Kigelia Research Articles

Mechanical and thermal characteristics of steam‐exploded silane grafted Kigelia Pinnata fruit (KPF) fiber reinforced vinyl ester polymer composites

AbstractThe cellulose‐rich Kigelia pinnata aqueous fruit (KPF) fiber is a valuable natural biomass and has drawn attention as a renewable resource. Vinyl ester polymer matrix composites with better interfacial properties can have higher mechanical and energy dissipation properties. It can be obtained by the use of steam‐exploded silane‐grafted KP fibers with various fractions incorporated in the polymer matrix. KPF fiber grafting was maximized at 5% concentration after a steam explosion, removing hemicelluloses and lignin, thereby enriching a 23% crystallinity index (CI), leading to rich cellulose fiber. Steam explosion along with silane grafting increases the interfacial adhesion of the KPF fibers and the matrix through the interfacial bonding structure of Si–O–Si bonds, as confirmed by FTIR. A fiber with greater tensile strength was used to fabricate the vinyl ester composites. The highest tensile value of the steam‐exploded silane surface‐modified 30% KPF fiber‐reinforced composite was 125 MPa compared to the unmodified one due to increased stress distribution and restricted polymer chain movements. Compared to the untreated 30% KPF fruit fiber composite, steam‐exploded silane‐treated fiber showed a 12% higher impact energy due to faster load transfer, causing more impact energy absorption. A relatively higher interlaminar shear strength was shown for 30% treated KPF composites than for 30% untreated KPF composites. The steam‐exploded silane‐treated fiber (30%) composite shows the greatest thermal decomposition temperature of 399 °C because silane‐surface‐treated fibers contact the organo‐functional silane group in the polymer matrix. As a result, it obstructs polymer chain motions at higher temperatures, causing increased bonding strength.

Phytochemical and Antifungal Activity of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus Communis

Food spoilage and food losses became an important issue for human beings as regard the food safety and food security, since people started producing and storing food products. This study aims at investigating the antifungal activity of the leaves of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus communis. Twenty grams of each plant was weighed and then soaked in 100 ml of distilled water, hot water and also organic solvent and they were shaken at intervals and left for 24 hours. The extracts were sieved using cheese cloth then centrifuged, and afterward filtered using Whatman no 1 filter paper. These extract solutions (100%) were diluted with water to give 75% concentration of the extracts while distilled water served as control. After extraction, phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts. Isolation of test organism from spoilt yoghurt and bread was carried out using pour plate and serial dilution method. Fungi isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, morphological examination and also using fungi atlas. Test organisms ; Rhizopus sp, Candida sp and Fusarium sp were subjected to antibacterial effect of varying concentration of these extracts using agar well diffusion method. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The screening of the methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, saponins, quinone, steroid and terpenoids. There was antifungal activity of both methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis. The aqueous extract exhibited antifungal activity against the test organism at varying concentrations with zone of inhibition values ranging from 26.00±2.00 to 12.00±3.00 for K. africana while the range of inhibition zone for A. communis range from 27.00±3.00 to 13.50±1.50. The leaf extract of K. Africana and A. communis have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The extract of K. Africana and A. communis showed antifungal activity and hence might be useful in the industry in replacing synthetic preservative. Keywords: Kigelia africana, Artocarpus communis, extracts, phytochemical, fungi

Optimum production of biodiesel by ultrasonication from novel candidature Kigelia africana seeds: A comparison of RSM and ANN expert systems

ABSTRACT Biodiesel production by ultrasonication was carried out from non- edible Kigelia africana oil using a novel heterogeneous base catalyst by the calcination of Pyrgostylus striatulus shells. A comparative study of expert optimization systems namely Response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial neural intelligence (ANN) was executed on optimization of the process parameters for the transesterification process. The process parameters considered were alcohol to oil ratio (9:1 to 15:1 mol/mol), catalyst weight (3–5 wt.%) and ultrasonication time (30–60 min) on methanolysis process. Statistical error analysis was performed. Quadratic regression model with R2 value of 0.9854 and 0.9788 was observed for ANN and RSM, respectively. The results of the current work indicated ANN model was a cut above RSM. The physio-chemical properties of biodiesel produced were assessed and found to be within the standard ASTM limits indicating the bio-fuel to be suitable.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Kigelia Pinnata (Jacq) dc. (Bignoniaceae) - Root

Kigelia pinnata (Jacq) DC. (Family Bignoniaceae) commonly known as “Sausage tree” is reputed African folklore drug and abundantly found throughout India. Its root is used traditionally in cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, constipation, gynecological complaints etc. The present paper highlights the pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies along with HPTLC fingerprint profile of K.pinnata root for its botanical identification and standardization. Pharmacognostical analysis of K. pinnata root comprises of organoleptic characters, transverse section of root along with powder microscopy. It was analyzed through relevant physicochemical parameters and qualitative tests for various functional groups. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system. TS and powder microscopy reveals presence of large amount of fibres, parenchymas and vessels filled with tannin content. Preliminary qualitative analysis proves the presence of flavanoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds. The preliminary physico-chemical analysis shows water-soluble extract 22.78% w/w, alcohol-soluble extract 21.10% w/w and loss on drying at 105°C was 10.40% w/w with 5.2 pH. HPTLC were carried out in which maximum 4 & 5 peaks at 254nm & 366nm respectively. The anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

Potential of plant mediated biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles and their application in dye degradation process

ABSTRACT In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as cutting-edge technology with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNP) are an upcoming cost effective and eco-friendly technique and recently gained significant importance. In the present study, green FeNPs were prepared using leaf litter which is one of the major seasonal waste contributors in urban built-up areas. Shedding trees during winter months (January – March) were selected. Most abundant trees were Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech), Morus alba (mulberry), Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) and Kigelia africana (sausage tree). Synthesized FeNPs were further used for degrading two commercial dyes, eosin yellow and fuchsin basic, via Fenton’s mechanism. The study showed that the prepared nanoparticles were of iron oxides, but also reported presence of polyphenols as a capping agent. Dye degradation efficiency of nanoparticles synthesized by P. pinnata leaf litter was recorded to be highest, whereas the efficiency of nanoparticles synthesized by K. africana leaf litter was lowest. Chances of iron leaching during dye degradation process was also tested and observed that Fe was present in treated water below the standard guidelines. Thus, FeNPs can serve as a low-cost solution to remediate water pollutants with a green approach. Implications: Nanoparticles prepared in the study were showed as a promising adsorbent and demonstrating high surface area and well-developed porosity. The prepared adsorbent will have a great impact on wastewater treatment technology and possible applications at a large scale. There are several applications of nanoparticles in pollution remediation and at the same time it can solve solid waste issues as it required to prepare nanoparticles. One of the major applications at policy level can be water pollution remediation which is urgently needed.

Removal of Toluidine blue in water using green synthesized nanomaterials

Green synthesis is a simple, eco-friendly, and emerging approach to synthesizing nanoparticles and is currently attracting the scientific community worldwide. The objective of the present study was to synthesize green titanium dioxide NPs and evaluate their performance for the photocatalytic treatment of textile wastewater after the secondary treatment process. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using leaf extracts of asausage tree (Kigelia Africana) in asingle step. The green synthesized TiO2 NPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Diffuse Light Scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The findings validated the synthesis of the spherical-shaped TiO2 NPs and their anatase phase. The green-produced TiO2 NPs were used for the treatment of textile effluent. During the photocatalytic treatment of aself-designed dye solution, 99.59% removal of Toluidine blue(TB) dye was achieved within 60 minupon the treatment of green synthesized TiO2 NPs studied by a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. Therefore, the green TiO2NPs that were developed have been examined for the treatment of wastewater, and the catalyst has reusability make it more efficient and affordable, and it might be used to remove organic dyes from textile industries

The Effect of Sausage Tree Fruit (Kigelia africana) on Gonadal Development and Growth Performance of Oreochromis andersonii

In Zambia fish farms, Oreochromis andersonii is an important common indigenous fish species. Naturally, safe phytochemicals can effectively improve fish reproduction performance and their production potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of Kigelia africana on the gonadal development and the performance of Oreochromis andersonii. A total of 96 male fingerlings were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (D1-D4), and each treatment group had three replicates. The D1, D2, D3, and D4 groups were formulated to receive 0, 50, 100, and 150 g of powdered Kigelia africana/kg, respectively. The fish were fed the diets for 9 weeks, followed by the study parameter measurements at the end of the experiment. The highest mean body weight and gonadal weight were (29.8 ± 0.63 and 0.09 ± 0.010 g, respectively) for fish in the D2 group. There was no significant difference between the mean body weight of fish in different groups, but their mean gonadal weights differed significantly. The gonadal somatic index of fish differed significantly among treatment groups, with those in D2 having the highest mean value (0.36 ± 0.060). The highest mean standard length (103.3 ± 0.63 mm) and total length (126.0 ± 0.11 mm) of fish were observed for D1 and D2 groups, respectively. Additionally, the mean values for those parameters decreased with increasing Kigelia africana in the diet. The physicochemical parameters of water, including temperature and dissolved oxygen, ranged 16.8-23.1℃ and 0.6-2.2 mg/L, respectively; these were generally at low levels considering the optimum requirements for this fish species. In conclusion, Kigelia africana improved gonadal growth and development but did not promote overall fish growth. The best gonadal growth/development results of Kigelia africana powder were observed at a level of 50 g/kg, which can be used as a performance booster in the aquaculture production of Oreochromis andersonii.

An ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used against tuberculosis and symptoms associated in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract. Kande B, Grah ZM, Moyabi AGA, Soro Y, Kone WM. 2023. An ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used against tuberculosis and symptoms associated in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). Asian J Ethnobiol 6: 38-47. Infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, are responsible for one-third of the world's mortality due to the mechanism of resistance to antibiotics. Faced with this alarming situation, the search for active principles from natural substances is a primordial need. In this study, semi-structured questionnaires conducted an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used against tuberculosis and associated symptoms in Abidjan. Information was gathered from 171 herbalists. The respondents were asked questions regarding their use of medicinal plants to treat tuberculosis and associated symptoms. Information entailing plants used to treat tuberculosis, associated symptoms, plant parts used, mode of preparation, and dosage was recorded. The results showed that it is known among traditional medicine practitioners to cure tuberculosis but is better understood by its associated symptoms. These surveys revealed a diversity of 41 species of medicinal plants against this disease and its associated symptoms. They are mostly trees. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet (Bombacaceae), Ficus sur Forssk. (Moraceae), Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae), Nephrolepis bisserata (Sw.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae), Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth. (Combretaceae) and Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. (Sapotaceae) are the most cited plant species. Leaves are the most used organs, decoction is the main mode of preparation, and the oral route is the main way to administer the remedies.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC POLYHERBAL TABLET USING MEDICINAL PLANTS OF TRADITIONAL USE

The aim of the present study is to develop and evaluate polyherbal tablet prepared for the management of diabetes with enhanced disintegration time. The polyherbal extract prepared using methanolic extract of selected traditionally used medicinal plants such as Adenanthera pavonina, Kigelia africana, Parkia biglandulosa and Syzygium jambose (1:1:1:2) was evaluated in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rat model. The polyherbal tablets were prepared by wet granulation method with excipients microcrystalline cellulose; dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and sodium starch glycolate. After preformulation studies, tablets were evaluated by using weight variation, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The diabetic rats treated with polyherbal extract were compared with the diabetic control rats group. Positive results were obtained in the observed parameters, thus favoring the use of the plants. Pre-formulation study revealed that all the evaluated parameters were found to be within acceptable limits. The weight variation of the formulated tablets was 1.43 % RSD. The disintegration time of the formulations was found to be 9.50 min. The tablets also underwent accelerated stability over the period of three months. No marked changes were observed in all the parameters evaluated during three months of accelerated stability study. Laboratory-scale preparation of polyherbal tablet can lead to new powerful and stable oral dosage formulations for diabetes mellitus and lighten the synergistic area of ​​action of herbs.

Isolation and characterization of novel hydroxyflavone from Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. fruit ethyl acetate fraction against CHO 1 and HeLa cancer cell lines: In vitro and in silico studies

This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-proliferative activity of a novel hydroxyflavone isolated for the first time from Kigelia africana fruit, against cervical cancer (HeLa) and tumorigenic (CHO-1) cells, and understanding the molecular interaction of the compound against p53 protein target. Compound 1 was isolated and characterization was done via application of physical and spectroscopic approaches (1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and mass spectroscopy) and its effect on CHO-1 and HeLa cell lines was evaluated. Also, the compound was docked to different conformers obtained from the cluster analysis of the molecular dynamics simulation trajectories of the wild and mutant human p53 core domain protein. The resultant complexes were subjected to a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). A novel hydroxyflavone isolated from Kigelia africana fruit ethyl acetate fraction was identified and characterized as 3,6-dihydroxy-2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one. This compound displayed an anti-proliferative effect on CHO 1 cells with IC50 value of 74.0±10.4 µg/mL but had no significant effect on HeLa cell lines. Compound 1 was able to selectively bind more strangely to the mutant p53 core domain than the wild type in a similar binding manner as the reference compound. The MDs analysis reveals that the binding of Compound 1 to the mutant p53 structure stabilized the protein, which is one of the key mechanisms that was proposed for the restoration of wild-type p53 conformation in p53-Y220C cells. The isolated compound might serve as a starting point for the development of novel anti-proliferative treatments for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in reproductive women.

Pharmacological Effects of the Lipidosterolic Extract from Kigelia africana Fruits in Experimental Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Induced by Testosterone in Sprague Dawley Rats.

The use of phytotherapics is very frequent in men with prostatic diseases, sexual disorders and infertility, and many associations are commercially available. Various vegetable products used as drugs or nutraceuticals are attributed to possess the capacity to exert benefic effects on the reproductive system, and most of these drugs have a rich and varied lipidosterolic fraction, primarily responsible for the effects related to the male genital sphere. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) is a plant used in African folk medicine as a vegetal remedy for various diseases, including some disorders of the male reproductive system; however, its potential activities have not yet been fully explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the lipidosterolic hexane extract (LHE) from K. africana fruits, analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC×GC-MS/FID), can prevent or reverse benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. BPH was induced in experimental groups by daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP) for four weeks. β-sitosterol (β-s) was used as positive control. On day 28, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after anesthesia. Prostates were excised, weighed, and used for macroscopic and histological studies. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in prostate were measured. The results showed that LHE significantly reduced the prostatic weight, prostatic index, prostatic levels of testosterone and DHT, and the histopathological alterations (including the epithelial thickness, stromal proliferation, and lumen area) induced by testosterone. These effects were superior to those demonstrated by β-s and appear to be due to a partial antiandrogenic activity of LHE. The results obtained showed that the LHE can prevent, and reverse testosterone induced prostatic hyperplasia, and support the traditional use of Kigelia africana in some disorders of the reproductive system.

Deciphering the therapeutic role of Kigelia africana fruit in erectile dysfunction through metabolite profiling and molecular modelling

Kigelia africana herbal products are often used traditionally to treat erectile dysfunction and other sexual complaints, but the underlying mechanism is not yet understood. This study focused on profiling the bioactive constituents of Kigelia africana fruit (KAF) using spectroscopic techniques and providing the computational models of their interactions with phosphodiesterase (PDE5) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) targets associated with erectile dysfunction. Integrated FT-IR, HPLC-MS, and GC-MS analysis revealed 152 (C1–C152) KAF compounds with highly diverse functional groups and chemical properties. Molecular docking showed several hit compounds as potential inhibitors of PDE5 and ROCK2. Post docking MMGBSA, QSAR, predictive physicochemical analysis and AdmetSAR analysis revealed that most of the hit compounds are potential drug leads. Among these, hydroxydoxepin (C3) and ritodrine (C131) exhibited the strongest interactions with PDE5, while epigallocatechin 3-O-p-coumarate (C9) and chlorogenic acid (C91) had the strongest interaction with ROCK2. The thermodynamic parameters and trajectory clusters computed from the trajectories obtained from the 100 ns full atomistic molecular dynamic (MD) simulation indicated the structural stability and conformational flexibility of the selected complexes. The MD simulation-based MMPBSA calculation further revealed strong binding affinity and energy contribution by active site residues of PDE5 towards binding the selected KAF compounds. Various computational analyses employed revealed that the catalytic residues Gln817, Val782 and Phe786 of PDE5 exhibited high interaction potential and flexibility towards C3 and C131. Overall, hydroxydoxepin, ritodrine and other phytochemicals in Kigelia africana may account for the therapeutic role of this plant in erectile dysfunction.

Activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides in some south African medicinal herbs and their effective ingestion doses

Measurements of 238U, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations in some commonly used medicinal plant parts have been performed for radiation hazard assessment and as baseline data for health risk monitoring in South Africa and other countries. The mean activity of 238U, 232Th, and 40K was found to be 43.3 Bqkg-1, 33.7 Bqkg-1, and 180 Bqkg-1 in Sclerocarya birrea; 85.0 Bqkg-1, 75.3 Bqkg-1, and 316.7 Bqkg-1 in Cymbopogon citratus; 47.3 Bqkg-1, 37.0 Bqkg-1, and 773.3 Bqkg-1 in Neorautanenia ficifolia; 25.7 Bqkg-1, 30.0 Bqkg-1, and 510 Bqkg-1 in Kigelia africana, respectively. The estimated annual effective dose due to ingestion ranged from 0.013 mSv (Kigelia africana) to 0.032 mSv (Cymbopogon citratus), well within recommended limits for the members of the public. Although the values revealed no hazards from a radiological point of view, it represents a valuable database for regulatory functions.

Detection and Identification of Metronidazole in Kigelia Africana Fruit Growing in Sudan

Detection and Identification of Metronidazole in Kigelia Africana Fruit Growing in Sudan

Chemical Components of the Fruits of Kigelia africana and their DPPH, Intracellular ROS, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Apoptotic Effects

The present study was performed to identify the major chemical constituents in the fruits of Kigelia Africana. Six chemicals were isolated by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by ESI-MS and 1D-NMR as β-sitosterol (1), ferulic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), gallic acid (4), luteolin (5), and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glycopyranoside (6). Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 19.17 ± 1.01 and 10.24 ± 0.18 μM, respectively. Compound 4 had a moderate antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 29.17 ± 1.64 μM versus DCHF-DA (dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate)-induced intracellular ROS generation. Compound 3 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 39.91 ± 1.82 μM, and compound 5 dose-dependently induced the apoptosis of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells.

Acute Toxicity Studies and Anti-diabetic Activity of Methanolic Root Extract of Kigelia africana (lam.) Benth in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease which results in elevated blood sugar levels. Kigelia africana plant has many medicinal properties due to the presence of numerous secondary metabolites. The aim of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity profile and anti-hyperglycemic potential of methanol root extract of Kigelia africana on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty (20) 3-4 weeks old albino rats of mixed sexes with body weight 60-100 g were grouped into five groups (GI - GV) of equal number of rats. Diabetes was induced in the rats of Groups GII -GV, while GI rats were considered as non-diabetic control. GII which is the Diabetic control were received no treatment whereas, GIII were administered orally with 5 mg/kg b.w of standard anti-diabetic drugs Glibenclamide, GIV were orally administered 250 mg/kg b.w of extract and GV were orally administered 500 mg/kg b.w of extract. After 14 days of the treatments, the animals were sacrificed and their serum was analysed for lipid profile, hematological parameters, liver and kidney indices. At the end of the study, the root extract was found to posses’ anti-diabetic potential and due to less toxicity at low dose of about 500 mg/kg, the extract is believed to be safe for consumption at low dosage.

Enhancing heat transfer performance of automotive radiator with H2O / activated carbon nanofluids

The deionized (DI) water and activated carbon (AC) nanofluids were produced at different volume concentrations (VCs) such as 0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 %. ACNMs were produced through the pyrolysis process of deadly available Kigelia Africana leaves in a muffle oven at 500 °C. The structural properties of the activated carbon nanomaterials (ACNMs) were described through the usage of SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR analyzers. Thermal exchange properties that as density (ρ), thermal conductivity (TC), specific heat (SH), and viscosity (µ) of DI water - AC-based nanofluids were evaluated experimentally. The five various mass flow rates (MFRs) namely 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/sec were applied with different VCs of DI water - AC nanofluids in this study. In addition, the hot fluid (nanofluid) inlet temperature was constantly maintained with the help of a hot DI water bath at 50, 60, and 70 °C, respectively. The highest thermal conductivity (TC) augmentation attains up to 9.134 % is detected at 0.4 vol% of ACNMs loading at 70 °C. The addition of ACNMs augments the specific heat (SH) of the nanofluids substantially, and this augmentation diminutions with an increase in the ACNMs concentration. The addition of ACNMs in the DI water augments the Nusselt number by 21.76 %, 24.71 %, and 32.47 % for 50, 60, and 70 °C respectively, at a VCs of 0.4 % and mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/sec in the car radiator. In addition, turn up a palpable reduction in Reynolds number for specified MFRs for all the ACNM nanofluids.

Antibacterial and Toxicity Evaluation of Stem Bark Extract of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth

The study was to investigate antibacterial and toxicity evaluation of methanolic stem bark extracts of Kigelia africana (SBEKa). The antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined against one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp). Distilled water was used as negative control and ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control. The SBEKa showed remarkable activity against various bacterial strains as compared to positive control. S. aureus and Salmonella spp were proved as highly sensitive strains while E. coli and pseudomonas were the resistant strain as the extracts formed no inhibition zone against it. These studies determine the phytochemical constituents as well as acute toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity test on plant stem bark. The acute toxicity was evaluated in rats according to the guideline of Organization for Economic and Cultural Development (OECD). The level chosen is the one for which we can expect to see mortality among treated animals. The animals were daily observed for 28 days after treatment and no mortality was observed. The animals were sacrificed. The results showed that the LD50 by oral route in rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were found to contain alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Anthraquinones, and steroids were present in high amount while Glycosides in moderate amount. Tannins, Cardiac glycosides and Balsams were present in trace amount, while volatile oils were totally absent. At lower concentration SBEKa exhibited antimicrobial and these may justify the medicinal uses of the plants for treatment of microbial infections.

THE IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF FOUR METHANOL AND HEXANE EXTRACTED HERBAL CONCOCTIONS AGAINST Pseudomonas aeruginosa AND Bacillus Subtilis BACTERIA

Antimicrobial activities of hexane- and methanol-extracted concoctions of Kigelia Africana (root, bark, and fruit), Carica papaya leaves, Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes and Jateorhiza palmitate (Calumba) root (usually used as herbal medicines by many people from different parts of the world) were examined against two species of pathogenic microorganisms: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacillus Subtilis using sensitivity testing of streaked cultures on Petri dishes. All concoctions from all four herbal plants showed antimicrobial activities, especially the methanol-extracted concoctions against the tested microorganisms. Phytochemical screening of the samples revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and terpenes. These phytochemical properties determine the anti-microbial potential of the herbal extracts.

Cytotoxic Effect of Kigelia Africana Plant Extracts on Liver Cancer Cells

Background: Various medicinal plants have much efficacious value as treatment of many fatal conditions including cancer. Kigelia africana has known therapeutic efficacy in different ailments and has been used as traditional medicine since ages. Aim: To evaluate anticancer property of any drug or plant extract including HepG2 cell line. Methodology: Anticancer activity of n-hexane and ethanolic extracts of Kigelia africana was checked. IC50 was evaluated via MTT assay, crystal violet assay was performed to check the viability of cells and trypan blue assay to count dead cells. Furthermore, muse analysis was performed using count and viability kit to count total living as well non-living cells. Results: Cancer cells of HepG2 cell line showed reduced viability and proliferation with increased apoptosis when treated with Kigelia extracts. Conclusion: Many drugs have been proved as anticancer but with severe side effects. Thus, phytoextracts have been tested in this study to evaluate their anti-cancer activity so minimize the side effect. Kigelia africana extracts were found to be effective against liver cancer cells. Keyword: Kigelia africana, HepG2, MTT, liver cancer, anticancer drug, plant based drugs.