Kerosene Stove Research Articles

Health risk assessment of trace elements through exposure of particulate matter-10 during the cooking of Ethiopian traditional dish sauces

This study was aimed to analyze trace elements in the particulate matter-10 and evaluate their health risks during the cooking of the most widely consumed Ethiopian traditional dish sauces (Wots) using charcoal, kerosene and electricity stoves. The trace elements (iron, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, lead, boron, nickel, cobalt, tin, copper and zinc) in the particulate matter-10 were found in the range 0.001–0.175 µg m−3. The human health risk assessment has done based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency prescription. The hazard quotient and hazard index values using charcoal, kerosene and electricity stoves were found below 1. This result showed that the inhabitants stay at any of these three microenvironments has no likelihood to have non-cancer health problems. In addition, the life time cancer values for all trace elements were below the tolerable range set by United States Environmental Protection Agency, except chromium, cadmium and arsenic which were found within the tolerable range. Furthermore, the total sum of eleven determined elements was calculated, and the highest concentration was observed using kerosene stove followed by charcoal and electricity stoves, respectively. The use of kerosene and charcoal stove were not the recommended stove as compared to electricity stove for the cooking of Wot.

Desain dan Analisa Pembakaran Kompor Briket Biomassa

The furnace is a device used to convert potential energy into heat energy. Furnace for the community is one of the important tools for cooking. Combustion is the reaction of a substance with oxygen (O2 ). Combustion is one of the most widely used biomass energy conversions because it produces direct thermal energy. The purpose of this research is to analyze the number of holes and analyze the comparison of burning briquette stoves with kerosene stoves. The data collection method is carried out by direct observation of the community and collecting references from related books and journals. Analysis conducted on the number of holes in the briquette stove (21, 33 and 43) shows the most effective results in the use of briquette stoves are briquette stoves which have 43 holes. The time to heat the water is 15 minutes with the same amount of water and fuel volume, the water volume is 500 ml and 600 grams of fuel and the final temperature is 100 oC. The heating time of kerosene stove is 12 minutes and the heating time of briquette stove is 15 minutes.Keywords: Briquette stove, hole variation, design, combustion, efficiency

A Prospective study of avoidable domestic factors in fatal thermal injuries in a tertiary care hospital

Thermal burns and related physical injuries (electrocution and lightening) are major causes of death and disability in India. This is largely related to the geographical distribution, nature of domestic appliances, wearing apparels or clothes and use of wood, leaves, straw, open chullha, kerosene stove, kerosene lamps, etc. for cooking, heating and lighting purpose. A prospective study on deaths due to thermal injuries was conducted at a tertiary care hospital over a period of two years. Accidental burn by flame or fire during cooking inside the house is the most common cause and majority of the victims are females in their third decade from rural background. Around 1/6th of burn deaths were suicidal using kerosene. Majority of the victims wore synthetic clothes. Well ventilated pucca houses, safer LPG stoves, early hospitalisation and prompt referral with public awareness should be encouraged to minimise the morbidity and mortality due to thermal injury. Keywords: Accidental burns, Cooking, Females, Kerosene, Suicidal, Synthetic clothes.

Assessment of Tree Species for Fuelwood Consumption in Northern Guinea Savannah Eco-region: A Case Study of Selected Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria

Evaluation of preferred tree species for fuelwood consumption in selected local overnment area of Katsina State was studied. Random sampling techniques was used to administer thirty (30) questionnaire in each of the four (4) selected local government areas to make a total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires. One hundred (100) were retrieved. The result revealed that Isoberlinia doka was the most preferred (24%) tree species for fuel consumption because of its high fire retaining capacity, low smoke and low moisture holding capacity while Cassia species and Odina barteri were the least (3% each). The major (70%) source of fuel wood supply to the market was from the forest. Funtua local government consumed more Fuelwood/head/year (64.06t/person/year) than all the other selected local government areas, while Sabuwa had the least (38.64 t/person/year). Fuelwood was the major (33%) energy source while gas (2%) was the least. Socio economic characteristics of the respondents were also examined. The percentage of male was 68%, while that of their female counterpart was 32%. Majority (50%) are married with many (35%) having 7-8 house hold size. 37% of the respondents had primary education while 26% had no formal education and majority (42%) were farmers. However, it is recommended that there is need for artificial regeneration of tree species exploited in form of woodlots, community forest plantation for continuous supply of wood on a sustainable bases and also other alternative sources of energy such as kerosene stove, gas cooker, solar etc should be encouraged and subsidized to the general populace to reduce the pressure on forest reserve.

Modification and Construction of Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Reflector

Energy is essential to economic and social development and improved quality of life of human being. A parabolic solar cooker was modified, fabricated and evaluated as a simple device to harness direct sun rays for cooking purposes. This device was constructed on a steel dish which was completely lined with aluminium foil. This reflecting surface was used to concentrate the rays of the sun at a focus which led to production of high temperature for cooking purposes. A cooking pot stand was erected and positioned near the focus. The equipment was tested for temperature (energy concentration) achieved at the bottom of the cooking pot, and by cooking with it. The energy concentration efficiency of the cooker was found to be 53.41%. The average temperature achieved by this cooker during the time of testing was 107.38°C (380.53K) it was also used to cook beans and groundnuts in comparison to other alternatives such as kerosene stove and firewood. It took one hour to cook beans and 18 mins to boil groundnut. On the other hand, it took 33 mins and 40 mins to cook the same quantity of beans using kerosene stove and firewood, respectively while it took 10 mins and 17 mins to cook groundnuts using kerosene stove and firewood, respectively.

Effects of Fermentation Time on the Functional Properties of Ogiri-Ahuekere (Arachis Hypogaea Linn) Seed Condiment

The effects of fermentation time on the functional characteristics of ogiri-ahuekere samples were evaluated. The groundnut seeds were sun-dried for 8 hours, dehulled and boiled for 8 hours using kerosene stove. The cooked cotyledons were milled manually into a paste and wrapped in small portions (30 g) with blanched plantain leaves. The wrapped samples were fermented in a container for 1 to 10 days (s) while the unfermented cooked groundnut paste was used as a control. Statistical analyses of the data were carried out using ANOVA method with the application of SPSS Version 20. The significant difference between the mean values was determined by Tukey’s test at a 95% level of confidence. Increase in fermentation time caused significant decrease in the following functional properties of ogiri-ahuekere such as water absorption capacity (99.72 to 49.51%), foaming stability (60.63 to 31.60%), and swelling index (4.00 to 0.78), whereas the increase in fermentation time caused significant increase in the following functional properties: oil absorption capacity (72.70 to 128. 43%), foaming capacity (1.37 to 6.84), emulsifying capacity (40.87 to 97.47%), bulk density (0.13 to 0.75 gm-3) and gelling point (62.33 to 88.33°C). This showed that the increase in the fermentation time improved the functional properties of the ogiri-ahuekere samples.

Energy harvesting from household heat sources using a thermoelectric generator module

Inefficiency in energy usage has led to the subject of energy harvesting which simply means recycling dissipated waste energy into another useful form of energy. This paper presents the harvesting of waste thermal energy from household heat sources (kerosene stove and generator exhaust pipe) as an electrical energy. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules (TGM-161-1.2-2.0) and aluminium heat sinks were constructed and placed close to the heat sources for waste heat harvesting. The hot and cold side temperatures of the TEG modules were measured along with the corresponding output voltages and currents, while the power and energy harvested were estimated. The harvesting of energy from the stove yielded means of 1.532 ± 0.091 V, 0.388 ± 0.003 A, 0.597 ± 0.039 W and 536.87 ± 34.98 J, subject to an average temperature difference of 84.59 ± 3.64 °C. For the generator exhaust pipe, average values of 1.28 ± 0.074 V, 0.285 ± 0.007 A, 0.367 ± 0.029 W and 330.62 ± 26.15 J with an average temperature difference of 62.31 ± 4.88 °C were achieved. The obtained results agreed with previous studies on energy harvesting using TEG modules. This work revealed the potential of waste heat energy harvesting using TEG technology.Keywords: Waste heat; temperature; thermoelectric generators; heat source; energy harvesting

Pelatihan Pembuatan Alat Pendeteksi Gas Elpiji pada Rumah Tangga untuk Siswa SMA se-derajat di Dukuh Kadisoka, Sleman

Government policies in converting energy use from kerosene to LPG have encouraged many people to use LPG gas stoves as fuel for stoves used. Although LPG gas stoves have more practical advantages than using kerosene stoves, they still have disadvantages, namely the danger they cause if there is a gas leak that results in an explosion and causes fires and even casualties. To prevent these fires, it is necessary to detect LPG gas leaks, especially in industries and households. From this, an idea was implemented to provide training in the manufacture of gas leak detection devices. Such is the rationale used in the Training of Making LPG Gas Detection Devices in Households for High School Students in Dukuh Kadisoka, Sleman. Hopefully these activities are beneficial, and can prevent fires caused by LPG gas leakage. This activity was held in June 2018 in Kadisoka hamlet. This activity is expected to be useful in everyday.Keyword: detection, Kadisoka, LPG gas leakage

Study of effects of various parameter on thermal efficiency of porous burner with kerosene pressure stove

Energy scarcity and pollutants emission are the main concern for world. It is mandatory to develop a device to tackle the energy crisis and pollutants emissions. This paper covers about the thermal demonstration of porous burner with pressure kerosene stove in terms thermal efficiency. This paper also discusses about the effect of vessel diameter and on thermal efficiency. Effects of gap between vessel’s bottoms to burner’s surface on thermal efficiency also have been discussed in this paper. Porous burner with kerosene stove enhance 15 % thermal efficiency as compared to conventional kerosene pressure stove. Maximum thermal efficiency obtained at lower input power. Parametric study have been done in certain operating condition like room temperature, stable combustion, lower power input etc.

A Laboratory Assessment of 120 Air Pollutant Emissions from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Cookstoves.

Cookstoves emit many pollutants that are harmful to human health and the environment. However, most of the existing scientific literature focuses on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO). We present an extensive data set of speciated air pollution emissions from wood, charcoal, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves. One-hundred and twenty gas- and particle-phase constituents-including organic carbon, elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (10-100 nm), inorganic ions, carbohydrates, and volatile/semivolatile organic compounds (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carbonyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs))-were measured in the exhaust from 26 stove/fuel combinations. We find that improved biomass stoves tend to reduce PM2.5 emissions; however, certain design features (e.g., insulation or a fan) tend to increase relative levels of other coemitted pollutants (e.g., EC ultrafine particles, carbonyls, or PAHs, depending on stove type). In contrast, the pressurized kerosene and LPG stoves reduced all pollutants relative to a traditional three-stone fire (≥93% and ≥79%, respectively). Finally, we find that PM2.5 and CO are not strong predictors of coemitted pollutants, which is problematic because these pollutants may not be indicators of other cookstove smoke constituents (such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) that may be emitted at concentrations that are harmful to human health.

Predicting indoor concentrations of black carbon in residential environments

Black carbon (BC) is a descriptive term that refers to light-absorbing particulate matter (PM) produced by incomplete combustion and is often used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to BC has been linked to adverse health effects. Penetration of ambient BC is typically the primary source of indoor BC in the developed world. Other sources of indoor BC include biomass and kerosene stoves, lit candles, and charring food during cooking. Home characteristics can influence the levels of indoor BC. As people spend most of their time indoors, human exposure to BC can be associated to a large extent with indoor environments. At the same time, due to the cost of environmental monitoring, it is often not feasible to directly measure BC inside multiple individual homes in large-scale population-based studies. Thus, a predictive model for indoor BC is needed to support risk assessment in public health. In this study, home characteristics and occupant activities that potentially modify indoor levels of BC were documented in 23 homes, and indoor and outdoor BC concentrations were measured twice. The homes were located in the Cincinnati-Kentucky-Indiana tristate region and measurements occurred from September 2015 through August 2017. A linear mixed-effect model was developed to predict BC concentration in residential environments. The measured outdoor BC concentrations and the documented home characteristics were utilized as predictors of indoor BC concentrations. After the model was developed, a leave-one-out cross-validation algorithm was deployed to assess the predictive accuracy of the output. The following home characteristics and occupant activities significantly modified the concentration of indoor BC: outdoor BC, lit candles and electrostatic or high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Predicted indoor BC concentrations explained 78% of the variability in the measured indoor BC concentrations. The data show that outdoor BC combined with home characteristics can be used to predict indoor BC levels with reasonable accuracy.

Microbial Loads of Ogiri-Ahuekere Condiment Produced from Groundnut Seed (Arachis hypogaea Linn)

Microbial loads of ogiri-ahuekere condiment produced from groundnut seeds were examined. The groundnut seeds were sun-dried for 8 hours, dehulled and boiled for 8 hours using kerosene stove. The cooked cotyledons were milled manually into a paste and wrapped in small portions (30g) with blanched plantain leaves. The wrapped samples were fermented in a container for 1-10 day(s) while the unfermented cooked groundnut paste was used as a control. The freshly prepared samples of ogiri-ahuekere were used for microbial analysis and this action was carried out under sterile aseptic conditions. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using ANOVA method with application of SPSS version 20. The significant difference between the mean values was determined by Tukey’s test at 95% level of confidence. There was no growth in unfermented sample for TCC and TFMC while there was growth for TBC. There was significant increases in TCC which ranged from` 0.67-6.47 x 107 cfu/g, TBC (0.83-8.60 x 107 cfu/g) and TFMC (0.30 – 4.90 x 107 cfu/g). The results obtained from the study have shown the prevalence of bacteria throughout the period of fermentation in an increasing population.

Microbial Loads of Ogiri-Ahuekere Condiment Produced From Groundnut Seed (Arachis Hypogaea Linn)

Microbial loads of ogiri-ahuekere condiment produced from groundnut seeds were examined. The groundnut seeds were sun-dried for 8 hours, dehulled and boiled for 8 hours using kerosene stove. The cooked cotyledons were milled manually into a paste and wrapped in small portions (30g) with blanched plantain leaves. The wrapped samples were fermented in a container for 1-10 day(s) while the unfermented cooked groundnut paste was used as a control. The freshly prepared samples of ogiri-ahuekere were used for microbial analysis and this action was carried out under sterile aseptic conditions. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using ANOVA method with the application of SPSS version 20. The significant difference between the mean values was determined by Tukey’s test at 95% level of confidence. There was no growth in an unfermented sample for TCC and TFMC while there was growth for TBC. There was significant increases in TCC which ranged from` 0.67-6.47 x 107 cfu/g, TBC (0.83-8.60 x 107 cfu/g) and TFMC (0.30 – 4.90 x 107 cfu/g). The results obtained from the study have shown the prevalence of bacteria throughout the period of fermentation in an increasing population.

Investigation on the Effect for Risk Reduced by the Safety Design Using a Market Data of Home Cooking Stove and Kerosene Stove

Investigation on the Effect for Risk Reduced by the Safety Design Using a Market Data of Home Cooking Stove and Kerosene Stove

Material Characterization Role in Porous Media Combustion Stability and Performance

Abstract This paper discuss about the different material which is used in combustion. Porous media combustion is the unique type of combustion which not only increased the thermal efficiency while, it also reduce pollution. Porous media combustion occurs in solid media which is different from the traditional combustion, so it is mandatory to characterize different alternative material for sustainable and stable combustion. Different physical and thermal properties of alternative materials have been discussed in this paper. Finally, thermal performance of kerosene stove with porous burner with optimum material has been discussed.

The Development of an Enhanced Biomass Gasifier Stove

The demand for clean and safe energy has necessitated alternative to fossil fuels. This work focuses on the design, development and construction of a forced-air, top-lit, updraft biomass gasifier stove. It consists of two broad sections, namely the mechanical section and the electronics section, within which the microcontroller section is incorporated. The electronic section allows the switching between ac mains and battery operation modes for the fan. The biomass fuel for the present design is palm kernel shell. Various section modules were effectively coupled together to form the stove. The fuel, palm kernel shells, was evaluated using the combustion zone test and fuel conversion rate. After construction, the performance of the stove was compared with that of kerosene and liquefied gas stove using water boiling test. Results obtained showed that the biomass stove is faster than the kerosene stove and compares favourably well with the gas stove.

Household Air Pollution, Levels of Micronutrients and Heavy Metals in Cord and Maternal Blood, and Pregnancy Outcomes.

Cooking with kerosene emits toxic pollutants that may impact pregnancy outcomes. Sixty-eight women in their first trimester of pregnancy, kerosene users (n = 42) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) users (n = 26), were followed until birth. Maternal and cord blood were collected immediately after birth. Levels of micronutrients and heavy metals were quantified. Pregnancy outcomes (gestation age (GA), birth weight (BW), and chest and head circumference) were also measured. Mean (± standard deviation (SD)) age of mothers in kerosene and LNG groups were similar (p = 0.734). Mean (±SD) BW of newborns of LNG users was significantly higher compared to newborns of kerosene users (3.43 ± 0.32 vs. 3.02 ± 0.43, p < 0.001). Mean GA (in weeks) was similar between the two groups (p = 0.532). Women in the kerosene group had significantly higher cord blood levels of zinc, lead, mercury, iodine and vitamin B6 and lower levels of folic acid compared to LNG users (p < 0.05). Newborns of kerosene users had reduced levels of zinc, lead, mercury, iodine, vitamins B6 and B12, folic acid, and homocysteine compared with LNG users (p < 0.05). Also, cooking with kerosene was significantly associated with reduced birth weight after adjusting for potential confounders (β ± standard error (SE) = −0.326 ± 0.155; p = 0.040). Smoke from kerosene stove was associated with reduced birth weight and micronutrients imbalance in mothers and newborns.

Solar Cookers in the Physics Classroom

Project-based learning has been shown to be an effective pedagogical strategy that motivates students and thus promotes learning. In this article we describe a project-based unit centered on the physics of solar cookers (Fig. 1 and 3). Our goal was to elevate the solar cooker from a summer camp activity to a college-level project that could be used to teach thermodynamics in a more engaging way. Solar cookers are used by people in developing countries as an alternative to wood fires and dangerous kerosene stoves, which motivates students to study the thermodynamics of solar cookers. In this unit, students engage in the engineering design process by designing, building, and testing a solar cooker. To do this, the students learn about the physics necessary to understand how the solar cookers absorb and lose energy, including heat transfer mechanisms, blackbody radiation, reflection, and the greenhouse effect.

Urbanisation and Energy Crisis: the Case of Lagos State

The study employed in-depth interviews to collect information from households living in the upper class areas of Magodo, Lagos and those living in the slum areas of Iwaya. The locations were chosen purposively. The responses from the interviewees indicate that both high and lower neighbourhoods in Lagos experience epileptic power supply and that resident have learnt to cope with the power situation using diverse strategies of coping. The various responding mechanisms adopted by those consumers, however, are based on financial capabilities. From the interviews conducted, it was apparent that both high income and low income families tend towards the use of generators. However, they also make use of lamps and solar energy in few cases. Also, both classes of families use gas stoves as an alternative to electric stoves for cooking. And occasionally they use kerosene stoves. Planning ahead was a recurring feature among the households, which indicated how they prepared for the eventualities of power outages. The study concludes that the way out of the problem is to fully implement the Power Sector Reforms. In addition, there is the urgent need to diversify the sources of generating electricity in Nigeria and mitigate the problem of corruption, which has been the bane of the sector over the years.

Poverty sequestration using Sawdust biomass energy in Nigeria

The commensurate increase in the price of kerosene and gas created fear in the minds of many Nigerians, which force them to think of the future and show much concern about the security of energy needed for survival and economic sustainability. The growing demand in energy coupled with the population increase places more demand on agricultural biomass such as sawdust to be used for heating processes. A large quantity of sawdust is produced on daily basis in most Nigerian cities and can be utilize for domestic heating. The potential of this biomass to serve as an alternative energy source is explored in this work. About 1500 gram of sieved sawdust mixed with 150 gram of starch binder were prepared into a moderate size briquette. Study on combustion performances was conducted using constructed sawdust stove. Analysis of the experimental data indicates that the sawdust stove performances in terms of combustion rate and efficiency are comparable to that of kerosene stove and surpass ordinary fire-wood stoves. The advantage of using sawdust for heating applications are its domestic origin and help in waste management.