Khartoum State-Sudan Research Articles

Biomedical Waste Management in Three Hospitals in Khartoum State Sudan during COVID-19 Pandemic and Lessons Learned

Biomedical Waste Management in Three Hospitals in Khartoum State Sudan during COVID-19 Pandemic and Lessons Learned

The impact of the military conflict in Sudan on maternal health: a mixed qualitative and quantitative study

Objectives Ongoing military conflict in Sudan has had significant repercussions on the health and well-being of the population, particularly among women of reproductive age. This study aimed to investigate the impact of conflict on maternal health by employing a mixed qualitative and quantitative research approach. Methods Through in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires (388 women), this study examined the experiences and challenges faced by pregnant women and new mothers and the availability and accessibility of maternal healthcare services in conflict-affected areas. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 35 women who had recently given birth or were pregnant in regions affected by the Khartoum State–Sudan conflict. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected from the interviews. Result Most women did not have access to healthcare services (86.6%), and out of the total sample, 93 (24%) experienced adverse outcomes. The factors associated with adverse effects were parity (OR 1.78, CI [1.15–2.75], p-value 0.010), gestational age (OR 2.10, CI [1.36–3.25], p-value 0.002), access to healthcare (OR 2.35, CI [1.48–3.72], p-value 0.001), and delivery mode (OR 1.68, CI [1.05–2.69], p = 0.030). Factors significantly associated with accessibility to maternal healthcare services included age (OR, 1.28; = 0.042) and higher conflict levels (1.52 times higher odds, p = 0.021). The narratives and experiences shared by women exposed the multifaceted ways in which the conflict-affected maternal health outcomes. Conclusion The significance of this study lies in its potential to contribute to the existing literature on maternal health in conflict-affected areas, especially in Sudan, and to help us understand how women can receive maternal health services.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant <i>Pseudomonas </i><i>a</i><i>eruginosa</i> Clinical Isolates in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen responsible for a wide range of hospital acquired infections that may present high rates of antimicrobial resistance. It could also become multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR) during a short period. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of MDR, XDR and PDR-P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Khartoum State-Sudan. Materials and Methods. A multihospital laboratory-based study was conducted to collect P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from various clinical specimen’s culture during eighteen-month period from March 2020 to December 2021. The P. aeruginosa strains were reidentified by conventional biochemical methods and genotypically by amplification of 16S rRNA gene by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. MDR, XDR and PDR were determined according to new recommendation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Results. Of 512 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were recovered from various clinical specimen’s culture, only 289 (66.4%) of the isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa strains genotypically, out of those P. aeruginosa strains were categorized regarding antimicrobial resistance to 98 (33.9%) MDR, 61 (21.1%) XDR and 2 (0.7%) PDR. The XDR strains were exhibited significant overall resistance to all used antibiotic classes, whereas MDR strains were insignificant resistant to fluoroquinolones and polymyxins. Patients prior of hospitalized for 1-2weeks, uses of companied antibiotics therapy with duration of one week and source of isolation from wound swab and blood specimen (P P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion. The study highlights the increase prevalence of MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in both hospital and community settings, along with emerged two pandrug resistant strains. Thus, continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance for this bacterium is necessary for guiding antimicrobial treatment and stewardship as well as based knowledge for future comparative studies.

Effect of Health Education Program on Self-Efficacy and Functional Capacity of Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Khartoum State-Sudan, 2015-2019

Effect of Health Education Program on Self-Efficacy and Functional Capacity of Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Khartoum State-Sudan, 2015-2019

Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Personal Protective Equipment for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Public Hospitals Khartoum State Sudan 2022

Since December 2019, there had been a series of unexplained cases of pneumonia reported in Wuhan, China, and on 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named this new virus as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging, rapidly changing global health challenge affecting all sectors, including the health sector. This study aimed to investigate nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses in three public health hospitals in Khartoum state. A self-administered questionnaire was used. A total of 14 knowledge questions were adopted. There are 5 questions constructed for attitude. A total of 12 practice questions were used. Mean score of knowledge considers as follows when the mean more than 75% considers as good knowledge while this percent uses as good practice and poor practice respectively to analyze the mean score differences of knowledge, attitudes, and practices between the independent variables. Spearman correlation was used to assess the relationship between mean knowledge and attitude scores. Results: Of the 101 nurses approached, a total of 100 nurses responded (99.0% response rate). The mean age of the participants was 27.6 (SD 5.3) years, and the majority of the participants were male (293/434, 67.5%). The mean knowledge score was 1.01 (SD 0.100). The mean attitude score was 10.5 (SD 4.1), and 54.8% (238/434) of the participants had a good attitude toward COVID-19. The mean practice score was 1.4176 (SD 1.4176). There was a negative correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (P < -0.014) and between knowledge and practice scores (P < -0.081). Conclusions: The overall levels of knowledge and practice and attitude were good.

Molecular Diagnosis and Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Acinetobacter baumannii among ICU Patients, in Khartoum State-Sudan

Carbapenemase producing-<em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (CP-<em>A.baumanii</em>) has become a significant nosocomial pathogen because of its remarkable ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characterization of CP-<em>A.baumanii</em> isolated from intensive care unit (ICU), in Khartoum state sudan.

Detection and identification of cyclops in well’s water, Jabal Awliya locality, Khartoum, Sudan 2021

Background: Dracunculus medinensis or "Guinea-worm" is the parasitic worm that causes Dracunculiasis disease. The Cyclops (Meso and Micro Cyclops), which is only spread through drinking from water sources in endemic areas, carries this worm. This study aimed to detect and identify Cyclops in wells water, Jabal Awliya locality Khartoum state, Sudan 2021 Methods: This is a cross sectional study held in Jabal Awliya locality which is located in Khartoum state Sudan from 2021-2022. The locality is one of the seven localities in the state which is considered as the main gate for the refugees from South Sudan, Chad and Ethiopia where Dracunculus medinensis has not been eradicated yet. The population is 274,321. Results: A total of 264 samples were collected,132 from well’s water and 132 from post wells water sources. Well’s water contamination with cyclops was found to be 2.4% while post well’s contamination was found to be 8.9%. The species reported by microscopy are: Afrocyclops, Mesocyclops and Microcyclops. Significant statistical difference between well’s and post well’s contamination was found (p-value 0.02). Conclusions: In conclusion, it is apparent that well’s water as well as dam water are contaminated with copepods (Afro-, Meso- and Microcyclops). Hence Residents in the research regions are at hazard for Dracunculus infection whenever larvae make their way to the water sources since mesocyclops and microcyclops are recognized Guinea worm vectors. Since no apparent water treatment system has been found in the areas under study, it is crucial that water sources in this area be treated before consumption in order to reduce the risk of illness. Awareness by the worm as well as the disease should be raised in order to ensure that the larvae from the hosts will not be carried to the wells.

Double blind randomized controlled trial for subjects undergoing surgery receiving surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis at tertiary hospital: the clinical pharmacist's interventions.

A surgical site infection (SSI) has significant clinical, humanistic and economic consequences. Surgical antimicrobials prophylaxis (SAP) is a reliable standard to prevent SSIs. The objective was to test that the clinical pharmacist's interventions may facilitate the implementation of SAP protocol and subsequent reduction of SSIs. This was double blinded randomized controlled interventional hospital-based-study at Khartoum State-Sudan. A total of 226 subjects underwent general surgeries at four surgical units. Subjects were randomized to interventions and controls in a (1:1) ratio where patient, assessors and physician were blinded. The surgical team has received structured educational and behavioral SAP protocol mini courses by way of directed lecturers, workshops, seminars and awareness campaigns delivered by the clinical pharmacist. The clinical pharmacist provided SAP protocol to the interventions group. The outcome measure was the primary reduction in SSIs. There were (51.8%, 117/226) females, (61/113 interventions versus 56/113 controls), and (48.2%, 109/226) males (52 interventions and 57 controls). The overall rate of SSIs was assessed during 14 days post-operatively and was documented in (35.4%, 80/226). The difference in adherence to locally developed SAP protocol regarding the recommended antimicrobial was significant (P <0.001) between the interventions group (78, 69%) and the controls group (59, 52.2%). The clinical pharmacist's implementation of the SAP protocol revealed significant differences in SSIs with reduction in SSIs from 42.5% to 25.7% versus the controls group from 57.5% to 44.2% respectively, P = 0.001 between the interventions group and the controls group respectively. The clinical pharmacist's interventions were very effective in sustainable adherence to SAP protocol and subsequent reduction in SSIs within the interventions group.

Serum leptin level in Sudanese women with unexplained infertility and its relationship with some reproductive hormones.

The excessive concentration of leptin has negative effects on all aspects of female reproduction. Despite this established relationship, the exact role of leptin in women's fertility is not clear enough and needs more clarification. To evaluate the serum leptin levels in Sudanese women and to ascertain the relationship between serum leptin levels and unexplained infertility (UI). A matched (age and body mass index) case-control study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022. The study samples were 210 women with UI and 190 fertile women of reproductive age who were attending the maternity hospitals and fertility clinics in Khartoum state Sudan. The serum concentration of leptin and other serum biomarkers were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results showed that there was a highly statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001) for all examined eight biomarkers. Whereby, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, prolactin hormone (PRL) and testosterone (T) were significantly higher in the UI group compared with the control group. In contrast, FSH and estradiol (E2)/T ratio were significantly lower in the UI group than in the control group and the effect size test for the difference between the two groups was very large (effect size > 0.80), for leptin level, LH/FSH ratio, PRL level, and E2/T ratio, and large (effect size 0.50- ≤ 0.80) for FSH and T. This study reveals that leptin could be a potential biomarker for UI in Sudanese women and it may be useful for identifying women with a high risk of infertility.

Role of Health Education in Promoting Knowledge, to-wards Personal Hygiene Among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State, Sudan (2018 - 2020)

Background: Personal hygiene is the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of health education in promoting knowledge of personal hygiene among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State Sudan (2018 - 2020)&#x0D; Materials and methods: The study design an observational interventional study was conducted where a pre and post- assessment was done. Pre-test and post-test was used to determine the practices of hygiene among primary school Pupils in some selected schools of Umbada locality al emir unit. The targeted population was primary school Pupils in Government schools only. The study populations were the pupils in the Primary public schools with a total number of 37850 Pupils (grade 5, grade 6 and grade7) distributed among 180 public primary schools in the locality. The sample size consisted of (800) pupils during the period of the study. A pre and post- questionnaire was carefully prepared, tested and directed to the pupils . It covers pupil’s age, sex, and the classroom. , source of water supply and latrine in the house there, and to obtain data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices (as regards personal hygiene in both pre and post-intervention phases. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Computer Program Version (19.0). &#x0D; Results: The study revealed that the overall knowledge of pupils about personal hygiene was increase from 38.7% to 61.3% after intervention of health education packages.&#x0D; Conclusion: Due to gaps in many items of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding personal hygiene, there is need of the proper health education intervention through framework of schools to the school children, for improvement regarding personal hygiene among them, throughout the nation. Health education has significant role in promoting knowledge of school pupils regarding personal hygiene.

Role of Health Education in Promoting Knowledge, to-wards Personal Hygiene Among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State, Sudan (2018 - 2020)

Background: Personal hygiene is the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of health education in promoting knowledge of personal hygiene among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State Sudan (2018 - 2020)&#x0D; Materials and methods: The study design an observational interventional study was conducted where a pre and post- assessment was done. Pre-test and post-test was used to determine the practices of hygiene among primary school Pupils in some selected schools of Umbada locality al emir unit. The targeted population was primary school Pupils in Government schools only. The study populations were the pupils in the Primary public schools with a total number of 37850 Pupils (grade 5, grade 6 and grade7) distributed among 180 public primary schools in the locality. The sample size consisted of (800) pupils during the period of the study. A pre and post- questionnaire was carefully prepared, tested and directed to the pupils . It covers pupil’s age, sex, and the classroom. , source of water supply and latrine in the house there, and to obtain data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices (as regards personal hygiene in both pre and post-intervention phases. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Computer Program Version (19.0). &#x0D; Results: The study revealed that the overall knowledge of pupils about personal hygiene was increase from 38.7% to 61.3% after intervention of health education packages.&#x0D; Conclusion: Due to gaps in many items of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding personal hygiene, there is need of the proper health education intervention through framework of schools to the school children, for improvement regarding personal hygiene among them, throughout the nation. Health education has significant role in promoting knowledge of school pupils regarding personal hygiene.

Prevalence of Entameba histolytica , Gardia lambeli and Entameba coli infection associated with risk factors in Khartoum state-Sudan

Prevalence of Entameba histolytica , Gardia lambeli and Entameba coli infection associated with risk factors in Khartoum state-Sudan

The economic of production of vegetable crops grown in northern Omdurman, Khartoum State Sudan

The economic of production of vegetable crops grown in northern Omdurman, Khartoum State Sudan&#x0D; This study was carried out to estimate the profitability in terms of gross margins ol'the main vegetable crops grown in the area.&#x0D; Sampled farmers were randomly selected through a field survey during 2006/2007 agricultural season, and the collected data was subjected to descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis, in addition to the estimation of the benefit cost ratio.&#x0D; The results revealed that the vegetable crops under investigation arc profitable to farmers.&#x0D; Tomato crop scored the highest gross margin, followed by onion and lastly potato crop.&#x0D; Agricultural operation was the highest cost item for onion and tomato crops, while the agricultural inputs recorded the highest item for potato crop

A review on lead toxicity in Khartoum State-Sudan

A review on lead toxicity in Khartoum State-Sudan&#x0D; This article is an extensive review for lead toxicity in the Sudan.&#x0D; It reveals that a little has been done in this important issue in the Sudan, compared to other countries.&#x0D; Some researches appear in this review, have studied lead poisoning in school children, citizens of Khartoum state, occupational districts( such as printing presses) and Lead (Pb) concentration in air, food and some Nile fish Species.&#x0D; The results of this J study, indicate an elevated levels of lead in the Sudan, compared to the standard levels in other countries such as USA and Germany

تأثير التخطيط الزمني والتدفق النقدي والعنصر البشري على تاخير تنفيذ مشروعات التشييد بولاية الخرطوم

This study was carried out in Khartoum State-Sudan during 2012-2014. The data was collected by questionnaires from the engineers working in the contracting companies. The collected data was analyzed by the statistical descriptive analysis using SPSS20 program. The main suggestions of this study for the delay in executing the engineering projects was due to (1) weaknessof the contracting companies in using the engineering planning and the time schedule of the different activities, (2) low budget and irregular cash flow through the life time of the projects and (3) use of unqualifed workmanship for the different activities. The results of this study showed the reality of these suggestions for the delay in executing the projects.

Quality Assurance Practices in Public Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions in the Khartoum State-Sudan

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the quality assurance practice of public TVET institutions in Khartoum State and its challenges and prospects. To this end, the study used an explanatory sequential mixed method design. The researcher chooses 285 teachers and 491 students from 12 TVET institutions to complete the study questionnaire using stratified and simple random sampling. Descriptive (mean scores, standard deviation) and inferential statistics used to analyze quantitative data (two-sample t-test, multiple regression analysis). Also, the researcher interviewed all of the selected TVET institution managers, technical education directors, and SCVTA for qualitative data. Besides, six teachers and nine students participated in a focus group discussion, accompanied by an observational checklist for the quantity and quality of selected input resources. Documentary analyses for TVET policy documents were also used. According to the study's findings, the amount of materials and services available at Khartoum state TVET institutions is insufficient. In TVET institutions, the input quality was poor. Students had high expectations and perceptions of TVET. It was suggested that the authorities: formulate specific policies and plans for TVET, allocate the appropriate budget, and monitor the plan's implementation; form a collaboration between industry and TVET to help students and compensate for training deficiencies, and pay more attention to teacher training and motivation by meeting their needs. Received: 5 June 2021 / Accepted: 21 July 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021

The Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus among Various Clinical Specimens in Khartoum state Sudan

Background : S. aureus is frequently associated with skin infections, pneumonia, surgery wounds, bacteraemia, osteomyelitis and endocarditis, being considered one of the most important pathogens of the human being, both at the community level and at nosocomial infections, and may become serious if caused by antimicrobial resistant strains, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which are resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents, methicillin-sensitive S.aureus (MSSA) and isolates with reduced susceptibility and resistance to vancomycin, which is the last drug for the treatment of MRSA infections. So, this study aimed to detect the existence of inducible resistance of S. aureus to Clindamycin in Khartoum-Sudan among patients attended to Suba University Hospital. Methods : The study was performed as cross-sectional one, 53 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from (34 females and 19 males) with different clinical condition among patients attended to Suba University Hospital in Khartoum-Sudan from April to August 2017. To detect inducible clindamycin resistant by using D test. In addition to that MRSA / MSSA all the isolates screened for methicillin resistant by using 1 µg oxacillin then examined for inducible clindamycin resistant by D test. In addition to that examine for antimicrobial susceptibility profile which include vancomycin, gentamycin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science, version 22, P. value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant Results : out of 53 isolates, 36 S. aureus isolated resistant to Clindamycin, 26 (72.2%) were MRSA and 10 (27.8%) were MSSA by means of D test, while 17 (32.1%) of isolates were sensitive 9 (53%) MRSA and 8 (47 %) MSSA. Comparing Induced clindamycin resistance showed equally distribution among MSSA and MRSA isolates, giving no significant difference as P- value 0.167. Conclusion : This study showed that D.test to detect inducible clundamycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Plant Spacing on Vegetative Growth of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)

Despite the existing several Sugar manufacturing companies in Sudan, there is an acute shortage in sugar supply, therefore the government imports Sugar to bridge the gap. One of the strategies to be followed is the introduction of Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) crop, mainly for sugar production. This crop has several advantages over Sugarcane such as short duration, less water requirement, in addition to other uses like animal feed. Therefore it became necessary to have good understanding of agricultural operations, cultural practices and adaptation. However, the main objective of this study was to assess the effect of Nitrogen fertilizer and plant spacing on vegetative growth of Sugar beet. This study was conducted at the farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Bahri, Alkadro, Khartoum State-Sudan; during the season 2016/2017. The experiment was arranged in Split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design with six treatments and four replications. Two plant spacing (15 and 20 cm.) were used as main plot, referred as (S1, S2) along with three levels of Nitrogen fertilizer (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha.), as subplot; referred as (N1, N2 and N3) and the control (0). Data regarding leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry weight (g) (LDW), root diameter (mm.) and root fresh weight were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results showed S2 (20 cm) increased all the studied plant characters, namely the leaf number (29.139), leaf area index by (7.54), leaf dry weight (g) to (89.870), root diameter (mm) (94,992), root fresh weight (g) (695.80) compared to S1(1015 cm). On the other hand; the application of N3 (120 kg/ha.) increased the lead number (30.956), leaf Area Index (8.841), Leaf dry weight (102.47), root diameter (97.955) and root fresh weight (851.77) compared to S2 and S1 as presented in (table 4, table 5 and table 6).

Evaluation of Blue-Carba Test and ISOPLEX CRE-ART-LAMP assay for rapid screening and characterization of Carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae.Sudan

Objective: We evaluate the performance of the Blue-Carba Test (BCT) and Mast ISOPLEX ®CRE-ART-LAMP assay as quick and affordable assays for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, Khartoum State-Sudan. Methods: A total of 384 Enterobacteriaceae (122 CPE and 262 non-CPE) clinical isolates were tested for a rapid biochemical method for detection of carbapenemase activity using Blue-Carba Test (BCT), and the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for carbapenemase target genes detection by MAST ISOPLEX®CRE-ART (19 CPE and 1 non-CPE). Results: The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for carbapenemase detection were 100% (95% CI, 97.0%–100%), 93.9% (95% CI, 90.3%-96.5%) and 95.8 % (95% CI, 93.3%-97.6%) for BCT with 80.3% present positive blue color was appeared after 15 min of test. Interestingly, the Mast ISOPLEX CRE-ART showed specificity 100%, accuracy 96.7% (95% CI, 90.6%-99.9%), and sensitivity 94.7%(95% CI, 90.3 -98.7%) for LAMP assay for detection of the target genes and it provides rapid results with a 45-minute. Considering PCR as a standard test for CPE genes detection, the kappa value of BCT and LAMP assays were calculated to be 0.907 and 0.900 respectively, suggesting good agreement between the PCR assay and both selected tests. Conclusion: The promptness and simplicity of both assays make them suitable for inexperienced operators to readily identify carbapenemase production and characterization of major carbapenemase blagenes. Besides exhibits an almost good agreement (Kappa>0.600) emphasizing their high sensitivities and specificities with a rapid and reliable epidemiological screening of carbapenemase production in resource-limited settings.

Factors associated with uncontrolled asthma among Sudanese adult patients

Objectives:Uncontrolled asthma is a major health problem resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare utilization, and costs. The aim of this study was to determine the level of asthma control and its associated factors in Sudan.Materials and Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study of 362 adult asthmatics consecutively recruited from the three main tertiary hospitals in Khartoum State-Sudan, between March and June 2018. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and the asthma control test (ACT) was used to determine the level of control. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with uncontrolled asthma.Results:The mean age of the subjects was 40.1 years (SD 15.7) and the sex distribution was almost equal, with 195 (53.9%) females. Among all asthmatics, the prevalence of uncontrolled asthma was 84.5%, according to ACT score. Factors associated with uncontrolled asthma included; health facility (odd ratios [OR] = 2.96 [1.27–6.86]), time to reach facility (OR = 4.51 [1.68–12.06]), non-adherence to follow-up visits (OR = 5.11 [1.12–23.36]), steroids tablets use without prescription (OR = 9.01 [1.01–79.88]), family history of asthma (OR = 0.45 [0.21– 0.95]), and inhaler technique training (OR = 0.37 [0.17–0.78]).Conclusion:This study showed a high rate of uncontrolled asthma in three tertiary hospitals in Khartoum. Factors associated with uncontrolled asthma may be considered as targets for future intervention strategies.