Kg Of Seeds Research Articles

Efficient dose of Bacillus subtilis UFMT-Pant001 as a plant growth promoter in soybean under greenhouse conditions

The potential for increasing soybean productivity and reducing diseases has become evident for Bacillus spp. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of B. subtilis strain UFMT-Pant001 as a plant growth promoter in soybean under greenhouse conditions. Four independent experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 liquid inoculant at 1x109 CFU mL-1. The results showed significant increases in biomass, nodulation, nutrients in the shoot, number of internodes, and root length in soybean cultivars inoculated with B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 in greenhouse experiments. Positive effects on soybean biomass and other evaluated characteristics were observed with different doses of B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001, with the best results observed when doses of 200 to 300 mL were used for 50 kg of seeds. The use of B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 did not interfere with soybean nodulation and contributed to an increase in nodule number and weight.

PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RICE SEEDS AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF THE INSECTICIDE CIANTRANILIPROLE

The seed is one of the main agricultural inputs and its quality is one of the key factors for success in rice cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of rice seeds with different doses of the insecticide ciantraniliprole and its performance during storage of rice seeds. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI treated at doses 0 (control), 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ml of the product for each 100 kg of seeds were used. Evaluations were performed during storage periods 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after treatment. Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence. Under the conditions in which the study was carried out, we can conclude that: ciantraniliprole at doses of 60, 80 and 100 ml/100kg of seeds provides greater germination when the seeds are not stored, however the dose of 60 ml/100kg showed higher percentages of germination in other storage periods. For the cold test, cyantraniliprole in all doses was superior to the control without treatment and in the doses 60 ml/100kg of seeds it was superior in the storage times 0, 135 and 180 days, already in the storage periods 60 and 90 days the dose of 60 ml/100kg did not differ from the dose of 80 ml/100kg. For the emergence of seedlings, the treatment with the insecticide at a dose of 60 ml/100kg of seeds was superior to the others, except for the storage period of 135 days.

Agronomic characteristics and yield of corn after inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Corn is one of the most important crops in Brazil and, due to its physiological characteristics, it has a high productive potential and high nutritional quality, for animal and human nutrition. Therefore, this work sought to evaluate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum FZB42 on agronomic characteristics and yield of corn crop. A randomized block design was used, with six doses of B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. Plantarum FZB42 (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0, and 12.5 mL kg-1 seeds) and four repetitions, totaling 24 experimental units. The study was conducted in the experimental area of annual crops of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais (Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais — IFSULDEMINAS), Muzambinho Campus, in the 2017/18 agricultural year. The agronomic evaluations were: plant height, upper ear insertion height, culm diameter, leaf nitrogen content, forage fresh mass, incidence of Fusarium in the ear, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, mass of 1000 grains, and yield. The nutritional evaluations performed were: crude protein, ash, ether extract, crude fiber, fiber in acid detergent, and fiber in neutral detergent. In summary, the inoculation of B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. Plantarum FZB42 in corn seeds, regardless of the dose applied, did not interfere with the agronomic characteristics and nutritional quality of corn silage.

Controle de fungos com óleo de eucalipto e transmissão de Fusarium sp. em sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil on the health and physiological quality of seeds of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. and the transmission of Fusarium sp. associated with seeds. The seeds were immersed in four concentrations of E. globulus essential oil (0.25%; 0.50%; 0.75% and 1.0%). The seeds were also treated with Captana fungicide (240g for 100 kg of seeds) and immersed in sterile distilled water (control). After being treated, the seeds were evaluated by the health test, using the filter paper method (blotter test) and by the physiological quality through germination, first count, germination speed index and seedling length. The transmission of Fusarium sp. via seeds was also assessed, as it is considered potentially pathogenic. The identified fungi were: Cladosporium sp. (16.5%), Aspergillus sp. (15.5%), Fusarium sp. (7.5%), Penicillium sp. (4.0%), Rhizopus sp. (2.5%) and Periconia sp. (0.5%). The essential oil of E. globulus, in any concentration, reduced efficiently the incidence of fungi associated with M. caesalpiniifolia seeds and did not affect the physiological quality of the treated seeds. Fusarium sp. was transmitted via seeds and caused root rot and hypocotyl necrosis.

EFFECT OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INSECTICIDE AND BIOSTIMULANT ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RICE SEEDS

The seed is the vehicle for high productivity crops, as it carries the genetic potential and technology necessary for the success of a crop. And seed treatment has been a very important technology for the initial development of rice seeds. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with Cruiser Opti insecticide associated with the biostimulant EpívioTM at different dosages and during 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after seed treatment. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI were used. The treatments were: Control: Permit + Standk + Gaucho, T2- Cruiser Opti (0.5 L/100 Kg of seeds), T3 - EpivioTM (0.1 L/100 Kg of seeds), T4 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.05 L/100 kg of seeds), T5 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.1 L/100 kg of seeds) and T6 – (0.5 + 0.2 L/100 kg of seeds). Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence in trays. Under the conditions in which the work was carried out, we can conclude that the treatment composed of Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM, at a dose of 0.5 and 0.1 L/100Kg of seeds, respectively, provided better performance in the germination test in the evaluated periods when compared to the other treatments.

Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds Subjected to Industrial Treatment Before and After Storage

This research work aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds subjected to different chemical treatments, before and after seed treatment, throughout conventional storage. A completely randomized design was adopted, with 4 replications, in which the treatments were arranged in a 2 × 7 × 6 factorial scheme (time of treatment (before and after) × industrial seed treatment (IST) × storage period (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days). For each IST, the specific volume of slurry was 0, 700, 900, 1400, 900, 1100 and 1600 100 kg-1 of seeds, respectively. A total of 2.5 kg of seeds, cultivar BMX Alvo RR, were used. After being treated, the seeds were placed in kraft paper bags and stored at controlled temperature and humidity in a cold chamber. Their physiological quality was evaluated after each storage period using standard germination test, first germination count, emergence speed index, final emergence in sand substrate, accelerated aging, radicle length, shoot length, and whole seedling length. Their physiological quality was reduced in treatments with higher volumes of slurry. Deleterious effects on vigor were observed with increasing storage period, both before and after IST. After seed treatment, the mean of the analyzed variables was considered higher, compared to the time prior to seed treatment.

English

This study aims at evaluating the agronomic efficiency of the Bacillus subtilis UFMT-Pant001 strain as a plant growth promoter in soybean at three greenhouses from distinct Brazilian regions. The treatments were formulated based on this strain at a concentration of 1x109 UFC.mL-1 in volumes of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 or 400 mL for each 50 kg of seeds. Bradyrhizobium japonicum was added in all experiments, and the absolute control contained only this bacterium. The positive control employs a commercial product based on Bacillus subtilis. Both inoculums were adjusted at the recommended dose of 100 mL/50 kg of seeds. In the experiments, the soybean cultivars 7110 RR, Desafio RR, TMG-132 and CG 7665 RR were used. A positive influence on the increment in plant height, biomass, number of internodes, nodules, grains, pods, roots, nutrients and shoot dry mass per plant inoculated with UFMT-Pant001 strain was observed. Although the results are promising to the B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 strain as a potential plant growth promoter for soybean, more tests, including with other cultivars, are needed, especially in the field. Key words: Bacillus subtilis, bacterial-based inoculant, soybean, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.

Control of rice bakanae disease by seed dressing with mixed solution of fludioxonil, metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin

Rice bakanae disease is a typical seed-borne disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi that occurs in seedling beds and in fields. Fungicide seed treatment is an effective solution to this disease. In this study, we used a triple-fungicide suspension identified as 11% FMA, which is composed of 1.1% fludioxonil, 3.3% metalaxyl-M and 6.6% azoxystrobin to coat rice seeds for the prevention of bakanae disease. 11% FMA is water-logging resistant for rice seed treatment. Results showed that the mycelial growth of F. fujikuroi was significantly inhibited by 11% FMA in the laboratory test. Seed dressing with FMA at the rate of 1, 2, and 4 g per kg of seeds promoted seed germination and growth of seedling roots. Treatment with 11% FMA under all dose rates prevented rice bakanae disease of seedlings by more than 90%, especially by more than 95% at 4, 6 and 8 g per kg of seeds. During the subsequent maturation period, rice bakanae control efficiency reaches above 95% as well at 6 or 8 g per kg of seeds, slightly larger than about 92% at 1 or 2 g per kg of seeds. Above all, the rice yield notably improved by 11% with 1 g/kg, by around 8% with 2, 4, or 8 g/kg and by 5% with 6 g/kg treatment.

Efforts to Provide National Hybrid Corn Seed for Farmers in Gold Mining Area

Facing public objections to the existence of the PT Gold Mine Company. Meares Soputan Mining/Tambang Tondano Nusajaya (MSM/TTN), then in 2019 the manager of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) fund collaborated with the Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI) to foster farmers to produce hybrid corn seeds in order to meet the needs of farmers around the company. The two activities carried out are: the practice of making hybrid corn seeds and demonstration plots farming of the seed yield. The practice of making seeds is carried out in PT.MSM/TNT’s 1.0 ha. Implementers are trained in Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for corn seed production hybrid and accompanied in the field during activities: planting, selection (Roguing), removal of male flowers (Detasseling) and at harvest. The seeds produced were the Nakula Sadewa (Nasa-29) variety with consideration of the suitability of location characteristics with varietal potential. The yield is 1.0 ton with very good seed quality (99% germination). The 250 kg of seeds were used for demonstration plots farming area of 10 ha in the following planting season, involving 110 farmers spread over 8 villages around the mining area of PT. MSM/TNT. Farm demonstration plot results showed that, the Nasa-29 variety gave good growth with productivity levels achieved between 6.73 t/ha to 7.52 t/ha. This level of production is relatively high compared to the level of production local seed, only ranging from 4.25 t/ha to 5.65 t/ha. The response of farmers to the appearance of the Nasa-29 variety was positive so that the CSR manager of PT.MSM/TNT increased the area of seed production to 5.0 ha in 2020.

Soybean seeds treated with zinc evaluated by X-ray micro-fluorescence spectroscopy

Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient considered essential to plants which can be supplied through seed treatment. The treatment of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds with Zn, however, is still not well known as regards the uptake and mobilization dynamics of the nutrient during the germination process. This study aimed to evaluate the uptake and distribution dynamics of Zn applied to soybean seeds at two levels of vigor during germination using X-ray micro-fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-XRF). Zinc treatments corresponded to 0, 2, 4 and 8 g of Zn per kg of seeds. High and low vigor seeds that had been treated were located appropriately so as to promote germination. Zn intensity measurements with µ-XRF were taken in different parts (“regions”) of the seeds (seed coat, cotyledon, and embryonic axis) after 8, 16 and 24 h of imbibition and seedlings (primary root, hypocotyl, plumule, cotyledon, and seed coat) after 48, 72 and 96 h of germination. High vigor seeds showed higher Zn intensity in the embryonic axis in the first 16 h, while low vigor seeds showed higher intensity after 24 h. After 48, 72 and 96 h of germination low vigor seedlings showed higher Zn intensity than high vigor seedlings in the primary root. It was concluded that µ-XRF is an efficient technique for identifying variances in the dynamics of Zn uptake and mobilization during the germination of soybean seeds with different vigor levels.

Trichoderma asperellum (Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg) as a promoter of vegetative growth in soybeans

With the intensification of the problems encountered in agriculture, the use of microorganisms shows promise. Fungi of the Trichoderma genus are found naturally in the soil and have been; they are used as an active ingredient in biofungicides and have activity as promoters of plant growth. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the commercial product TrichoPlus, containing Trichoderma asperellum (Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg) as a promoter of soybean plant growth. Four independent experiments were carried out in different periods between 2019 and 2020. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, and biomass and nutrient contents were examined. In the first experiment, among the different rates of TrichoPlus tested (3, 4, 5, and 6 g per kg of seeds), the best dose for most of the characteristics evaluated was 5 g per kg of seed. Hence, the inoculation of TrichoPlus at 5 g per kg of seed in the other experiments showed positive results in the accumulation of biomass, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. Based on the study's results, the product TrichoPlus, composed of T. asperellum, can be used as an efficient inoculant for promoting soybean plant growth.

Validation of IPM Modules for the Management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus Disease in Greengram

Greengram is known to be infected by several viral diseases. Among them, Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) is the most destructive in India, and it is popularly known as the yellow plague. MYMV transmitted exclusively through plant-to-plant by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). For the management of MYMV, vector control is the only possible option. Hence, the attempt was made to evaluate IPM modules against whiteflies by reducing their population or disrupt MYMV transmission. The field experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Bhavikere, during the Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019. The results of two seasons indicated that, the lowest whitefly population (1.70 per trifoliate leaf) and significantly lowest MYMV incidence was recorded in module-3 (Maize as a border crop + one spray of NSKE 5 % at 20 days after sowing + one spray of fish oil rosin soap @ 5ml/liter at 40 DAS). The highest grain yield (9.64 q/ha) and cost: benefit ratio (1: 3.23) was recorded in this module, followed by module-1 (Maize as a border crop + Seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml per kg of seeds). For the management of MYMV and its vector whitefly, B. tabaci module-3 was effective compared to the standard check (Dimethoate 30 EC at the rate of 1.75 ml per liter). The importance of IPM in whitefly management to reduce virus incidence is discussed.

Bioestimulants on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar TAA Marhe in vitro

Plant biostimulants are substances that can increase plant germination growth, and development, acting on the stimulation of cell division. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro action of two commercial biostimulants AgroRaiz® and Stimulate® on the physiological quality of seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar TAA Marhe. Seeds of the TAA Marhe cultivar were used at the usual concentration of both biostimulants AgroRaiz® 0.3 L 100 kg-1 and Stimulate® 0.5 L 100 kg-1 seeds. Classic germination test, dry matter, root length and accelerated aging test were performed. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and four replications. The usual doses of biostimulators did not influence the germination rate and dry mass by the classical method; however, Stimulate® demonstrated action on mean root length. For the aging assay, AgroRaiz® proved to be superior to Stimulate® in germination and seedling dry matter.

CURRENT STATE AND EFFICIENCY OF USING THE PERMANENT FOREST SEED BASE OF VINNYTSIA REGION

As a result of the research, it was established that as of 2021, 126 oak trees, 5 European larch trees, and 2 European spruce trees have been entered into the state register in the Vinnytsia region. It was determined that, on average, the potential seed collection for common and northern oak is: 400-700 kg/ha, black walnut – 600-800 kg/ha, broad-leaved linden – 80-160 kg/ha, edible chestnut – 400-700 kg/ha. It was established that the total number of LGR entered in the Register is 46 plots with a total area of 1,286 hectares. According to the results obtained in 2020 and 2021, about 8,000 kg of seeds were harvested in the plantations of the LHR, which is 6 % of the total harvest of acorns in the region. In 2021, an inventory of 133 positive trees selected in the Vinnytsia region was carried out. In terms of the main tree species, these are: oak trees – 126 pcs., European larch – 5 pcs., European spruce – 2 pcs. The average age of plus trees is 88-131 years. It was determined that the area of LPN of common oak in Vinnytsia region is 530.3 ha. The average age of the plantations is 77 years. According to the received tabular data, it was established that the largest areas of LNP are represented by common oak – 57.6 hectares out of 63.1 hectares. It should be noted that in this case, the number and area of LNP, which entered the fruiting period and were certified, are given. In the conditions of Vinnytsia, the PLNB also includes a pine plantation and three European larch plantations, the area of which is 1.0 ha and 3.0 ha, respectively. As a result of the last inventory, it was established that the total number of permanent forest seed plots is 116, the area of which is 1225.2 ha. The largest number and the corresponding area occupied by the PLAND of ordinary oak is, respectively, 87 pcs. and 1115.5 ha. As a result of the conducted scientific research, Scots pine, Pallas pine, rock oak, European larch, Menzies pseudotsuga, Weymouth pine, and chestnut oak are not used for the collection of PLND seeds. 21 % of the total number of PLNDs of common oak, 15 % of red oak, 8 % of black walnut require selective care and other care. After analyzing the selection structure and condition of the Weymouth pine trees (SE «Vinnytske LG», Ivanivsk L-vo, passport No. 4, square 30, view 16, area 1.0 ha, age 113 years, certified in 1965) on the PLND was an unsatisfactory selection structure and condition of the specified trees was established.

Genotype Selection, and Seed Uniformity and Multiplication to Ensure Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Liborino

Seed uniformity and stability testing, and multiplication, are key steps in the seed supply chain of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and other crops. Optimizing agronomical practices in these phases can ultimately ensure seed quality and availability, and germplasm prospective utilization. However, farmers have rarely standardized seed testing and propagation protocols in local common bean landraces conserved in situ. An example of this is the Liborino variety (var.), a promising yellow Andean common bean known for its presumably high digestibility and adaptation to the local conditions of the Cauca river canyon (northwest Andes of Colombia), but likely experiencing genetic erosion after decades of suboptimal propagation. Therefore, this work intended to evaluate and select locally adapted genotypes of common bean var. Liborino for commercial use, to be later multiplied, evaluated by participatory breeding, and eventually shared with farmers. Specifically, we evaluated 44 accessions of var. Liborino common bean in six adaption and yield field trials in the Cauca river canyon at 1100 and 1400 m a.s.l, and in AGROSAVIA’s “La Selva” research station at 2100 m a.s.l. In parallel, we carried out standardized seed multiplication of a Liborino genotype using best practices to guarantee uniformity and stability. From the 44 accessions, nine were well adapted to the tested local conditions. Four of these accessions exhibited a bush type growth habit, while the remaining five were climbers. The trials revealed maximum average extrapolated yields of up to 1169.4 ± 228.4 kg ha−1 for the bush types (G8152) and up to 1720.0 ± 588.4 kg ha−1 for the climbers (G51018), both at 2100 m a.s.l. Three climbing accessions matched farmers’ expectations for seed coat color and shape, according to a participatory selection exercise. Uniform and stable seed of the selected genotype was delivered in 2022 to 39 farmers, ~6.5 kg of seeds per farmer. Our results will allow implementing bean genetic improvement pipelines, promoting var. Liborino commercialization, and boosting the economic and sustainable development of the rural communities in the Cauca river canyon. Seed uniformity testing and multiplication pipelines must be extended to other bean landraces conserved in situ.

Application of Legume Inoculum (Legin) to The Root Nodules and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Production on Peat Soil West Kalimantan

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are food crops that have high economic value because of their nutritional content. One of the factors that affect the low production of peanuts in West Kalimantan is the condition of the soil dominated by peat soil causing soil fertility to be low. Application of Rhizobium or legin is expected to increase the production of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of legin application against the amount of root nodules and the production of peanut plants. The research was conducted from November 2020 to February 2021. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments namely control, application of legin 4 g/kg seed, 8 g/kg seed, 12 g/kg seed and 16 g/kg seed. The results showed application of legin has a real influence on the total weight of root nodules, the total number of root nodules, the number of effective root nodules, the number of filling pods, the number of seeds and the weight of seeds, but had no noticeable effect on the time of flowering. Legin application of 12 grams / kg of seeds is the best concentration to increase the production of peanuts grown in west Kalimantan peat soil, because it gives the best results to the number of pods content 11.33 pods, the number of seeds 24.16 seeds and the seed weight 19.73 grams.

Ethanol and dimethyl carbonate as solvents under pressurized conditions to obtain oil and active compounds from crambe seeds

This work investigated the efficiency of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) to obtain oil and active compounds from crambe seeds, using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethanol as solvents. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of experimental conditions (addition of ethanol to DMC, pressure and temperature) on extraction mass yield (EMY) and yield of phytosterols (PY) and γ-tocopherol (TY). In the condition that provided the maximum value of the evaluated response variables, the effect of the solvent to seed ratio and solvent was determined, as well as the comparison with the data from the application of conventional extraction by Soxhlet. From the results obtained, it was found that the temperature and the addition of ethanol to the DMC had a high influence on the removal and quality of the oil. The addition of 50% ethanol to the DMC, low pressure (50 bar) and high temperature (150 °C) allowed obtaining the highest values for the response variables and the validation of the model was verified by high correlation between the predicted (EMY: 36.43%; PY: 925.44 mg per kg of seeds; TY: 536.66 mg per kg of seeds) and experiments (EMY: 39.35%; PY: 914.57 mg per kg of seeds; TY: 533.29 mg per kg of seeds) values. PLE resulted in EMY higher than that obtained in the Soxhlet extraction, and for the different solvents tested, EMY followed the order DMC + ethanol > ethanol > DMC. The use of ethanol in PLE provided a high content of active compounds compared to the use of the solvent mixture, however, it presented greater extraction of non-lipid compounds. The main fatty acids present in crambe oil were erucic and oleic, the iodine value and the fatty acid composition were similar for the different solvents/extraction technique. In general, the presence of natural antioxidants and the high oxidative stability of the oil showed that it has the potential to be applied in the synthesis of biodiesel.

Analysis of the main trends of the market of organic cosmetic products based on argan oil

Aim. To analyze the main trends in the development of the market segment of organic cosmetics containing argan oil.
 Materials and methods. Data from Internet sources on specific topics, information from the official websites of cosmetic manufacturers, as well as methods of systems analysis, historical, retrospective, analytical and logical methods were used in the work.
 Results. Due to the growing popularity of organic beauty, the global organic cosmetic market demonstrates an annual growth rate of 8-10 % (it is predicted that by 2022 its volume will be $ 2024 million). The article examines approaches to the collection of the raw material, the production and sale of environmentally friendly cosmetic products containing argan oil. To obtain 1-1.5 liters of pure oil, it is necessary to process 100 kg of seeds or 3 kg of kernels, its shelf life without preservatives is 2 years, therefore, the question of the composition of cosmetics produced by world brands remains open. The fact that it is practically absent in ordinary stores is also associated with negative factors that hinder the development of organic cosmetics with argan oil in different countries, including Ukraine. According to the marketing company Reportsbuzz, 17 key players from 10 countries producing these cosmetic products have been identified, the leaders among them are the Kingdom of Morocco (5 companies, which is 29,4 % of the total).
 Conclusions. The analysis of the composition of cosmetics sold on the sites kasta.ua, prom.ua, shafa.ua, allows us to conclude that most of the products are manufactured in Israel and the United States (although declared as Moroccan); the main component is silicones. Cosmetics with Spinosa oil (Argan) Kernel Oil is in the sixth place. In Ukraine, cosmetics with argan oil can be purchased through the official distributor – “Nectarome Ukraine”, on its website 6 products are presented with prices that start from $ 4 per 20 ml (Sérum huileux Neroli – Argane – Figues de barbarie) to $ 119.66 per 1 liter (Huile d’ Argane pressée à froid Certifiée Biologique) as of 23.06.2021.

Efficiency of Trichoderma asperellum as a promoter of vegetable growth and soybean productivity

Aiming to achieve greater economic returns by increasing the biomass and productivity of strategic crops, such as soybeans, this article aimed to evaluate the efficiency of TrichoPlus (Trichoderma asperellum), as a promoter of plant growth in soybeans. Four independent experiments were carried out in the municipalities of Porto Nacional and Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil, in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 harvests. Four experiments were conducted, each with four treatments with different doses of TrichoPlus (2, 3, 4 and 5 g kg-1 per seeds), plus two control treatments, one positive control with commercial product based on Trichoderma asperellum and one absolute control (without inoculation). For the treatment with the TrichoPlus product, the powder formulation was used, with active ingredient based on Trichoderma asperellum 201, formulated with a minimum concentration of 2 x 108 CFU g-1. The positive results for the biomass characteristics, stand maintenance and productivity were evidenced in the different doses of TrichoPlus, with emphasis on doses close to 5 g kg-1 of seeds, with gains in productivity above 23% for the 2017/2018 harvest and above 9% for the 2018/2019 harvest in Gurupi. In Porto Nacional the productivity gain for the 2017/2018 harvest was over 21% and for the 2018/2019 harvest it was over 27% in relation to the absolute control. Considering the different doses of TrichoPlus used in the experiments, there were differences between the doses with the best results for treatments with doses of 4 and 5 g kg-1 of seeds.

Seed Nutrient and Leaf Mineral Content of Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis L) Cultivated with Organic and Bio-fertilizers in Grumusol Soil

The aim of this study was to determine the seed nutrient content and leaf mineral status of jack bean cultivated in grumusol soil treated with bio-fertilizers and soil ameliorants. The research was conducted on marginal land in Playen Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which is at an altitude of 250 m above sea level. The experimental research was conducted with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The first factor was the type of bio-fertilizers consisting of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium. The second factor was the kind of ameliorants consisting of chicken manure and green manure. The third factor was the dose of bio-fertilizers consisting of 10 g kg-1 seeds, and 20 g kg-1 seeds. Two treatments which were chicken manure and green manure both without bio-fertilizer were used as controls. The results indicated that a combination of green manure and Rhizobium 20 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest protein seed content (28.68 %). The green manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest carbohydrate seed content (59.98%), while the combination of chicken manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest lipid seed content (2.62 %). Moreover, the results indicated that application of chicken manure and mycorrhiza with a dosage of 20 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest leaf N content (4.04%), application of green manure and mycorrhiza 20 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest leaf P content (0.79%), whereas application of chicken manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest leaf K content (1.41%). The application of chicken manure resulted in fewer nodules than green manure application.