Kicker System Research Articles

A System Control and Waveform Acquisition Framework for the Kicker System at SHINE

A lumped kicker magnet system is being developed as part of the electron beam switchyard of the Shanghai High Repetition Rate X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) and Extreme Light (SHINE) facility at Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). SHINE is a linac-based facility with an energy of 8 GeV and a repetition rate of 1 MHz for multiple users. The kicker system is a critical element of the deflection system and determines the stability performance of the beamlines. To ensure autonomous and reliable operation in a harsh environment, a dedicated control system—consisting of a custom-designed programmable logic controller (PLC) and waveform acquisition system—has been developed based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). The PLCsystem enables status acquisition, control implantations, and alarm handling, allowing for automated operation. The waveform acquisition system provides an intuitive demonstration and enables the real-time diagnosis of kicker waveforms. The results demonstrate a half quasi-sinuous waveform with a peak current of 11.5 A and a full width at half maximum of 218 ns at a repetition rate of 10 kHz. The detailed design, overall concept, achieved performance, and initial test results of two modular controls are provided for further demonstration.

Comparison of different longitudinal injection scenarios for achieving optimal performance in SAPS

The Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS) is a proposed fourth-generation diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR) designed with a modified hybrid multibend achromat lattice, achieving a natural emittance as low as 33 pm. Given its limited dynamic aperture, the SAPS is not well suited to off-axis injection, with on-axis injection schemes proving a more favourable option. This paper highlights the advantages of longitudinal injection for SAPS, which employs a fast pulse kicker and multi-frequency RF systems. A systematic comparison is presented of the longitudinal injection schemes for double-frequency and triple-frequency RF systems. The effects of these schemes on circulating beam stretching, the time structure of the fast pulse kicker, RF parameter stability requirements, storage ring acceptance, and injection efficiency are considered. Based on these results, reasonable hardware specifications for the fast stripline kicker and RF system, as well as injector parameter requirements, are provided. These findings are crucial for SAPS to achieve longitudinal injection and can also serve as a reference for similar light sources.

Precise control of a strong X-Y coupling beam transportation for J-PARC muon g-2/EDM experiment

A strategy for designing a dedicated beam injection and storage scheme for the J-PARC Muon g-2/EDM experiment is described. To accomplish a three-dimensional beam injection into the MRI-type compact storage system, transverse beam phase spaces (X-Y coupling) and a pulsed kicker system are key to controlling the vertical motion inside the storage volume. Moreover, dedicated beam phase control through the beam channel of the storage magnet’s yoke is crucial. We introduce a five-dimensional phase-space correlation in addition to strong X-Y coupling to control the stored vertical beam size to a level as small as one-third that achievable by X-Y coupling alone.

Overview of FLASHlab@PITZ: the new R&D platform for FLASH radiation therapy and radiation biology

An R&D platform for electron FLASH radiation therapy and radiation biology is being prepared at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (FLASHlab@PITZ). This platform is based on the unique beam parameters available at PITZ: ps scale electron bunches of up to 22 MeV with up to 5 nC bunch charge at MHz bunch repetition rate in bunch trains of up to 1 ms in length repeating at 1 to 10 Hz. It works together with the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau (TH Wildau) as partner in close vicinity for the biological resources.A startup beamline has been installed to allow dosimetry studies and irradiation experiments on chemical, biochemical and biological samples after a 60-degree dispersive arm. The measured dose and dose rates under different beam conditions and first experimental results will be reported in this paper. In addition, a dedicated beamline for FLASHlab@PITZhas been designed for better control of the high brightness electron beams. This includes a dogleg to translate the beam and a 2D kicker system to scan the tiny beam focused by quadrupoles across the samples within less than 1 ms. Simulation studies will be presented to demonstrate the extremely flexible dose parameters with various irradiation options for electron FLASH radiation therapy and radiation biology studies.

Beam Chopper and RF Kicker Systems for the TR24 Cyclotron Injection Line

Beam Chopper and RF Kicker Systems for the TR24 Cyclotron Injection Line

Design of a Modular High-Accuracy, High-Voltage Charging Power Supply Prototype

In order to realize the upgrade of the Kicker system for the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou, the design of a modular high-accuracy, high-voltage charging power supply based on a full-bridge LC series resonant topology was proposed. More specifically, the parametric design of one of the modules, including the main circuit and transformer design, was introduced, and the realization principle of high precision was proposed. After simulation verification, a 35 kW/80 kV charging power supply prototype was developed. The experimental result shows that the power supply’s output voltage can be adjusted between 0~80 kV, and the output accuracy is better than 1‰.

Developments of a Pulse Kicker System for the Three-Dimensional Spiral Beam Injection of the J-PARC Muon g-2/EDM Experiment

The development of a vertical kicker system is an important part of a three-dimensional spiral-injection scheme. The beam injected at a pitch angle of a few tens of degrees was controlled by applying a pulsed magnetic field using a vertical kicker system inside the storage magnet. The stored muon beam then followed a vertical betatron motion around the midplane of the storage magnet owing to the weak focusing magnetic field. Accurate control of the pulsed kick is crucial for minimizing the amplitude of the vertical betatron oscillation. The specifications of the pulsed magnetic field and detailed design of the kicker system at the test beam bench are discussed herein.

Implementation of high-voltage kicker system for “ROSTU” middle-size league robot soccer

Middle-size robot soccer is one of the divisions that competed in national events such as the National Indonesia Robotics Competition and international competitions such as the middle size league (MSL). One of the main components in soccer robots is the kicker system. The kicker system is expected to be high torque, robust, and safe. In this work, a high voltage kicker system is designed and evaluated to substitute ROSTU's previous kicker system. This high voltage solenoid-based kicker system works at 380V and uses the electromagnetic force principle to move a ball. The performance criteria of the kicker system are it can move a ball with a mass of around 1 kg for a minimum range of 3 m and control the charging and discharging process in high voltage conditions. The experiment results show that the kicker system can move a ball with a mass of 1.06 kg, a difference kick distance from 100cm to 350cm, and a monitoring system that can show information about the capacitor voltage and system status.

Fast injection and extraction kicker system design for High rEpetition rate Muon Source at CSNS

A non-parasitic muon production facility (HEMS, abbreviation of High rEpetition rate Muon Source) at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is proposed. HEMS will extract a 500 MeV proton beam from a proton storage ring with a circumference of 80 m to bombard a target on a linear section at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. After bombarding the target, the beam will be injected back into the proton storage ring. The proton beam will be extracted and injected repeatedly to the proton storage ring 20 times within 20 ms. For injection and extraction kicker system, the repetition rate of pulser should be as high as 1 kHz. In addition, to achieve a large kick angle with a high magnet gap aperture in a relatively small beam lattice, kicker pulser is required to generate a large excitation current. The primary challenge is to build a high repetition rate, high current, and fast injection and extraction kicker system. To achieve these requirements, a 6.25 Ω impedance matching kicker system, mainly composed of a twin-C transmission line kicker magnet and inductive adder, is developed. In this paper, we report the conceptual design of the kicker magnet and kicker pulser for HEMS.

Developments of a Pulse Kicker System for the Three-Dimensional Spiral Beam Injection of the J-PARC Muon g-2/EDM Experiment

Developments of a Pulse Kicker System for the Three-Dimensional Spiral Beam Injection of the J-PARC Muon g-2/EDM Experiment

Development of Fast and Super-Fast Kicker System for SLS 2.0 Injection

Development of Fast and Super-Fast Kicker System for SLS 2.0 Injection

Deployment and Commissioning of the CERN PS Injection Kicker System for Operation with 2 GeV Beams in Short Circuit Mode

Deployment and Commissioning of the CERN PS Injection Kicker System for Operation with 2 GeV Beams in Short Circuit Mode

The fast non-ferric kicker system for the Muon [formula omitted] Experiment at Fermilab

We describe the installation, commissioning, and characterization of the new injection kicker system in the Muon g−2 Experiment (E989) at Fermilab, which makes a precision measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly. Three Blumlein pulsers drive each of the 1.27-m-long non-ferric kicker magnets, which reside in a storage ring vacuum (SRV) that is subjected to a 1.45 T magnetic field. The new system has been redesigned relative to Muon g−2’s predecessor experiment, and we present those details in this manuscript.

Beam exchange of a circulator cooler ring with an ultrafast harmonic kicker

In this paper, we describe a harmonic kicker system used in the beam exchange scheme for the circulator cooling ring (CCR) of the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider. By delivering an ultrafast deflecting kick, a kicker directs electron bunches selectively in/out of the CCR without degrading the beam dynamics of the CCR optimized for ion-beam cooling. We will discuss the design principle of the kicker system and demonstrate its performance with various numerical simulations. In particular, the degrading effects of realistic harmonic kicks on the beam dynamics, such as 3D kick field profiles interacting with the magnetized beam, are studied in detail with a scheme that keeps the cooling efficiency within allowable limits.

Helical beam screen for the Future Circular Collider for hadrons injection kicker magnets

The Future Circular Collider for hadrons (FCC-hh) is the proposed high-energy frontier particle collider, which is expected to enable proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV. The specifications for the FCC-hh injection kicker system are very challenging. To provide fast magnetic field rise and fall times, and low ripple during the flat-top, ferrite loaded transmission line type magnets will be used. To limit the beam coupling impedance, a suitable beam screen will be placed in the aperture of each kicker magnet. Due to issues associated with the ``conventional'' beam screen design, used in the injection kickers magnets of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), such as high voltage (HV) breakdowns and yoke heating problems, we have developed a novel concept of a helical beam screen. The fundamental advantage of the new design, in comparison to the conventional beam screen, is a significant reduction of the maximum voltage induced on the screen conductors, thus a greatly reduced probability of an electrical breakdown of the beam screen. In addition, the longitudinal beam coupling impedance of the helical beam screen is optimized to reduce power deposition in the kicker magnet. Furthermore, the helical beam screen allows a reduction of the maximum transverse beam coupling impedance of the kicker system. Detailed numerical simulations, theoretical studies and experimental results demonstrate that a new design is a promising solution not only for the FCC-hh, but also for existing machines.

New spiral beam screen design for the FCC-hh injection kicker magnet

The injection kicker system for the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) must satisfy demanding requirements. To achieve low pulse ripple and fast field rise and fall times, the injection system will use ferrite loaded transmission line type magnets. The beam coupling impedance of the kicker magnets is crucial, as this can be a dominant contribution to beam instabilities. In addition, interaction of the high intensity beam with the real part of the longitudinal beam coupling impedance can result in high power deposition in the ferrite yoke. This gives a significant risk that the ferrite yoke will exceed its Curie temperature: hence, a suitable beam screen will be a critical feature. In this paper, we present a novel concept - a spiral beam screen. The fundamental advantage of the new design is a significant reduction of the maximum voltage induced on the screen conductors, thus decreased probability of electrical breakdown. In addition, the longitudinal beam coupling impedance is optimized to minimize power deposition in the magnet.

Future circular collider injection and extraction kicker topologies and solid state generators

A 100 TeV center-of-mass energy frontier proton collider, in a new tunnel of 80--100 km circumference, is a central part of CERN's Future Circular Colliders (FCC) design study. The designs of the injection and extraction systems of the FCC are initially based upon the parameters of the injection and extraction systems of the Large Hadron Collider and a preliminary study of the FCC beam optics and lattice. The injection and, in particular, the extraction systems of the FCC have to be highly reliable. In order to achieve high reliability, solid state switches will be used for the generators of the injection and extraction systems. This paper discusses topologies of these kicker systems, which are presently under consideration.

Design considerations of a fast kicker system applied in a proton therapy beamline

Abstract In a proton therapy system based on cyclotrons, a kicker magnet is an essential equipment to perform fast beam switch within 100 μ s level during energy modulation and spot scanning procedures. This paper gives a systematic view related to the design and technical considerations of a fast kicker applied to HUST-PTF. From the layout and physical requirement of the kicker, a comparative study on the static/dynamic magnetic field with two type of core materials is performed, and a MnZn ferrite core is chosen finally. Technical considerations including the structure design, the topology design of the power supply, and the method for dynamic field measurement are introduced as well.

Conception and design of a cooling system for the LHC injection kicker magnets

The CERN Large Hadron Collider is equipped with two fast single-turn injection kicker systems that deflect the incoming particle beam onto the accelerator’s orbit. The high intensity LHC beam, circulating for many hours, can cause considerable heating of the injection kicker magnets. Numerical models have been developed and validated to study the beam induced heating and thermal behaviour of these magnets. The models are used to predict the power deposition and temperatures for various operation scenarios. According to predictions, heating issues are expected for High Luminosity LHC operation with high intensity beams unless appropriate measures are taken. Cooling of the magnet yokes is complicated as the magnets are in vacuum and are pulsed at high voltage. A description of the evolution of the studies is presented, culminating with the conception and design of a cooling system which is thoroughly described, from the conception process to the final proposed solution.

Prototype Inductive Adders With Extremely Flat-Top Output Pulses for the Compact Linear Collider at CERN

The compact linear collider (CLIC) study is exploring the scheme for an electron–positron collider with high luminosity and a nominal center-of-mass energy of 3 TeV. The CLIC predamping rings (DRs) and DRs will produce, through synchrotron radiation, ultralow emittance beam with high bunch charge, necessary for the luminosity performance of the collider. To limit the beam emittance blow-up due to oscillations, the pulse generators for the DR kickers must provide extremely flat, high voltage, pulses. The specifications for the DR extraction kickers call for a 160- or 900-ns duration flat-top pulse of ±12.5 kV, with a combined ripple and droop of not more than ±0.02% (±2.5 V) for each pulse: an inductive adder is a very promising approach to meet the specifications. Recently, the first 20 layer, 12.5 kV, full-scale prototype inductive adder has been assembled at CERN and testing has commenced. This paper presents flat-top stability and repeatability measurements of the output waveforms of this full-scale prototype inductive adder for CLIC DR kicker systems. The pulse waveforms have been recorded with an oscilloscope which has nominally 16-bit resolution and allows measurements of minimum and maximum envelope curves for a large number of consecutive output waveforms. Both passive and active modulation methods have been applied to improve the relative flat-top stability of the prototype inductive adder to meet the specification of ±0.02%.