Key Business Research Articles

The Strategic Role of Energy Efficiency and Industry 4.0 Interventions in Manufacturing

Energy efficiency measures and Industry 4.0 investments are prominent drivers of business competitiveness and sustainability, working toward sustainable development goals and decarbonization commitments. We analyzed data from a survey of 239 Italian manufacturing firms conducted in 2021. The survey was designed to identify drivers of energy efficiency measures and Industry 4.0 measures, as well as barriers to their implementation. We also examined interventions on key business variables such as business model sustainability, corporate social responsibility, business economics, public image, reputation, and market positioning. Energy efficiency intervention drivers are correlated with sustainable corporate social responsibility and cost reduction, whereas Industry 4.0 intervention drivers are associated with production optimization variables. Prominent barriers to energy efficiency interventions relate to economic feasibility, regulatory uncertainty, and financial issues. Similarly, key barriers to Industry 4.0 interventions are economic feasibility, enabling infrastructures, and regulatory uncertainty. The implication of energy efficiency measures and Industry 4.0 investments are discussed to pave the way for complementarity, overlap, and contrasting effects of measures. The paper has business implications given that it benefits decision-makers to reduce the risk of strategic drift and increases the probability of meeting sustainable development goals and decarbonization targets of Sustainable Development Goal 11.

Records management in an ISO certified environment: a case study of Botho University in Botswana

Records are information assets of great value to organisations as they document decisions and activities of business. Organisations, therefore, have a duty to make sure that they put in place a systematic administrative programme for managing these records. The information contained in records has been seen as a key business resource for universities and their competitiveness; therefore, it is vital that university records should be managed. This study evaluated records management at Botho University, an ISO-certified university. The main objective of the study was to find out which records management practices were in place at Botho University as an ISO 9001-2008 certified institution. The population of the study comprised 23 respondents including deans, heads or managers of departments and departmental representatives who interact with records on a daily basis. The study was guided by ISO 9001-2008, section 4.2.4. Data for the study were collected through the use of semi-structured interviews, open-ended questionnaires and personal observations. The key findings of the study were that Botho University is not fully compliant with all the provisions of ISO 9001-2008 under which it was certified. The findings further showed that the university had an inadequate records management policy that did not cover all records issues, lacked adequate facilities for the storage and protection of records, lacked a records retention and disposition schedule and lacked dedicated staff to manage records. The findings also revealed that Botho University operated a hybrid system where some records were created electronically while some were physical copies. Based on these findings, the study recommends that in order for Botho University to be fully compliant with the provisions of ISO 9001-2008, it must revise its records management policy to enhance it to make it adequate, improve its records storage facilities and develop a records retention and disposition schedule.

Active Ingredients and Carriers in Nutritional Eco-Cosmetics

Beauty and personal care became a significant part of the global economy for two reasons: (1) The elderly growing in the global population and (2) the desire of women and men to appear younger and more attractive. Thus, both young and old people are looking for revolutionary nutritional eco-cosmetics (combined use of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals) manufactured by natural active ingredients, using biopolymers as substrates, and made by innovative and sustainable technologies. Consequently, the market of both cosmetics and diet supplements is continually growing together with the request of natural active ingredients, including bio-peptides and biological macromolecules such as chitin and lignin. Therefore, both consumers and industry need to recover innovative active ingredients and carriers (vehicles), naturally derived and supported by advanced methods for controlling their effectiveness and safeness on skin and mucous membrane layers. The use of selected bio-ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid and bio-mimetic peptides, obtained by advanced, innovative and sustainable bio nanotechnologies, will be of interest to develop smart cosmeceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Innovation is considered the key business strategy to drive sustainable economic growth. For trying to reduce waste and produce sustainable, biodegradable and innovative products, the realization of new non-woven tissues, used as carriers for making innovative cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals was considered. Both carriers and active ingredients have been obtained from food waste to reduce loss and pollution. This review will report a brief description of the skin functions, trying also to focus and discuss some of the active ingredients and carriers used in nutritional eco-cosmetics to clarify the supposed mechanism of action, effectiveness and safeness of both active ingredients and carriers, as well as the supposed activity of beauty and personal care products.

Возможности адаптации цифровых технологий для развития сельскохозяйственного производства

Abstract. One of the priority directions of the state's development at present is the formation of the digital economy. The development of priority economic activities without taking into account the achievements of scientific and technological progress is impossible in a strategic perspective, especially in the field of food security, taking into account global geopolitical and macroeconomic changes. It is necessary to take advantage of the positive high results of increasing agricultural production volumes, supporting this trend with digital improvements at various stages of key business processes. The subject of the study is digital technologies in agriculture. The purpose of the study is to study the problems and prospects of the introduction of digital technologies in the agriculture of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The main research methods are 1) methods of analysis, induction and deduction; 2) methods of generalization and synthesis, scientific abstraction; 3) methods of socio-economic modeling. Research objectives: 1) study of economic and managerial features of digital technologies in agriculture; 2) determine the directions of digital technologies in the field of agricultural production and characterize the stages of this process; 3) develop a process model for managing the introduction of digital technologies in the field of agriculture. Scientific novelty. A process model for managing the introduction of digital technologies in the field of agriculture is presented. Results. The analysis of the state of the agricultural complex in the context of innovative development is carried out. In modern agriculture, there is an increasing need for the use of modern technologies, including data collection, storage and processing systems. The use of IT technologies contributes to increasing the yield and profitability of agriculture, reducing material costs, and more efficient allocation of funds. In general, if certain conditions are met, digital transformation will ensure the sustainable development of agriculture and increase its competitiveness.

Возможности адаптации цифровых технологий для развития сельскохозяйственного производства

Abstract. One of the priority directions of the state's development at present is the formation of the digital economy. The development of priority economic activities without taking into account the achievements of scientific and technological progress is impossible in a strategic perspective, especially in the field of food security, taking into account global geopolitical and macroeconomic changes. It is necessary to take advantage of the positive high results of increasing agricultural production volumes, supporting this trend with digital improvements at various stages of key business processes. The subject of the study is digital technologies in agriculture. The purpose of the study is to study the problems and prospects of the introduction of digital technologies in the agriculture of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The main research methods are 1) methods of analysis, induction and deduction; 2) methods of generalization and synthesis, scientific abstraction; 3) methods of socio-economic modeling. Research objectives: 1) study of economic and managerial features of digital technologies in agriculture; 2) determine the directions of digital technologies in the field of agricultural production and characterize the stages of this process; 3) develop a process model for managing the introduction of digital technologies in the field of agriculture. Scientific novelty. A process model for managing the introduction of digital technologies in the field of agriculture is presented. Results. The analysis of the state of the agricultural complex in the context of innovative development is carried out. In modern agriculture, there is an increasing need for the use of modern technologies, including data collection, storage and processing systems. The use of IT technologies contributes to increasing the yield and profitability of agriculture, reducing material costs, and more efficient allocation of funds. In general, if certain conditions are met, digital transformation will ensure the sustainable development of agriculture and increase its competitiveness.

Improving MSME performance through financial literacy, financial technology, and financial inclusion

Financial literacy is one of the key abilities and skills MSME business actors require to manage their finances and achieve successful business performance. This study's purpose was to analyze the impact of financial and technological literacy on improving MSME performance in Medan City and the mediation of this relationship by financial inclusion. The research had a quantitative descriptive methodology with an explanatory research approach. Data were collected from a sample of 100 business actors in Medan City. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modelling - Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results showed that financial literacy, financial technology, and financial inclusion affected the performance of MSMEs in Medan City, and financial inclusion did not mediate the effects of financial literacy and financial technology on the performance of MSMEs in Medan City. The novelty of this research is its capacity to inform stakeholders of the importance of the financial literacy of MSME business actors; therefore, stakeholders must strive to educate MSME business actors on the importance of financial literacy.

From efficiencies to transformation – tapping the full potential of process mining

PurposeBecause of its effectiveness, process mining is rapidly becoming ubiquitous. A recent IBM Institute for Business Value (IBV) survey found that 65 percent of organizations report actively using process mining to improve processes. And in partnership with software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers to add even greater insight into their processes, 69 percent compare their organization’s data with other SaaS customers. And as many as 77 percent of supply chain executives say they are at least at the implementation stage of process and task mining.Design/methodology/approachThe IBM Institute for Business Value and APQC, in cooperation with Oxford Economics, surveyed 2,000 C-level executives in first half of 2022 from 13 countries in all major geographies and across 22 industries. The IBV and APQC implemented an in-depth analysis of how organizations use benchmarking and process mining tools, the benefits they gain from use of these tools and how they anticipate using them in the future.FindingsBig data and digital technologies also creates new possibilities for measuring performance and revealing process improvement opportunities through process mining ? a relatively new discipline that applies data science to discover, validate and improve workflows in real time.Practical/implicationsBy utilizing data from IT systems to create a process model and then examining the end-to-end process, process mining enables root causes of variations from norms to be identified using specialized algorithms, and these insights enable management to see if processes are functioning as intended and identify new opportunities to optimize them.Originality/valueMore recently, the scope of process mining initiatives has widened to encompass more sophisticated mission-critical functions, notably human capital, cybersecurity and sales. Organizations that embrace process mining outperform others across key business measures, including profitability, innovation, agility, customer satisfaction and technological sophistication. 10;

The role of mobile network operators in next-generation public safety services

Field of researchThis research is in the field of public safety communications in mobile broadband 4G/5G networks. The focus is on mobile network operators and their business opportunities in the public safety market. PurposeThe purpose of this research is to provide a review of ongoing public safety mobile broadband projects in which mobile operators play a key role. In addition, a business model analysis is presented to determine the role of mobile operators in these projects. A comparison of the two key business models is also included to reveal their general characteristics. Methods and dataThe research used a qualitative method, an inductive case study. This method was used to draw general conclusions from a small number of case studies based on ongoing public safety mobile broadband projects. The Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart framework and the business model canvas were used to analyse and compare the two key business models discussed. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including company reports, press releases, international events and conferences, and selected interviews with managers in charge. FindingsThe results show that mobile operators have new business opportunities in the public safety market. Their existing mobile networks can be used for public safety services with certain enhancements. Within existing projects, mobile operators have different business models. The two analysed models were found to require different resources and offer different business opportunities for mobile operators. Procurement authorities responsible for selecting business models are encouraged to pay attention to the choice of model based on, for example, strategic objectives. ValueVery little research has been done on the business opportunities of mobile operators in the public safety market. In this area, this study lays the groundwork for new research. Procurement authorities can use the results when deciding on the business model. Mobile operators can benefit from these results by better understanding their own roles in public safety projects and when assessing the business opportunities of a particular project.

An assessment of differential supplier category performance in the agro processing industry: A case for supplier development in the Zimbabwean tobacco industry

This study sought to determine whether farm categories influence the key agro business supply chain metric of crop yield. The investigated farm categories are the communal farms, A1 farms, A2 farms, and commercial farms that reflect the agricultural structure that emerged from the post-fast-track land reform programme in Zimbabwe. Secondary data for crop yield was collected from the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board publications of a five-year period spanning from 2014-2018. Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board is the regulatory authority of the Zimbabwean tobacco industry. The study used One-way ANOVA to test the specified hypotheses. A post hoc test was conducted using the Bonferroni procedure. The results indicated that crop yield is a function of the farm category. Communal farms had low crop yield, while A1 farm models proved to be very productive as evidenced by higher crop yield than any other farm category. A2 farms and commercial farms had unexpectedly low crop yield. The study recommended consolidation and transformation of communal areas into small-to-medium plots for the purposes of improving their agricultural viability, while at the same time downsizing the redundant A2 and commercial farms into small scale plots for the purposes of improving their efficiency. The study also recommended entering into resource-providing contract farming with A2 farmers whose current low yield might be due to lack of adequate input resources.

Logistics in construction: decision-making methods, features and prospects development

The article examines the peculiarities of logistics in the construction industry. The prospects for the development of industry logistics are associated with the use of outsourcing in the supply of construction companies. Decisions on managing supply chains for construction materials are systematized, and decisions made by logistics providers and construction industry organizations are identified. The possibility of reducing the amount of costs in the activities of construction companies is proposed through the analysis of processes based on classical concepts and their transformation into logistic concepts of organization. Additionally, according to the concepts of key competencies and business process reengineering, it is proposed that companies establish the best source of competitive advantage by making key processes as efficient and cost-effective as possible, while non-key processes can be outsourced to gain additional competitive advantage. Businesses are interested in reducing inventory holding costs, as analysts confirm the fact that inventory storage costs companies at least 25% of their book value per year. The practice of applying logistics proves its effectiveness. In a number of works, data on the effectiveness of logistics have been published. In one of them it is noted that, according to experts (expert assessment), the use of logistics allows to reduce the level of stocks by 30–50%; reduce product movement time by 25–45%; reduce repeat warehouse transportation by 1.5–2.0 times; reduce costs for road transportation by 7–20%, and for rail transportation by up to 12%. Logistics, developing at enterprises of various branches of the economy, acquires specific branch features. In construction, it has a number of features, among which the rather low level of logistics as a branch of the national economy of Ukraine stands out. To optimize costs in the supply chain, it is recommended to consider various decisions made by both the construction company being serviced and the logistics provider. Specifically, the construction company is required to specify logistic service requirements that are determined by plans and schedules for construction work, specifications dictated by construction technology, as well as cost, time, and quality characteristics of the expected service.

Software Size Measurement of Smart Digital Tourism Project based on Use Case Point

In recent years, the tourism sector has evolved into a key strategic business for boosting local economic output. This industry has been dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic impact since the end of 2019. The tourism sector was, however, expected to bounce back and carry on expanding as it had in the past. For the purpose of enhancing services for stakeholders, this sector must transition from the conventional approach to digitization. Regarding the ability to include stakeholders in offering smart services, a smart digital tourism should be prepared. The creation of this clever solution should follow a quantifiable software development approach, such as measurable software design. The purpose of this study is to provide a case point method for measuring software design in relation to project budget and schedule. The study's findings showed that the size of the project would be 112.27 Use Case Points, it would take 2,133.13 hours to complete, and it would cost 28,530,613.8 Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) to develop the software. The findings will aid in the management of software development at a later stage in terms of making decisions and planning additional quantifiable projects.

Factors Supporting the Digitalization of Business: A Descriptive Study

Digitalization has become a buzzword in the business world, and its importance cannot be overstated in the current era of technology-driven change. As businesses strive to remain competitive, digitalization is seen as a key factor that can drive innovation, increase efficiency, and improve customer experiences. Technological infrastructure was identified as a critical factor that supports digitalization, including access to reliable and fast internet, hardware, and software. Leadership support was also identified as a key factor, as managers and business owners who prioritize digitalization tend to invest in technology and provide training to employees. Overall, this study provides insights into the factors that support digitalization in business, highlighting the importance of technological infrastructure, leadership support, employee skills, and customer demands. The findings of this study can be useful for businesses that are considering digital transformation, as they can help identify areas of focus and investment. By embracing digitalization and leveraging the factors that support it, businesses can increase their competitiveness, improve operational efficiency, and enhance customer experiences.

Computer Game Scenario Representation: A Systematic Mapping Study

Background: Game scenario is an important factor for achieving player enjoyment; consisting a key business success factor. Additionally, the production of early design artifacts is crucial for the success of the development process. However, representing scenarios is a non-trivial task: (a) multiple aspects of the game need to be visualized; and (b) there is a plethora of representation approaches, out of which the game designer needs to select from. Aim: The goal of this work is to provide a panorama of the current scenario representation approaches, to aid game engineers in selecting the most fitting scenario representation approach and understand the existing designing options. Method: We have performed a Systematic Mapping Study, using 4 digital libraries, since the main goal can be achieved through study classification. By following an established search and filtering process, we have identified 717 articles, and analyzed in detail 95. Results: Diagrams are the most common generic approach to represent scenario; Game story is the most usual part of the scenario being represented; Characters are the most common component; and Transitions are the most usual connectors. Conclusion: Researchers may get useful information for empirically investigating several game engineering aspects; whereas game engineers can efficiently select the most fitting approach.

Структура и социально-психологические особенности личной эффективности руководителей

The article considers the socio-psychological features of the personal effectiveness of the leader. The key role of the leader and the increase in the importance of this role in connection with the complication of living conditions are determined, as a result of which the requirements for the personality of the leader change. In this regard, the issues of personal effectiveness acquire both theoretical and practical significance. The theoretical review, compiled on the basis of a study of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, presents structural, theoretical-methodological, classification approaches, and also identifies directions for assessing the effectiveness of managers. The criteria for evaluating personal effectiveness are outlined within the framework of the mechanistic approach, the theory of human relations, the theory of hierarchical systems, competence and resource approaches. From the analysis of scientific literature, it is concluded that there is a difference in determining the personal effectiveness of different categories of employees. In the course of the study, the structure of the manager's personal effectiveness was determined (physiological, personal, socio-psychological, operational and meta levels were identified), its features were identified among managers of different levels of management and management experience, the relationship between the components of the efficiency structure was determined, with the identification of key characteristics that made up basis for the typology of leaders. The typology of managers was developed on the basis of cluster analysis. Four clusters were formed, the representatives of which do not differ in gender composition, management level, management experience and age. In each cluster, distinctive characteristics are defined for the considered and identified components of personal effectiveness. Based on the work done, key areas for improving the personal effectiveness of managers were formed: time management, goal-setting and self-presentation skills, highlighting key business tasks, and increasing the level of awareness of activities.

Following ESG Principles as one of the Key Business Factors

Following ESG principles is now one of the key drivers of business value. In this regard, there are companies that try to mislead stakeholders, which has a negative impact on the whole process of responsible investment, as it reduces investor confidence. Such activity is called impact (green) washing - imitation of the company’s implementation of an environmental or social mission. In connection with the observed large trend of the “green” agenda, greenwashing has become especially widespread. In the modern sense, greenwashing is a false positive communication of a company about its environmental impact on the environment, in other words, it is a misrepresentation by a company about a product, service or investment, in which they appear to be more environmentally friendly than they really are.

The business dimension of Metaverse

Purpose: This paper aims is to identify the key business opportunities and potential threats to companies that arise as Metaverse-like platforms development. The focus is on companies which can use the functionalities Metaverse offers and on the fact that their customers may soon be spending their time there in great numbers. Design/methodology/approach: From company perspective, the purposes set out in this paper are pursued under strategic analysis. In this context, SWOT analysis comes as an appropriate method. This paper does not pertain to a specific company or industry; therefore, the analysis will be confined to Opportunities and Threats that are, in essence, independent of the business sector and concern Metaverse’s impact on the business world. The source materials for the said analysis derive from the latest research literature and reports of consulting companies. Findings: This paper identifies the fundamental business opportunities in the context of the envisaged Metaverse development. They were confronted with issues and risks associated with the practical development and use of such platforms. Research limitations/implications: Metaverse is in its initial development phase; therefore, the identification of opportunities and threats is tentative and it should be revised as the technology progresses and the practical solutions become established. Moreover, the analysis in question is based on the projected development of Metaverse, hence the ensuing conclusions should be approached with caution. Practical implications: This paper provides a list of the fundamental business opportunities and threats which should be taken into account by companies devising their strategy concerning the use of Metaverse platforms. Social implications: The pertinent threats fundamentally affect the situation of the society in the digital world. Hence, it is too important to be aware of the threats, pursue appropriate polices of privacy, ethical business, social responsibility, and finally to adopt relevant legal regulations on the state level. Originality/value: One of the first research papers discussing the business potential and threats surrounding the development of Metaverse. Keywords: Metaverse, E-commerce, Digital Transformation, Virtual World. Category of the paper: General review.

VALUE STREAM MAP OPTIMIZATION MODEL IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

The relevance of the implementation the Lean Production quality management model in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Ukraine has been proven to optimize the stream of HEIs business processes in order to improve the quality of functioning of HEI as an economic activity subject and increase the competitiveness of educational services, scientific and educational products. The modern approaches of scientists to the Lean Higher Education and the construction of a process model of activity and the identification of key business processes of HEIs are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to develop the optimization model for the stream of business processes based on Lean technologies and to apply the model to visualize and optimize the key process of business process at the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics (NURE). A DFD model of the optimization process of the Value Stream Map (VMS) - a quality management tool created within the framework of the Lean methodology for process stream analysis - was developed. The model optimization criteria are proposed. During the development of the map optimization model, the peculiarities of the result of the HEI activity, which is a combination of educational service, educational and scientific product, were taken into account. The practical significance of the article lies in the study of the HEI key process "Development of educational and methodological support of the educational process". Decomposition of the main process was carried out. The second and third levels processes for the value stream mapping was distinguished. The current state VSM of the process "Development of educational and methodological support of the educational process" was developed, the indicators of the effectiveness of the value stream at the department of information and measurement technologies of the NURE were calculated, the "bottlenecks" of the stream were analyzed. Measures to optimize "bottlenecks" based on the criterion of minimizing time are proposed. Prospects for further research in the chosen direction are determined as the implementation of Lean technologies in the activities of HEIs are the development and optimization of VSM for all key processes of HEIs.

Entrepreneurship Success: A Case Study of Eric Chua’s “TASK” Innovation in Training

Entrepreneurship is a demanding yet fulfilling pursuit with a relatively low success rate. Various factors play a role in determining an entrepreneur’s achievement. This particular case revolves around Eric Chua, an entrepreneur who dedicated three decades to establishing a prosperous insurance agency. In 1992, Eric embarked on his life insurance business intending to improve his financial situation and settle his debts. Despite being promoted to agency manager in 1998, he only established his own insurance agency, the RFS Partners (TRP), in 2006. Initially, TRP started with two managers and generated RM2 million in new business annually. However, by 2022, Eric had successfully expanded TRP to encompass five managers and achieve over RM14 million in new business annually. One of the key business innovations that fuelled this growth was TRP’s training system. A robust training system is crucial for the development of life insurance agents and enables the replication of successful approaches. This case study delves into Eric’s journey of creating an effective training system that ultimately contributed to his business’s success. By examining this case, valuable insights into how small and medium-sized enterprise entrepreneurs navigate and establish prosperous business operations can be observed.

Balancing quality, cost, and uncertainty in pharmaceutical supply chain: A robust possibilistic flexible programming approach

The pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely and reliable availability of essential drugs while maintaining high-quality standards. Balancing the triad of cost, time, and quality is paramount in optimizing the complexities of this supply chain. In this research, a multi-objective PSC optimization model is developed to maximize the key business factors. The dynamic nature of the PSC can significantly compromise the effectiveness of the decision making process. To deal with this challenge, a robust possibilistic flexible programming approach (RPFPA) solution methodology is proposed. This methodology provides a robust and flexible framework to tackle the uncertainties within the supply chain. To validate the proposed model and methodology, a computational analysis of a case study is conducted. The results of the analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and methodology in addressing the uncertainties and complexities of the PSC. Specifically, the findings reveal that by accepting a 23.8% increase in costs, decision-makers can achieve a desirable level of robustness in their decisions. Moreover, the study identifies that the assignment of higher priority to cost objectives leads to more centralized decisions within the supply chain, while a greater emphasis on quality objectives results in a more decentralized approach. By employing the proposed approach, decision-makers can efficiently deal with the complexities and uncertainties inherent in the PSC, making well-informed choices that balance cost, time, and quality.

Stabilisation of the financial architecture in the banking system

The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological research financial architecture in the area of elaborating the directions of stabilisation of the banking system in the context of the development of digital transformation of the market environment. The developed procedures and algorithms for creating a stabilisation model include outlining the criteria related to the development of the financial system in general, working out the directions of digital adaptation of processes in the banking system in the interaction of participants in financial relations, and presenting the possibilities for the development of the banking system. Digitalisation of business models at this stage of development of market relations in certain sectors requires the creation of effective adaptation mechanisms that take into account institutional support, the impact of system components on the efficiency of functioning, and the role of each component on performance. Strategic management involves modelling the procedures for incorporating the latest digital tools into the functional load of the banking system. The scenario approach is the basic approach to management decision-making, with a focus on key business models for application. Modelling scenarios for stabilisation of the banking system in the context of digital transformation of the economy is based on analytical research, strategic management, attraction of digital technological innovations, ensuring the security of the digital and information space, monitoring and evaluation of the model's effectiveness.