Khakass Language Research Articles

Phraseological Units with the Word "Heart” in Languages of Different Systems (Based on Khakass and Russian Languages)

Phraseological Units with the Word "Heart” in Languages of Different Systems (Based on Khakass and Russian Languages)

Несказочная проза хакасов в материалах Рукописного фонда Хакасского научно-исследовательского института языка, литературы и истории (1945–2000-е гг.)

The paper is devoted to the folklore heritage housed in the Manuscript Fund of the Khakass Research Institute of Language, Literature and History (KhRILLH). Systematic scientific research in the field of Khakass folklore began at the beginning of the 20th century. The regular formation of the Manuscript Fund of KhRILLH began in 1945. Now, it contains the richest materials on folklore collected during folklore and ethnographic expeditions: the “living” exist- ence of heroic epics, fairy tales, myths, legends, song genres of yr and takhpah, as well as ritual folklore. However, no sufficiently complete description of the manuscripts stored in the collection has been provided so far. The author considers the issues of differentiation and systematization of non-fairytale prose, plot, and thematic composition and characterizes the scholars’ collecting and research activities on Khakass non-fairytale prose from the middle of the 20 th – beginning of the 21st centuries. The study dealt with the archival records of the Handwritten Fund of KhRILLH, including the texts in Sagai, Kachin, Kyzyl, and Shor dialects of the Khakass language. The analysis involved archival texts deciphered from the materials of folklore expeditions. The work fills a number of gaps in the study of non- fairytale prose of the Khakasses and contributes to the further development of research in this direction. The paper is written as a result of the work on the volume of the series “Monuments of folklore of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East”.

Names of sacred ranks and ranks of saints in the Khakass language

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the names of sacred ranks and ranks of saints in the Khakass language on the material of the text of the New Testament and the publications of the newspaper «Сын сабланыстығ киртiнiс» («Orthodox Faith»). The topic of the article is relevant due to the insufficient degree of development of the problem of the scientific description of the religious (Orthodox) vocabulary of the Khakass language. The novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it is based on the Orthodox Khakass vocabulary, which has not previously become an object of scientific research. The research material was obtained by the continuous selection methodology from the above sources. The author briefly describes the history of Orthodox texts in the Khakass language, and then considers the names of sacred ranks and ranks of saints, analyzing the differences between them in the texts of the New Testament and in the diocesan newspaper in Khakass. The author has established that Khakass Orthodox terminology is in the process of formation. The evidence of it lies in such facts as the presence of synonyms denoting the concept of holiness and some sacred titles, the variability of the combined and separate writing of some hagiological statuses. The Khakass text of the New Testament notes the desire of translators to avoid Greek borrowings, transferring the names of sacred ranks by means of the Khakass language, while in modern Orthodox discourse, lexical units of Greek origin are usually preserved. The names of the ranks of saints are built in accordance with the productive word-formation models of the Khakass language and, according to the author, may eventually become an active part of its vocabulary. The author concludes that it is necessary to do further research of the religious vocabulary of the Khakass language and its consolidation in dictionaries.

Russian Adjectives and Methods for Denoting Object Features in Languages

The article is addressed to philology teachers working in multicultural classes or groups wishing to increase their linguistic and didactic competence. The aim was to compare the features of adjectives and ways of expressing the attributes of an object in Russian and some other languages of the Russian Federation. During the study, descriptive and comparative methods were used. The article compares morphological properties, lexical and grammatical categories as well as the features of functional homonymy of adjectives in Russian and Khakass languages; syncretism of Russian adjectives such as отцов ( father’s ) and Сашин ( Sasha’s ) with nouns is revealed; linguistic experiments related to adjectives are proposed. As a result of the analysis, methods of linguistic reflection of ‘qualitative’ and ‘relative’ attributes of an object are described. In Russian, these attributes are expressed primarily by adjectives. In addition, the former (‘qualitative’) can be conveyed by nouns (milk porridge / porridge in milk), while the latter (relative, individual colour features) – by verbs: Небо синее / Небо синеет ( The sky is blue / The sky is getting blue ). In some languages, for example, Nanaj and Nivkh, relative features are conveyed only by specific nouns, while all qualitative features are conveyed by verbs. In conclusion, the property of linguistic selectivity is revealed, which implies that identical realities can be expressed using various linguistic means. As a result, these realities will be perceived differently by the speakers of different languages.

Наречия времени в современном хакасском языке

The research objective involves identification and analysis of primary (non-derived) temporal adverbs in the modern Khakass language. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the Khakass temporal adverbs have not been previously investigated. The conducted research allowed the author to trace etymology of temporal adverbs, to reveal their combinatorial peculiarities and word-formative potential. The analysed adverbs are characterized by morphological indivisibility and high compatibility with particles that impart additional shades of meaning to them.

ДВА СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИХ ТИПА ГЛАГОЛЬНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ВНИМАНИЯ В ХАКАССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article is devoted to the identification and description of one of the subgroups of mental verbs - verb vocabulary with the meaning of attention in the Khakass language, combined according to the general categorical semen "to focus your attention on a certain object when distracting from others." By the nature of the contextual implementation, we distinguish their two types of semantic types: 1) verb units expressing attention, as a cognitive process that ensures that the subject receives and processes information from the surrounding reality. In the position of the subject under these verbs, only a person speaks; 2) verb units expressing attention as a psychophysiological process in which the subject (man and other living beings) consciously or unconsciously select certain information coming through the senses, ignoring the rest.

Тувинско-хакасские лексико-семантические соответствия глаголов со значением поведения

Статья посвящена выявлению тувинско-хакасских лексико-семантических соответствий глаголов со значением поведения, структурно-семантическому описанию и уточнению их семантико-когнитивных характеристик. Глаголы со значением поведения в исследуемых языках, в отличие от глаголов других семантических группировок, многочисленны (в тувинском языке — 220 глаголов, в хакасском языке — 277). Среди них преобладают глаголы с оценочным, эмоциональным и экспрессивным окрасом и, соответственно, они характерны преимущественно для разговорной речи. По нашим данным, среди тувинских и хакасских глаголов поведения имеется 52 лексических эквивалентов с тождественной семантикой. Это четвёртая часть нашего фактического материала.В ходе лексико-семантического анализа данных глаголов мы выделяем следующие типы лексико-семантических эквивалентов: 1) глаголы, абсолютно тождественные по семантико-грамматическим признакам; 2) глаголы, имеющие частичные семантические или грамматические отличия; 3) глаголы, соответствующие по внешнему облику, но содержащие некоторые семантические различия. Соотношение тувинско-хакасских лексических эквивалентов этих трёх типов неравномерно: большинство из них относятся к первому типу. Почти все они имеют тождественную грамматическую структуру, т. е. общие корни и одинаковые словообразовательные показатели. Также совпадают их семантические структуры, включая и более поздние переносные значения.На примере лексико-семантических соответствий глаголов со значением поведения мы показали, что наиболее заметным фактором, приводящим к расширению семантического объёма лексем в отдельно взятом языке, и тем самым к расхождению близкородственных языков, является их полисемия и, соответственно, расширение сочетательных возможностей. Рассмотренные нами глаголы имеют лексико-семантические соответствия и в других тюркских языках, что является перспективой для будущих сравнительных исследований.

Концепт ОБИДА в хакасском языке как фрагмент эмоциональной картины мира

Концепт ОБИДА в хакасском языке как фрагмент эмоциональной картины мира

«Лисьи сюжеты» в фольклоре хакасов

Purpose. The article explores the characteristics of the fox in the oral folk art of the Khakass. The study is based on folklore, ethnographic and linguistic sources. The paper analyzes folklore materials published in Russian and Khakass languages. Results. The author explores various genres of narrative Khakass tradition, which feature the fox: myths, epics, tales and sayings. During the process of analysis, it was concluded that the representation of this animal can be commonly found in folk art of the Khakass. Moreover, it has a complex and ambiguous characterization. The perception of this beast in the traditional consciousness was, to a large extent, determined by a long study of its biological nature, external data and habits. Russian culture also had a certain influence on the formation of the folklore image of the fox among the Khakass. Five main plot groups in which the designated beast appears are identified. The works assigned to Groups 1–4 were formed based on their own mythological views and within the framework of their ethnic tradition. They arose as a result of direct observations of the life and habits of the fox and reflected the life experience of the people, their observations, ideas of the surrounding nature and the desire for knowledge of the world. In many ways, they have an etiological character and are associated with a belief in magic and sorcery. What is also important is that in these works, the direct life of the animals themselves is depicted, as it was presented in the traditional consciousness of the people. The narratives assigned to Group 5 were mostly developed in the context of intercultural contacts between the Khakass and Russians. Conclusion. As a result of this process, there was a borrowing and processing of images and plots within the framework of their own ethnic tradition. There is a tendency under the guise of animals to depict people and their psychological properties, as well as display the social and everyday life of society. The interpretation of the form of the trickster-fox is subject to a certain moral and ethical norm. At the heart of all the stories studied is the motive for obtaining food, which is carried out in various ways and as a result forms the corresponding stereotype of perception of this beast.

Из истории изучения койбальского говора хакасского языка

The article gives a general view of the modern Koibal dialect of the Khakass language. The history of studying Koibal speech includes several stages. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the first evidence of the people living at the mouth of the Abakan River and their language, was collected. Some interesting records were made by G. Miller, P. Pallas, G. Spassky, some other scientists and travelers. Comparing the people under study with other peoples inhabiting the Minusinsk Hollow at that time allowed defining quite a large number of peoples in this area (including Koibals) to be Samoyeds speaking languages with one common property: these are different versions of the Turkic type language. In other words, in that period already, the assimilation of Samoyeds languages by Turkic languages was underway. The article then provides an assessment of the main work of an outstanding Finno-Ugrist and Altaist Mathias-Alexander Castren in linguistic Turkology − a brief grammar of Koibal and Karagas dialects (published in 1857), with notes made by the prominent orientalist Nikolai Katanov to the text by Kastren taken into account. In the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries, the information on the Koibal dialect and other linguistic formations of this part of Southern Siberia was systematized by L. P. Potapov, N. A. Baskakov in the Khakass-Russian dictionary (1953) and an essay by S. I. Weinstein. Later, when the study of South Siberian languages was put on a serious scientific and organizational basis, the Koibal dialect, like other territorial varieties of the Khakass language, was described in sufficient detail by V. G. Karpov, M. I. Borgoyakov, D. F. Patachakova, O. P. Anzhzhanova, in Grammatik and the Khakass-Russian dictionary (2006). Finally, some lexical and grammatical phenomena in modern Koibal dialect are considered, and a scheme (model) of language interaction that resulted in the Koibal dialect of the Khakass language is introduced.

Imitative Words in Yakut and Khakass Epic Texts: Lexical and Semantic Features

The article presents a comparative study of the sound and image imitative words incorporated in the Yakut and Khakass languages. The study is based on the analysis of the following epic texts: the Yakut olonkho Kyys Debiliye by N.P. Burnashev and the Khakass alyptyh nymaha Ai-Huuchin by P.V. Kurbizekov. These epic texts were selected specifically due to their similarities in plot composition and Yakut and Khakass languages close genealogical relativeness; both languages almost equally contain an abundance of imitative words. The main objective of the present research is to decipher the lexical and semantic features of imitative words contained in the epic text as well as to define the traditional cultural features and universal features, distinctive for both languages under study. In order to achieve the objective, we have set and fulfilled the following goals: lexical material selection form the epic texts; classification of the imitative words by grouping them into thematic categories and subcategories; distinction of the phonetic and semantic correspondences as well as the singling out of universal tendencies, common for both languages, in terms of their use of imitative words. In order to fulfill the main objective of the research, i.e., to study the two closely-related languages based on the olonkho and alyptyh nymah, the following research methods were applied: the method of lexical and semantic analysis, comparative historical research method; when applied, both of these methods allow defining the general Turkic universals and the specific features of the lexical group in question in the two languages, i.e., Yakut and Khakass. In the course of the study, we discovered that the Yakut language imitative words units prevail in quantity. Moreover, the Khakass imitative words possess universal semantic meanings. The author of the present article points out the similarity in the sound and semantic features of imitative words, thus, confirming that both, the Yakut and Khakass people perceive and produce sounds in a similar manner.

ДИНАМИКА ЯЗЫКОВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ И ЯЗЫКОВЫХ УБЕЖДЕНИЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ХАКАСИЯ

Relevant problems of linguistic behaviour, linguistic views and language policy in the Republic of Khakassia are examined relying on the materials of sociolinguistic surveys of 2018 and previous years. There is a decrease in the number of the fluent Khakass speakers among children and adults; this fact testifies that the majority of the Khakass people tend to use Russian as their first language. In contrast to linguistic behaviour, linguistic views of both the Khakass and the Russian respondents show positive dynamics. At the same time, the level of loyalty towards the Khakass language among the Russians is approximately one half as high as among the native Khakass speakers.

НАЗВАНИЯ ВОДОПЛАВАЮЩИХ И ОКОЛОВОДНЫХ ПТИЦ В ХАКАССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

For the first time the article examines lexical units nominating natatorial and semiaquatic birds in the Khakass language and its dialects. The research material includes 76 lexical units represented in the existing bilingual dictionaries, popular scientific literature and fiction. The researcher’s attention is focused on lexical units nominating birds residing in Khakassia. The paper provides the structural and word formative analysis of these lexical units, identifies the basic motivation features in the process of nomination. The author identifies 6 lexemes tracing their origin to the Turkic pra-form ( турна - *durnja 'crane', хуу - *kogy 'swan', öртек - *еbὕrdek 'duck', хас - *ga:s 'goose', хорды - *kordaj 'heron', аат - *aηyt 'different types of wild ducks: long-tailed duck, scaup duck, roody sheld duck, scoter') and 12 lexemes that are absent in bilingual dictionaries of the Khakass language.

НАИМЕНОВАНИЯ ЖИЛИЩ И ЗОНАЛЬНЫХ МЕСТ ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ ЮРТЫ В ХАКАССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article describes the lexico-semantic peculiarities of the thematic group “nominations of dwellings and parts of a traditional yurt” in the Khakass language. The author applies to the materials from other Turkic and Mongolian languages. Practically all dwelling nominations belong to the all-Turkic vocabulary, except the word ӧрге. Parts of the traditional Khakass dwelling were differentiated according to social and gender characteristics. All the terms are illustrated with examples from the Khakass fiction and folklore.

Language Policy in University Education: the Case of Khakassia and Tyva

The paper deals with interface of macro- and micro-language policies in the language education of the southern Siberian republics of Tuvan and Khakassia, which includes Russian, foreign languages and indigenous languages, Tuvan and Khakass, which have the status of republican official languages. A comparative study of non-linguistic educational programs at various levels in Khakass State University and Tuva State University made it possible to evaluate the linguistic “weight” of undergraduate curricula and reveal a more obvious linguistic orientation in Tuvan State University. The undisputed leader among the foreign languages studied at two universities is English, German is the second. Sociolinguistic surveys of students of different ethnicity allowed establishing the levels of self-assessment of their language competence in foreign and native languages. Almost a third of respondents rate the quality of foreign language skills as unsatisfactory, which is associated with low level of school language education and minimal prospects for studying and working abroad. Self-assessment of the level of proficiency in ethnic languages is significantly higher — with only 18 % of Khakass respondents not speaking their native language. However, the Tuvinian and Khakass languages included in the Atlas of Endangered Languages of UNESCO are practically not represented in the programs of university non-linguistic education. The introduction of mandatory USE in Russian and foreign languages, became a new challenge and threat to republican state languages and strengthens the role of micro-language planning and its agents at different levels

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ САГАЙСКОГО ДИАЛЕКТА ХАКАССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article examines the phonetic peculiarities of the Sagay dialect of the Khakass language. Special attention is paid to the most frequent combinations of vowels and consonants in the mentioned dialect. The recent shift of the quantitative ratio of the Khakass dialect bearers in favour of Sagay resulted in the discrepancy between the Khakass literary language based on the Kacha dialect and the modern colloquial language based on the Sagay dialect. The author concludes on the necessity to reconsider some phonetic variants of the Sagay dialect, which have remained beyond literary boundaries, and for the first time articulates the proposals on the parallel use of certain phonetic variants of the Sagay dialect in the Khakass literary language.

О грамматике хакасского языка Н. П. Дыренковой

In 2018, the first grammar of the Khakass language, written within the academic traditions of that time by the fa-mous Turkologist Nadezhda Petrovna Dyrenkova, was 80 years old. Also, may 31, 2019 marks the 120th anniversary of the birth of this outstanding scientist. These two dates, as well as the need to familiarize the Khakass public with the publication, which has become a bibliographic rarity, and its author in the light of the increasing interest in the society to the Khakass language explains the relevance of this article. Nadezhda Petrovna's research talent allowed her to create the first scientific grammar of the modern Khakass language, which served as the basis for writing the following aca-demic grammar. One of its important aspects can be considered to be the focus on the explanation of the peculiarities of the use of units of language in speech, that is, its practical nature.

Этнокультурные особенности современной хакасской семьи

Purpose. For identification of ethnocultural features of the modern Khakass family in the Republic of Khakassia we used empirical material, generalized on the basis of interviews and questionnaires. The object of the study is the culture of the ethnic group, the subject of the study is the ethnocultural features of the modern family. The article discusses the main components of the family from the perspective of material and spiritual foundations of the ethnic community. The author pays special attention to the objects belonging to the Khakass family material culture and describes elements that refer to modern processes and activities. The methodological basis of the study includes principles and categories of dialectics, methods of analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural analysis of social systems. The empirical base is the materials obtained by using included observation, in the process of expert interviews and analyzing questionnaires. Results. As a result of our research we conclude that the dynamics of ethnocultural foundation of the Khakass family in the early 21st century, which includes elements of labor culture and daily life, develops intensively in the material culture. The spiritual basis of the ethnic group (its religious platform, traditions and customs, as well as the language) is being somewhat modernized due to new realia but is quite stable and experiences little transformation. Revitalization of cultural symbols is accompanied by decrease in the number of the Khakass language speakers but is also characterized by a desire for establishing a monolithic Khakass ethnic community on the basis of the Sagay-Kachinsky component. The author’s main contribution to the study of the topic is the study of modern cultural foundations of the family in the Khakass ethnic group. The novelty of the study refers to the regional component of the ethnocultural aspect in considering the Khakass family.

Семейно-родовые фетиши тюрок Хонгорая

Purpose. The author analyses a traditional cult of fetishism, which used to be common in the traditional life of turks of Hongoray (Khakassia) and others nations of Sayan-Altai region. The scientific novelty is in systematizing the materials available belonging to different ethnic groups of the Khakass (the Kachints, Sagai, Kyzyls, Beltyrs). Results. Functional particularities of the Khakass fetishes “tös” described used to protect clan and family health and served as patrons of cattle breeding and hunting. The author discovers many previously unknown signs and describes their ancient roots. Related myths recorded in Khakassia by the author are of great interest. The first research on the famous fetish “tös” of the Khakass was conducted by ethnographer D. A. Klements, who presented special work on these items. He made a description of them according to his personal collections and observations. Now his collection of “tös” is stored in the Minusinsk Museum of Local History. Unfortunately, D. A. Klements did not speak the Khakass language, so many of the item names were not translated properly. In present work, the author describes new functional features of Khakass fetishes “tös”, especially those related to the protection of the health of the family, the patronage of cattle breeding and hunting. Many previously unknown designations have been discovered, and the ancient roots of such representations have been revealed. At present, the cult of fetishism for the Khakas is a thing of the past; therefore, this research seems to be relevant for ethnographic science in terms of ancient myth-making of the population of Hongoray and neighboring regions of southern Siberia. Conclusion. There is evidence of a significant historical depth of the origin of the “tös”. So, as a result of studying anthropomorphic images on the “engraved pebbles” of the Late Bronze Age originating from Khakassia, their certain successive connections with the Hongors’ “tös” were traced. Thus, having a uniform name and functional characteristics, the cult of “tös” to a certain extent characterizes the origin of the popular beliefs of the Hongoray Turks, as well as their evolution in the historical borders of Sayano-Altai and Central Asia.

Глагольные формы на -и(р) в хакасском языке

In article values of a verbal form – are defined -i(r) and other its derivatives, many of which are described in the Khakass language for the first time. Authors consider that the form -i(r) is connected with obligatory existence of a pertseptor concerning which there is an observed action: in close proximity or in a distance, eyes speaking or the char-acter, in the real or past tense. Verb form – and (p) and a participle form -iɣan / -igen coincide with the plan of the pre-sent, and observed action takes place just before the observer's eyes. The form -idyr / -idir also refers to the present, but the observed action takes place in some distance from the perceptor (observer). The form of the verb -yenan transfers the action to the past-time plan. The verbal adverb form -iryp / -irip, -idyryp / -idirip designates minor action of a komitativny situation. The form of conditional inclination -yz / -ise denotes that the observer is the subject of action.