-3/n-6 ratio. Liver histology of CTX100 fish revealed decreased lipid vacuolization thus, significantly lowering hepatocyte area. In the muscle, total lipids were not affected. Similar to the liver, an increase of n-3 PUFA and decrease n-6 PUFA, led to a significant increase of the n-3/n-6 ratio. Concerning plasma, only total cholesterol (TC) was significantly affected by the CTX diet. Dietary canthaxanthin has an effect on red porgy lipid composition.

Effect of including liquid vinasse in the diet of rabbits on growth performance

The effects of liquid vinasse (LV) in the diet for growing rabbits on performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphometry were assessed. Eighty New Zealand white rabbits were used in a randomized block design with five treatments (LV inclusion at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg diet) and four replications. There was no effect of the treatment on final weight, daily weight gain, mortality rate and carcass yield characteristics. The daily intakes of feed, dry matter, crude protein and energy and feed conversion decreased linearly with increase in LV in the diet. Including LV affected the duodenum crypt depth and the ilium villus perimeter and height linearly and affected the duodenum villus perimeter, height and the absorption surfaces and ilium crypt depth and absorption surface quadratically. There was no effect of including LV on jejunum morphometry. Vinasse can be used to feed growing rabbits at up to 87.8 g per kilogram of diet.

Effect of Dietary Acidifier on Growth, Mortality, Post-Slaughter Parameters and Meat Composition of Broiler Chickens / Wpływ zakwaszacza diety na masę ciała, śmiertelność, wydajność rzeźną i skład mięsa kurcząt rzeźnych

Abstract An experiment with 608 broiler chickens was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary acidifier level on body weight, feed consumption and conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, postmortem carcass traits, tissue composition of breast and leg muscles, and plasma chemical parameters. Feeding the acidifier to chickens at 3, 6 and 9 g/kg of the diet reduced the pH of starter and grower diets from 6.90 to 5.89, and from 6.28 to 5.73, respectively. Compared to the control group, dietary acidification significantly increased body weight of chickens by 6.2, 8.2 and 8.2% at 21 days of age, and by 2.7, 3.6 and 3.7% at 42 days of age, respectively (P&lt;0.01). Mortality decreased from 2.58% in the control group to 0.00-0.59% in the experimental groups (P&lt;0.01). Acidification of the diets increased EEI-index from 327 (control group) to 348 points in the experimental group supplemented with 9% (9 g/kg) acidifier, but had no significant effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio among treatments. The relative weight of breast and leg muscles, gizzard, liver and carcass depot fat was not affected by dietary treatments. Breast muscles represented 27.7% (control group) and 27.9% (experimental groups) of the carcass weight. Leg muscles made up 21.5% and 20.7% of the carcass weight, respectively. There were no significant differences in chemical composition of breast and leg muscles, including dry matter, protein and fat content. No significant differences between the control and experimental chickens were noted for determined blood plasma constituents, glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein. The results suggested that organic acid acidifier used in this experiment at the rates of 3 to 9 g/kg diet has a growth enhancing and mortality reducing effect in broiler chickens, with no significant influence on carcass yield, proportion of individual carcass parts and blood plasma constituents. It seems that the amount of 6g of the applied acidifier per kilogram of feed may be recommended as the optimum dietary level if protein in the diet does not exceed 200-230 g crude protein per kilogram of diet.

Supplementation of barley-based diets with β-glucanase for pigs: Energy and amino acid digestibility response

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of β-glucanase supplementation to barley (Hordeum vulgare)-based diets on the digestibility of DM, GE, N, and AA for growing-finishing pigs. Eight pigs (initial BW: 53.3 ± 3.2 kg) were each fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods in each square. Diets were based on a barley-soybean (Glycine max) meal (SBM) basal diet (BD) containing 199 g CP and 3286 kcal DE per kilogram of diet. Treatments consisted of the BD and the BD supplemented with 10,000 (10K), 20,000 (20K), or 30,000 (30K) units of β-glucanase per kilogram at the expense of corn (Zea mays). Chromic oxide (0.5%) was included as an indigestible marker. Each experimental period consisted of 4 d of adaptation, 1 d of feces collection, and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM ranged from 81.0 to 82.5% and was not affected by β-glucanase supplementation. In the BD, ATTD of GE and N was 83.1 and 83.3%, respectively, and was not different in the BD supplemented with up to 30K units of β-glucanase per kilogram at 83.4 and 83%, respectively. Increasing levels of β-glucanase supplementation to the barley-SBM-based diet did not affect the ATTD of any criteria measured. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) for DM, GE, and N ranged from 60.6, 65.4, and 70.8% (10K) to 66.4, 71.0, and 74.9% (20K), respectively. For indispensable AA, AID for Lys (79.9%) and Met (78.1%) was lowest in the BD supplemented with 20K and 10K units of β-glucanase per kilogram, respectively, and was not different from the digestibility of Lys and Met in the diet with added 30K units of β-glucanase per kilogram at 80.8 and 80.4%, respectively. There were neither significant linear nor quadratic effects of β-glucanase supplementation to barley-SBM-based diets on the AID of DM, GE, N, and AA. In conclusion, β-glucanase supplementation did not affect apparent ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in grow-finish pigs fed a barley-SBM-based diet.

Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates obesity-associated retinal degeneration in WNIN/Ob rats

ObjectiveObesity is associated with various health afflictions, including ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, high intraocular pressure, cataracts, and macular degeneration. We previously reported progressive retinal degeneration after the onset of obesity in the spontaneously obese rat (WNIN/Ob) model. In the present study, we investigated vitamin A supplementation to ameliorate obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat. MethodsFive-month-old male WNIN/Ob obese (O) and lean (L) control rats were fed with vitamin A 2.6 mg (L/O-I), 26 mg (L/O-II), 52 mg (L/O-III), and 129 mg (L/O-IV) per kilogram of diet as retinyl palmitate for 4 mo 2 wk. Retinal morphology and retinal gene expression were assessed by histologic, immunohistochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. ResultsSupplementation of vitamin A at 26 or 52 mg significantly modulated the expression of retinal genes in the O but not in the L phenotype. Vitamin A supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of genes, such as rhodopsin, rod arrestin, phosphodiesterase, transducins, and fatty acid elongase-4, that were otherwise downregulated in O rat retina. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was downregulated by vitamin A feeding in O rat retina. The immunohistochemical and histologic findings corroborated the gene expression data. The effects were significant at a 26- or 52-mg dose of vitamin A. ConclusionVitamin A supplementation alleviated obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat.

Immunomodulation in young laying hens by dietary folic acid and acute immune responses after challenge with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide

We investigated the effects of dietary folic acid (FA) supplementation on immunological parameters in young laying hens under acute conditions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Twenty-four Shaver White laying hens at 24 wk were fed 2 diets in a completely randomized design. The diets were wheat-soybean based, with either 0 or 4 mg of supplemental FA per kilogram of diet. At 32 wk of age, 6 hens from each dietary treatment were injected intravenously with 8 mg/kg of BW of either LPS or saline. Four hours after injection, blood was collected and the hens were euthanized to obtain spleen and cecal tonsils. Heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+:CD8+ cells in the blood and spleen were not affected by dietary FA. Relative to saline-injected hens, LPS-injected hens had fewer (P < 0.05) CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+:CD8+ cells in the blood, and no difference was found in the spleen. Total protein, albumin, and globulin were found to be higher (P < 0.05) in FA-supplemented hens compared with the control. However, total protein, albumin, and globulins decreased (P < 0.05) in the LPS-injected hens compared with the saline control. Expression of interleukin (IL)-1β in cecal tonsils decreased (P < 0.05) in FA-supplemented hens, but no dietary influence was found on the expression of other genes in both the spleen and cecal tonsils. Lipopolysaccharide upregulated (P < 0.05) expression of IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ in the spleen, and IL-1β, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the cecal tonsils, whereas the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and IL-8 was not influenced by LPS in the spleen and cecal tonsils. There was a diet × challenge interaction for total IgG, and cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the spleen as well as IL-18 in the cecal tonsils. In conclusion, there were few interactions of dietary FA and LPS; however, FA increased biochemical constituents, enhanced generation of total IgG, as well as exhibiting pleoitropic effects in inflammatory responses.

Effect of a carbohydrase mixture on ileal amino acid digestibility in extruded full-fat soybeans fed to finishing pigs1,2

Extrusion technology has been used successfully to improve the nutritive value of full-fat oilseeds via shear force and heat applied during passage through the extruder, exposing more peptide bonds to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the fibrous portion of the seeds is largely intact after extrusion. Therefore, application of carbohydrase mixtures targeting nonstarch polysaccharides might further improve the nutritive value of extruded full-fat oilseeds. This hypothesis was investigated in a study involving 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (average initial BW = 75.0 kg) fed extruded full-fat, soybean- (FFSB) based diets, without or with a carbohydrase mixture (CM) to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. The CM supplement provided 500, 50, 400, 1200, 450, and 45 units of pectinase, cellulase, mannanase, xylanase, glucanase, and galactanase, respectively, per kilogram of diet. A basal diet was formulated to contain FFSB as the sole source of AA, whereas the CM diet was formulated by supplementing the basal diet with CM. Diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Diets were fed in a 2-period crossover design to give 6 observations per diet. Each experimental period lasted 7 d, including a 5-d adaptation period and 2-d ileal digesta collection period. The SID of N and AA were calculated using published values for ileal endogenous N and AA losses from our laboratory. Enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.01) AID values of DM (68.7 vs. 65.7%), GE (74.6 vs. 70.5%), and N (64.2 vs. 58.5%). Greater (P < 0.05) AID values were recorded for Leu, Met + Cys, Thr, Cys, Ser, and Tyr in the CM diet compared with the basal diet. Compared with the basal diet, the CM diet had greater SID values for N (73.7 vs. 68.6%; P < 0.01), Met + Cys (59.9 vs. 52.2%; P < 0.05), and Thr (66.3 vs. 61.2%; P < 0.05). The average SID for indispensable and total AA increased by 3.4% and 3.8% units, respectively, after enzyme supplementation. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation increased the nutritive value of extruded FFSB for finishing pigs.

Effects of Xylanase in high-co-product diets on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs (2012)

A total of 36 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 185 lb BW) were used in a 14-d study to evaluate the effects of xylanase (Porzyme 9302; Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) in growing-finishing diets varying in dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial. Main effects were increasing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 35, 42.5, and 50%) with or without xylanase (0 or 4,000 units xylanase per kilogram of diet. The 6 treatment diets were corn-soybean meal–based with 15% added wheat middlings (midds), with 6 replications per treatment. All diets were fed in meal form. Multiple enzyme × DDGS interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for digestibility of various nutrients. The majority of these interactions resulted from differences in response to increasing DDGS with and without xylanase. In diets with xylanase, apparent digestibility generally decreased as DDGS increased. In diets without xylanase, apparent digestibility decreased as DDGS increased from 35 to 42.5% but increased in diets containing 50% DDGS. Overall, despite the interactions, increasing DDGS regardless of enzyme inclusion lowered (quadratic, P < 0.01) apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE, ADF, NDF, and zinc as well as fecal digestibility (linear, P < 0.02) of fat, Ca, and P. Despite the interactions, adding dietary xylanase did not improve digestibility in corn-soybean meal–based diets containing fibrous co-products.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2012

Effect of combination of citric acid and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium, phosphorous and mineralization parameters of tibia bone in broilers

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of citric acid (CA) and microbial phytase (MP) on digestibility of calcium, phosphorus and mineralization parameters of tibia bone in broilers chicks. A total of 360 Ross-308 male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (0, 2.5 and 5% CA and 0 and 500 FTU MP). Four replicate of 15 chicks each were fed dietary treatments including: (i) P-deficient basal diet [0.2% available phosphorus (aP)] (NC); (ii) NC + 500 FTU MP per kilogram of diet; (iii) NC + 2.5% CA per kg of diet; (iv) NC + 2.5% CA + 500 FTU MP per kg of diet; (v) NC + 5% CA per kg; and (vi) NC + 5% CA + 500 FTU MP per kg of diet. The content of calcium, phosphorus and length of tibia bone and digestibility of calcium and phosphorus was evaluated. The results show that interaction effect of CA × MP on tibia calcium content and low available phosphorus diets was significant (p<0.01). Adding of CA to P-deficient diets increased tibia phosphorus content of broilers when compared with the control group (p<0.01). Adding MP to P-deficient diets based on corn-soybean meal, cause increased digestibility of calcium, phosphorus and also, length of tibia in broilers (p<0.01). Also, adding of CA to broiler diets deficient in available phosphorus, significantly increased digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and length of tibia (p<0.001) when compared with the control group. From this study, it could be deduced that adding MP to low available phosphorus diets can cause improvement of utilization of phytate phosphorus. Also, adding CA as a chelator to diet can improve tibia mineralization parameters in broilers. Key words : Available phosphorus, calcium, citric acid, microbial phytase.

Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotic on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a synbiotic (Biomin IMBO) on serum parameters and feeding efficiency in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. The fish with initial average weight of 4.59 ± 0.2 g were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments for two months. The dietary treatment (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg of diet) was supplemented with basal diet and non-supplemented basal diet was used as control. After two months, all treatments supplemented with synbiotic showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in final mean weight, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, condition factor, food conversion efficiency and survival rate, compared to the control group. Among all supplemented treatments, the best result in terms of growth factors and survival was observed in the treatment supplemented with 1 g synbiotic per kilogram of diet. Furthermore, supplementation with symbiotic, specifically 1 and 1.5 g/kg, significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total serum protein, but there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in globulin content, albumin/globulin ratio, and triglyceride content among experimental treatments. In terms of body composition, carcass protein content of fish fed with synbiotic significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to the control. These results revealed that a feeding regime with synbiotic for two months led to a significant increase in growth performance, survival rate and feeding efficiency in rainbow trout fingerlings.

Cinnamon increases liver glycogen in an animal model of insulin resistance

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cinnamon on glycogen synthesis, related gene expression, and protein levels in the muscle and liver using an animal model of insulin resistance, the high-fat/high-fructose (HF/HFr) diet-fed rat. Four groups of 22 male Wistar rats were fed for 12 weeks with (1) HF/HFr diet to induce insulin resistance, (2) HF/HFr diet containing 20 g cinnamon per kilogram of diet, (3) control diet, and (4) control diet containing 20 g cinnamon per kilogram of diet. In the liver, cinnamon added to the HF/HFr diet led to highly significant increases of liver glycogen. There were no significant changes in animals consuming the control diet plus cinnamon. In the liver, cinnamon also counteracted the decreases of the gene expressions due to the consumption of the HF/HFr diet for the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, glucose transporters 1 and 2, and glycogen synthase 1. In muscle, the decreased expressions of these genes by the HF/HFr diet and glucose transporter 4 were also reversed by cinnamon. In addition, the overexpression of glycogen synthase 3β messenger RNA levels and protein observed in the muscle of HF/HFr fed rats was decreased in animals consuming cinnamon. These data demonstrate that, in insulin-resistant rats, cinnamon improves insulin sensitivity and enhances liver glycogen via regulating insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis. Changes due to cinnamon in control animals with normal insulin sensitivity were not significant.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE VITAMINA C NA DIETA PARA LARVAS DE JUNDIÁ Rhamdia voulezi

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of vitamin C in the diet on the development and survival of catfish larvae Rhamdia voulezi. 375 larvae were distributed in a completely randomized design in aquariums 30L of volume, density of 0.5 larvae per liter. The diets were formulated to make isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, isoaminoacid and isofibrosas, and supplemented with 600 (control), 850, 1100, 1600 and 2600 mg vitamin C per kg feed. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation for a period of 31 days, four times a day (8h, 11h, 14h and 17h). The water temperature was measured daily, while the physical-chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity) were measured weekly. Not observed significant differences in performance of larvae in relation to the final weight, final length, condition factor, specific growth rate and survival. We conclude that the performance and survival of catfish larvae Rhamdia voulezi are not influenced by supplementation at levels above 600 mg vitamin C per kilogram of diet. KEYWORDS: Native species, nutrition, vitamin C.