Kidney Of Wistar Rats Research Articles

Ex-vivo biological tissue differentiation by the Distribution of Relaxation Times method applied to Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

We present the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method applied to the electrical impedance spectrum data for improving the differentiation of biological tissues by means of two scenarios, a non-parametric representation and a parametric model. The complex electrical impedance from 1 kHz to 1 MHz was measured for ex-vivo WISTAR rat liver, heart, kidney, lung, muscle, and spleen tissues using a homemade electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) instrument and analyzed by the DRT method in a time constant domain revealing a particular non-parametric representation for differentiating each tissue using the retrieved distribution function. A larger number of relaxation time constants are found giving the possibility of studying the different polarization processes related to the tissues. We propose a parametric impedance model associated to DRT in the frequency domain to estimate the complex impedance of EIS measurements. Our results were compared with that obtained by the classical impedance Cole-Cole model.

Antioxidant Effect of Clorella vulgaris on Wistar Rat Kidney Induced by CCl4: A Histopathological Review

Kidney is very susceptible to damage by toxicological compounds such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl­4). CCl4 produce free radicals, which cause lipid peroxidation and kidney damage and free radical release, which can be prevented by the administration of exogenous antioxidants, such as Chlorella vulgaris.The aim of study was to determine an effect of antioxidant of C. vulgaris on the histopathological features of Wistar rat kidney which is induced by CCl4. Experimental study with completely randomized design. The variable was histopathology features of the kidneys. The doses of C. vulgaris extract were 3 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg per 100 grams of rat body weight (BW). The administration of C. vulgaris extract was performed within 30 days, while the CCl4 induction (0.25 ml / 100 g BW) was administered orally on the day 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, and 26. Parameters were histopathology features of renal damage, proportion of tubular cell damage, and Bowman's space diameter. The results showed the administration of C. vulgaris extract was able to reduce the impact of damage caused by CCl4 (p<0.05). This was supported by histologic observations, which was showing a decrease of picnotic and vacuolated cells, normal brush border, and decrease of Bowman's space. In conclusion, 5 mg / 100 g BW of C. vulgaris extract can effectively protect the kidney from damage caused by CCl4. The results of this study strongly support further research on immunostimulant content test C. vulgaris and determine the efficient dose for representative animals mammals also in humans.

Effects of furosemide administration on the concentration of essential and toxic elements in Wistar rats by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Furosemide can interfere with the metabolism of chemical elements, changing their levels in several tissues, thus causing imbalance. In this study, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was used for multi-element analysis (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Pb, Se and Zn) after microwave-assisted digestion, to evaluate the effect of furosemide (loop diuretic) on the composition of these essential and toxic elements in biological samples (liver, kidney, heart, lung and serum) of Wistar rats. Male and female Wistar rats (n = 40, 180–350 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20/group). The results were expressed as μg/g dry weight. The mean tissue concentrations (minimum-maximum in μg/g) of Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn in the biological samples ranged between 5.2 and 1023.5. The levels of Cd, Pb and Se were below the detection limit of the ICP OES. Accuracy was assessed by microwave-assisted digestion and recovery values of 83–116% were obtained. Liver had significantly higher trace element concentrations in most of the analyzed samples. Mg showed a significant reduction (for males and females) in its levels in the heart. In both genders, there was similarity in the Cu concentration reduction (around 16%) for all tissues. The highest iron losses were found for serum (52% and 12%) for male and female rats, respectively. Reductions in Zn occurred between 0.3 and 18.0%, mainly for kidneys and heart, respectively. This study demonstrated that furosemide altered the concentration of some elements in rats.

α-Tocopherol Reduces Morphological Changes and Oxidative Stress during Gentamicin-Induced Acute Renal Failure.

We studied the effect of α-tocopherol on gentamicin-induced morphological and functional changes in the kidneys of Wistar rats. Special attention was paid to the ability of α-tocopherol administered in combination with gentamicin to correct ultrastructural changes in the glomerular basal membrane and tubules. Combined treatment with α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg) and gentamicin (100 mg/kg) led to correction of histopathological and biochemical changes and oxidative injury to the kidneys induced by this antibiotic.

Renal damage induced by the pesticide methyl parathion in male Wistar rats

ABSTRACTLittle information is apparently available regarding the nephrotoxic effects induced by pesticides. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of low doses of methyl parathion (MP) on the structure and function of the kidney of male Wistar rats. A corn oil (vehicle) was administered to control rats, whereas treated rats received MP at 0.56 mg/kg orally (1/25 of LD50), every third day, for 8 weeks. At the end of each week following MP exposure, creatinine and glucose levels were measured in plasma, while glucose, inorganic phosphate, total proteins, albumin, and activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) were determined in urine. Kidney histological study was also performed. Compared with control rats, MP significantly increased plasma glucose and creatinine levels accompanied by decreased urinary flow rate and elevated urinary excretion rates of glucose, phosphate, and albumin. Further, the activity of GGT in urine was increased significantly. The proximal cells exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolization, positive periodic acid Schiff inclusions, and brush border edge loss after 2 or 4 weeks following MP treatment. Finally, renal cortex samples were obtained at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of MP treatment, and the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. The mRNA expression levels of BAX and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also determined (RT-PCR). MP significantly decreased renal GSH levels, increased GPx activity, as well as downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α and BAX. Densitometry analysis showed a significant reduction in TNF-α and BAX mRNA expression levels at 2 and 4 weeks following MP treatment. Low doses of MP produced structural and functional damage to the proximal tubules of male rat kidney.

Histological and biochemical changes induced by ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in the heart and kidneys of adult wistar rats

Study Background: Moringa oleifera, (miracle tree), has been used in the treatment of numerous diseases. Moringa has been the subject of intensive scientific research; however, there have been scanty information on its sub-acute effect on the kidneys. Aims: This work was done to investigate the histological and biochemical effect of M. oleifera on the heart and kidneys of adult Wistar rats. Settings and Design: Twenty-eight adult healthy rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 per group and fed with pellets and water ad libitum. Group A served as the control, Group B were fed with 500 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Moringa leaf, Group C with 1000 mg/kg while Group D were fed with 1500 mg/kg body weight. Methods and Material: Doses were administered once daily using oral gavage for 28 days. Before the time of sacrificing the animals, blood samples were collected into plain test tubes and the animals anesthetized before sacrifice. Necropsy was performed and the tissues (heart and kidney) processed and stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques. Serum electrolyte (sodium and potassium), urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed for. Results: There were significant increases in urea and potassium in the 1000 mg/kg (41.26 ± 16.89 and 10.52 ± 1.48) and 1500 mg/kg (44.23 ± 17.49 and 13.82 ± 1.57) treated animals when compared with the control (21.47 ± 16.33 and 4.54 ± 1.09). Histo-architecture of the kidneys showed glomerula atrophy in the 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg treated rats which is indicative of intrinsic renal damage. There were no noticeable structural damage on the heart. Conclusions: The result showed that M. oleifera may be toxic to the kidneys at concentrations higher than 1000 mg/kg.

Eruca sativa Essential Oil Protects upon Hyperthyroidism Induced Damages in Rat

The study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Eruca sativa oil upon hyperthyroidism induced damages to thyroid, kidney and brain of male Wistar rats. Our experimental conditions revealed an obvious increase in the serum FT4, creatinine, urea and calcium levels together with significant decrease in TSH, proteins and uric acid. In addition, hyperthyroidism treatment triggered an oxidative stress in thyroid, brain and kidney as revealed by an increased level of lipid peroxidation, an increase of superoxide dismutase activity in kidney and brain and a decrease of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in thyroid, kidney and brain functions. When Eruca sativa oil was added, all this parameter was significantly shifted to more normal values. In conclusion, Eruca sativa oil displays beneficial effects upon thyroid dysfunction, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in hyperthyroidism treated animals. This property could be attributed to the presence of antioxidant components determined by GC-MS. The experimental protocol was performed according to the European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (Council of Europe No 123, Strasbourg) and approved by the ethics committee for research on laboratory animal use of our institution.

EMPAGLIFLOZIN RENAL SAFETY IN NORMOGLYCEMIC RATS WITH HEART FAILURE

The aim: to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT-2 inhibitor – empagliflozin on the kidney in nondiabetic Wistar rats with experimental heart failure (HF). Material and methods . Chronic HF was induced by ligation the left coronary artery. Animals with HF in the first group (n=11) received empagliflozin (Jardiance®, Boehringer Ingelheim) orally (1 mg / kg/day) for 1 month. In the second group of rats with HF (n = 10) the drug is not administered. Concentrations and daily urinary excretion of glucose, protein and albumin were measured. The relative level of microRNA-21 urinary expression was established. Morphological examination of kidney tissue was performed using light microscopy. Results. The administration of empagliflozin to experimental animals resulted in regularly higher values of diuresis, glucose concentration in urine and its daily excretion. There were no significant differences in levels of albuminuria and proteinuria or miRNA-21 expression in urine in groups with and without empagliflozin. The animals receiving the drug showed a slightly less pronounced damage to the cells of the tubular epithelium compared to rats with only heart failure. Conclusion. The data obtained, at least confirm the renal safety of long-term empagliflozin administration even under conditions of high risk.

Phytol Reduces Oxidative Stress and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Kidney of Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, which induces oxidative stress and inflammation. The role of Phytol in oxidative stress and inflammation was investigated in diabetic rats. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5). Groups 1, 2, and 3 served as normal control, diabetic untreated, and diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg Phytol, respectively. Rats were treated for 28 days with Phytol, and then blood samples were collected under sodium thiopental (30 mg/kg i.p) anesthesia for assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined using commercially available Randox kits. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in kidney samples were determined using immunostaining procedure. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and level of statistical significance taken at p < 0.05. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in CAT and GPx activities in diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg Phytol when compared with diabetic untreated with Phytol. SOD activity significantly decreased in diabetic untreated and diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg Phytol when compared with normal control. COX-2 was significantly expressed in diabetic untreated when compared with normal control and diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg Phytol. Oral administration of Phytol reduces oxidative stress damage and inflammation of kidney tissue caused by hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis and its possible relation to papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 27-year-old Egyptian woman.

The effect of yohimbine, used as an aphrodisiac and for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in males on the kidneys of adult Wistar rat was investigated. Both adult male and female Wistar rats (n=30), average weight of 190g, were randomly assigned into three treatments (n=24) and control (n=6) groups; labeled A (n=8), B (n=8), C (n=8) and D, control (n=6) groups respectively and were administered with ground stem bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe in various amounts; Group A: 30g, Group B: 50g and Group C: 70g mixed with equal amount of feeds (550grams/day of growers’ mash) for a period of 14 days. The control rats received equal amount of the growers’ mash without ground stem bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe added. The growers’ mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The kidneys were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for routine histological procedures. The histological findings in the treated groups showed distortion of the renal cortical structures, vacuolations appearing in the stroma and some degree of cellular necrosis, with degenerative and atrophic changes as compared to the control group. These findings indicate that yohimbine may have some deleterious effects on the kidneys of adult Wistar rats at varied doses. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> on Some Indices of Liver, Kidney Function and Lipid Profile in Theobromine Intoxicated Male Albino Wistar Rats

The effect of ethanol leaf extract of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> on some indices of liver, kidney function and lipid profile in male albino Wistar rats intoxicated with theobromine was investigated. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing between 140 g – 160 g used for the study were divided into 6 groups with 5 animals in each group. Group I served as control while Group 2 received 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine daily for 4 days. Group 3 received 400 mg/kg bw of <i>V. amygdalina</i> leaf extract daily for 21 days while Groups 4 and 5 were treated with 400 mg/kg bw of <i>V. amygdalina</i> leaf extract for 21 days before and after intoxication with 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine for 4 days respectively. Group 6 was given 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine daily for 4 days and then allowed for 21 days without treatment. Serum was obtained from whole blood and used to determine activities of some serum enzymes and lipid profile as well as kidney function. The liver, kidney and heart were excised and used for histological studies. The results show significantly increased serum enzyme activities, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentration in Group 2 compared to the control (P < 0.05). HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased in theobromine treated group when compared to Group 1 (P < 0.05). Administration of <i>V. amygdalina</i> leaf extract alone showed results close to those of the control. Group 4 showed decreased serum enzyme activities, decreased concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol while HDL cholesterol was increased significantly when compared to Group 2. Group 5 also showed a significant difference in the biochemical indices when compared to Group 2 while Group 6 show decreased serum enzyme activity that was significant when compared to Group 2. The urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in theobromine intoxicated animals while administration of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> normalised these parameters. Histology of the liver, kidney and heart revealed altered cellular architecture following administration of theobromine (Group 2) while normal histological features were restored after treatment with ethanol leaf extract of <i>V. amygdalina</i>. The study has demonstrated that ethanol leaf extract of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> ameliorate and protect liver, kidney and heart of male albino Wistar rats against theobromine induced toxicity and modulates the adverse effects on lipid profile.

Pre- and post- morphological evaluation of the kidneys of male Wistar rats inoculated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidade) salivary gland extract

Pre- and post- morphological evaluation of the kidneys of male Wistar rats inoculated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidade) salivary gland extract

Biochemical and histopathological profiling of Wistar rat treated with Brassica napus as a supplementary feed

Metabolic changes together with cardiovascular and hepatic factors are related to the development of diseases like myocardial lipidosis, heart disease, and profound toxicity. The aim of this animal study is to determine the effects of high erucic acid containing rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) varieties on liver, kidney and heart muscles in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups where each group containing four rats. Group A was considered as control diet group, while Group B rapeseed wild oil group and Group C rapeseed hybrid oil group were considered as experimental diet groups. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatinine of two experimental groups were significantly elevated while compared to the control groups (p<0.05–0.001). Nevertheless, an increment in weight retardation (p<0.05) was also observed in rapeseed hybrid oil treated groups. No significant weight retardation found in other two groups (p>0.05). Noticeable tissue injury observed in this study is a sign of the relative toxicity of erucic acid containing rapeseed oil to mammalian species. The use of Brassica napus as a supplementary feed ingredient should be, therefore, thoroughly considered

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Three Cultivars of Banana (Musa acuminata) Fruit Peel on Kidney and Liver Function Indices in Wistar Rats.

Background: Musa acuminata fruit peels are used in the northern part of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular related diseases. The effects of aqueous extracts of ripped fruit peel of three cultivars of Musa acuminata (Saro, Ominni and Oranta) on the hepatic and renal parameters of normal rats were examined. Methods: Fruit peel aqueous extracts (FPAE) of the 3 cultivars of Bananas (100 mg/kg b.w.) were administered by oral intubation (that is through esophageal cannula) to normal rats (140–180 g) for a period of 28 days. Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase ALK-P), total protein, albumin, creatinine as well as urea. Results: From the results obtained, there were no significant (p < 0.05) changes in the ALK-P, AST, ALT, total protein and albumin among the experimental rats administered FPAE of the 3 cultivars of Musa acuminata when compared with the normal control group. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum creatinine (in mg/dL) (1.53 ± 0.23) when compared to the normal control (0.72 ± 0.15), Ominni (0.92 ± 0.39) and Oranta (0.74 ± 0.22). Similarly, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum urea (in mg/dL) of Saro (41.56 ± 4.68) when compared to the normal control (26.05 ± 0.73), Ommini (28.44 ± 2.43) and Oranta (26.10 ± 2.94). Conclusion: The findings reveal the Saro cultivar of Musa acuminata to be nephrotoxic and not a good potential drug candidate among the cultivars studied hence should be discouraged in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular related diseases.

Acute renal metabolic effect of metformin assessed with hyperpolarised MRI in rats.

Metformin inhibits hepatic mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, thereby increasing cytosolic lactate and suppressing gluconeogenesis flux in the liver. This inhibition alters cytosolic and mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) potential, which has been reported to protect organ function in several disease states including diabetes. In this study, we investigated the acute metabolic and functional changes induced by metformin in the kidneys of both healthy and insulinopenic Wistar rats used as a model of diabetes. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin, and kidney metabolism in healthy and diabetic animals was investigated 4weeks thereafter using hyperpolarised 13C-MRI, Clark-type electrodes and biochemical analysis. Metformin increased renal blood flow, but did not change total kidney oxygen consumption. In healthy rat kidneys, metformin increased [1-13C]lactate production and reduced mitochondrial [1-13C]pyruvate oxidation (decreased the 13C-bicarbonate/[1-13C]pyruvate ratio) within 30min of administration. Corresponding alterations to indices of mitochondrial, cytosolic and whole-cell redox potential were observed. Pyruvate oxidation was maintained in the diabetic rats, suggesting that the diabetic state abrogates metabolic reprogramming caused by metformin. This study demonstrates that metformin-induced acute metabolic alterations in healthy kidneys favoured anaerobic metabolism at the expense of aerobic metabolism. The results suggest that metformin directly alters the renal redox state, with elevated renal cytosolic redox states as well as decreased mitochondrial redox state. These findings suggest redox biology as a novel target to eliminate the renal complications associated with metformin treatment in individuals with impaired renal function.

Rescue effects of ginger extract on dose dependent radiation-induced histological and biochemical changes in the kidneys of male Wistar rats

Radiation is an essential modality in the management of cancer therapy, but its acute and chronic side effects on the normal organs limit the helpfulness of radiotherapy. The deleterious effects of radiation begin with oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction to radiolytic hydrolysis and formation of free radicals. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of dose dependent whole body radiation exposure on histological and biochemical alterations in rat kidney. It was also planned to find out whether ginger extract mitigated the deleterious effects of different doses of radiation in rat kidney. Male Wistar rats were exposed to three doses (2, 4, and 8Gy) of γ- ray with or without a 10day pretreatment with ginger extract. After 10days of whole body γ- ray exposure, the results revealed proliferation of glomerular and tubular cells, fibrosis in glomerular and peritubular and a significant increase in 8-OHdG, CRP, cystatin C (in 8Gy), plasma urea and creatinine levels, as well as a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity of radiation groups compared to those of the control group. Ginger extract administration once daily for 10 consecutive days before exposure to 2–4–8Gy radiotherapy, which ameliorated histological and biochemical alterations in kidneys of the rats entirely or partially compared to those in the ethanol group rats. These findings indicate that whole body exposure to radiation induces kidney damage through oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory reactions, and that these effects can be alleviated using ginger pretreatment as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

English

This study aimed to explore the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mannihot esculenta on the morphology and histology of the kidney of adult Wistar rats. Three groups of Wistar rats were used. Group A served as the control treated with 0.3 ml of normal saline, while groups B and C served as the experimental groups. Group B and C were treated with aqueous extract of M. esculenta orally at 0.2 and 0.5 ml, respectively for 14 days. At the end, the animals were sacrificed and the kidneys were processed for routine histology. From the results obtained, significant decrease in body weight of the rats treated with 0.5 ml and significant increase in the weight of the rats treated with 0.2 ml of the extract as compared to the control group was observed. The kidney section from the control group revealed normal kidney architecture. Low dose group showed hypertrophy of the tubular cells, occlusion of the Bowman&rsquo;s space and edematous glomerulus. High dose group animals revealed dilated convoluted tubules, occluded Bowman&rsquo;s space and glomerular derangement indicating adverse effect of the extract. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that the administration of aqueous extract of M. esculenta leaf is toxic to Wistar rats. &nbsp; Key words: Cassava, Wistar Rat, kidney, Bowmans space.

Protective effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with multi-systemic adverse effects on the body. Cinnamon is atraditional folk herbsused for treatment of diseases and was popularas an embalming agent. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon for its protective activities on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistarrats. Twenty-four adult Wistar rats of both sexes were assigned to three groups containing eight rats (n=8). Group A was the control group, group B was the streptozotocin-treated group, and group C was the streptozotocin followed by crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon treated group. Group B received 50mg/kg of STZ by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Group C received 50 mg/kg of STZ i.p. and 300 mg/kg/day of the aqueous extract of Cinnamon for 21 days. All the rats including the control group were fed with commercially formulated feeds and water ad`libidum for the same number of days. Effect of concurrent oral administration of crudeaqueous extract of Cinnamon at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day on the renal integrity was determined using serum creatinine, blood urea as indicators of kidney damage supporting histopathological findings. It was observed that the crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon significantly protect rat kidneys from diabetes-induced histopathological changes. This extract also normalized the increase in serumcreatinine and blood urea that characterized the diabetic group of rats.In conclusion, administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamon protects the kidneys of adult Wistar rats against diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity.Keywords: Aqueous extract, Cinnamon, Histological, Nephrotoxicity, Streptozotocin (STZ), Integrity

Investigations on the effects of etoxazole in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats.

Pesticides are used to protect crops and to eliminate pests, though non-target organisms such as mammals are also affected from their usage. Etoxazole (organoflourine pesticide) is an acaricide used to combat spider mites which are the parasites of various crops. The present study aims to investigate the effects of etoxazole on the level of MDA (malondialdehyde) and activities of CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos). Rats received etoxazole intraperitoneally with doses of 2.2, 11, and 22mg/kg b.w./day for 21days. Control rats received the same volume of the serum physiologic. Following etoxazole exposures, activities of CAT, GPx, and AChE in the liver and kidney of rats significantly decreased at all doses compared to control group. Oppositely, MDA levels in these tissues increased significantly at all doses following etoxazole exposures. The present study demonstrated that etoxazole, at all doses, had toxic effects in the liver and kidney parameters, suggesting their possible use as effective biomarkers in determining the toxic effects of etoxazole. This may suggest that these biomarkers could also be used as a tool to monitor pesticide-affected areas before severe toxic effects begin in non-target animals and humans.

Studies of Morphology and Serum Biochemistry of the Kidney of Wistar Rats Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Studies of Morphology and Serum Biochemistry of the Kidney of Wistar Rats Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cassava (Manihot esculenta)