Meat Meal Research Articles

Insights into the influence of matrix fragments on FT-IR-based meat and bone meal species-specific analysis

This study proposed, verified and analyzed a potential reason (matrix composition complexity) for the subpar performance of FT-IR-based meat and bone meal (MBM) species discrimination. In order to address the aforementioned issue, the MBM matrix was modeled as a binary mixture comprising meat fragment (MF) and bone fragment (BF). BF and MF samples derived from four species were prepared, and MBM samples were subsequently formulated. The influence of matrix fragments on FT-IR-based MBM species-specific analysis was verified through the analysis of FT-IR spectral absorption peak intensities and comparison of species discrimination analysis models established using MBM, BF and MF samples. Furthermore, the coupling effect of BF and MF on FT-IR-based MBM species-specific analysis was elucidated by conducting correlation analysis between composition of matrix fragments and the prediction scores of species discrimination analysis. Additionally, FT-IR spectral variables that contributed predominantly within the coupling process were investigated in detail.

EFFECT OF FULL FAT PALM KERNEL MEAL BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FULLZYME® ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

Performance of broiler birds was evaluated in an8-week feeding trial in which full fat palm kernel meal (FFPKM) supplemented with Fullzyme® was fed at graded levels (0, 5, 10 and 15%) during the starter and finisher phases. Four (4) iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated, containing 23% CP for broiler starter (22-24 %CP) and 21% CP for finisher (18-21 %CP) in which FFPKM was supplemented with Fullzyme®. One hundred and twenty (120) 7-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 12 pens (10 birds in each pen). Each of the four (4) diet groups was replicated 3 times and randomly allotted to the broiler pens. Each pen represented a replicate. The respective groups of birds were fed the starter diets for 4-weeks during the finisher phase the birds were reduced to 8 birds per pen (96 birds in total). The dietary treatments for the birds in the finishing phase were replicated thrice and fed for four weeks. The daily feed intake, daily weight gains (g/bird) as well as feed to gain ratio of birds on diet 5% FFPKM were significantly (P<0.05) better than those for birds on the control (0%), 10 and 15% FFPKM diets. The feed cost/kg gain for broiler birds on control diet was notably (P<0.05) inferior to those for birds on 5, 10 and 15% FFPKM diets. The outcomes indicate that the 5% FFPKM dietary treatment supplemented with Fullzyme® gave higher overall l growth performance and can be fed to broiler chickens from starter to finishing without any detrimental impact.

The Potential of Oil Palm Plantation Byproducts as Feed for Beef Cattle

Oil palm is one of the plantation commodities that Indonesia relies on to generate foreign exchange annually. The oil palm industry generates both solid and liquid waste. Oil palm waste is a byproduct of the oil palm industry that is not reused; however, with technological advancements, this waste can be utilized as supplementary feed, especially for ruminants. The waste obtained from oil palm plantations and oil palm mills includes oil palm fruit bunches, oil palm fibers, oil palm shells, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm leaves, and oil palm sludge. Mucuna barcteata can also be used as a protein source for animal feed. Research was conducted in the Sei Mangkei plantation, and feed trials were carried out in the Bangun PTPN III Plantation (Simalungun). The methods employed included surveys and laboratory research. Proximate analysis of the suspected feed sources was conducted by PT Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor, which encompassed total energy, moisture and ash content, total fat, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, calcium, and phosphorus. The weight gain of cattle after being fed the experimental diet was observed over a three-month period. The research results indicate that oil palm byproducts can support a population of 12,365 head of beef cattle per year. Mucuna bracteata, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm fronds, and solid decanter can be used as animal feed. A feed mixture containing 30% Mucuna resulted in the highest weight gain in cattle compared to the other three treatments, with an average daily gain of 0.97.

Improvement of Nutritional Quality of Processed Palm Kernel Meal with Protease Enzyme as a Substitution for Rice Bran on Broiler Performance

Rice Bran is the most basic and common raw material used in broiler feed, but its replacement with proceed palm kernel meal (palmofeed) adding with enzyme protease is not clearly evaluated. This study was conducted to evaluate the improvement of nutritional quality of proceed palm kernel meal with protease enzyme as a substitution for rice bran. Rice bran 7.85% and feed reformulation of proceed palm kernel meal with protease enzyme 7.85% on broiler performance and IOFC. A total 120 female broilers DOC CP 707 were randomly allocated into 2 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per pen. Treatments were a control (T0) using standard diet nutrient requirement with 7.85% rice bran, treatment (T1) with feed reformulation of proceed palm kernel meal with protease enzyme 7.85%. The diets were fed in two phases as pre-starter (day 1-7) and grower to finisher (day 8-35). Compared to T0, the result showed that replacement rice bran 7.85% by feed reformulation of proceed palm kernel meal with protease enzyme 7.85% were not significantly (P<0.05) increase body weight (2194 and 2199) or weight gain (2151 and 2155), lower FCR (1.844 and 1.814) or mortality-corrected feed conversion ratio (mFCR) (1.326 and 1.375), performance index/PI (474 and 457) and IOFC (850, 491 and 922, 738). These data showed substitution of rice bran with processed palm kernel meal with enzyme protease does not has a negative impact on performance and is proven to be profitable from the point of view of IOFC business analysis.

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Cassamore Containing Palm Kernel Meal Processed by Steam as Corn Substitute Feed

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Cassamore Containing Palm Kernel Meal Processed by Steam as Corn Substitute Feed

Growth and Development Performance of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae on Fermented Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) Substrate

Larvae of Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly/BSF) are considered agents of bioconversion of organic waste, including by-products of agroindustrial waste. Palm kernel meal (PKM), a palm oil mill waste contains high lignocellulose, making it difficult for BSF larvae to digest in which pre treatment process is required. This study aims to analyze the growth and development performance of BSF larvae in fermented PKM waste using EM4 and molasses as the pretreatment process. Five (5) days old BSF larvae were reared in PKM waste, which was fermented with EM4 and molasses for 2, 3, and 4 days (F2, F3, and F4) and with water for four days (FA) while chicken feed (PA) applied as control. During this study, growth rate, average weight, developmental period, survival rate, and larval development period. Feed efficiency and feed reduction analyzed by efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), feed conversion ratio (FCR), waste reduction index (WRI) and substrate consumption rate (SCR). The growth and development performance of F2 group was the best among other treatment groups which is similar to larvae fed on chicken feed as a control. All treatments showed high larval survival rates (99.72-100.00%). On the other hand, the best best reduction efficiency recorded in F3. Based on these result it can be concluded that pretreatment of PKM by EM4 and molasses is applicable to be improve the quality of PKM as feeding material for BSF larvae.

The Effect of Substitute Feed of Fish Meal and Meat Bone Meal (MBM) on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The research aims to create a feed formulation based on the use of meat bone meal (MBM) to improve the production performance of juvenile tilapia. The experiment method used was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications: treatment A (control/commercial feed), B (fish meal 75%:25% MBM), C (fish meal 50%:50% MBM), D (fish meal 25%:75% MBM), and E (fish meal 0% 100% MBM). The juvenile tilapia used were 5-8 cm in length and weighed 5,85 ± 0,029 g. The results showed that the effects of substitution of fish meal and MBM for each treatment were significantly different (P&lt;0,05) on the parameters of the production performance of juvenile tilapia. Treatment D gave the best result on production performance, namely SGR (1,45 ± 0,139%g/day) and SR (97 ± 0,82%).

Metabolical and hematological responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) to diet composition

This study investigated the metabolic and hematological responses of silver catfish fed diets composed of different protein sources for 90 days. Six different diets were formulated: MBY (meat and bone meal + yeast); SY (soybean meal + yeast); S (soybean meal); MBS (meat and bone meal + soybean meal); FY (fish meal + yeast); FS (fish meal + soybean meal). In the liver, the concentration of glucose, lactate and protein was lower in fish fed SY and S diets. Liver glycogen did not differ between diets. At the muscular level, the glycogen, glucose, lactate content was lower in the FS diet, while the protein decreased in the fish that received the soybean meal-based diet (S). On the other hand, higher values of protein, glucose and lactate were observed in the diet containing meat and bone meal + soybean meal (MBS). The silver catfish fed diets based on fish meal (FY and FS) had a higher protein content in the kidney. Hematological parameters were influenced by diets. The absence of animal protein sources in the diets resulted in lower values of hematocrit and hemoglobin in silver catfish blood. It is concluded that diets containing vegetable and animal protein sources improve the nutritional and health status of silver catfish.

93 Animal Based Ingredients in Diets for Captive Exotic Animals

Abstract Animal managers in zoological facilities are faced with unique challenges when feeding large collections of species. Few nutrient requirements of exotic species are known or established; therefore, diet formulation is a series of scientific extrapolations, mingled with an understanding of natural history of individual species. Goals of nutrition programs in zoos also include supporting behavioral diversity. This leads to the use of a wide variety of animal-based ingredients within zoo nutrition programs to support species across multiple taxa inclusive of amphibians, reptiles, avians, mammals and fish. Commonly used rendered protein ingredients such as fish meal and other meat meals are commonly used in extruded and processed diets developed for exotic species. For example, a commercially marketed extruded diet designed for cranes includes fish meal, porcine meat and bone meal and dried whey. An extruded diet for small exotic felids includes chicken meal, poultry by-product meal and fish meal. While these are commonly accepted animal-based ingredients across different animal industries, other animal protein ingredients are well-accepted in zoos and yet fail to reach general acceptance in other industries including pet food. Some of these common animal-based ingredients used in various zoo diets include insects, whole prey (rodents), raw meat (inclusive of horse and pork) and raw organ meats. These ingredients are often met with reluctance, misunderstanding, or dated information when applied to other animal industries. One example of dated information is the fear of using raw pork in relation to the risk of trichinella. The zoo nutrition industry may provide benefit to other animal industries when exploring opportunities to safely utilize and include novel animal-based ingredients in diet formulations.

PSIX-5 Spray Dried Plasma Increases Protein and Meat Inclusion in Extruded Dog Kibbles

Abstract A common goal for pet food manufacturers extruding dry kibbles is to increase meat inclusion and protein content in both grain and grain free formulas. When extruding high meat formulas, variation of moisture and fat of the incoming raw meat ingredients adds to the complexity of producing consistent quality kibbles meeting all specifications. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics and in dry kibble extrusion with meat meals and other dry ingredients to produce quality kibbles. Thus, the objective of two studies was to evaluate if meat inclusion levels could be increased in extruded formulas with the use of SDP. Tests were done at the Wenger technology testing center to evaluate combinations of SDP levels ranging from 2.5 to 20% with meat level feed rates ranging from 25 to 50%. The ability to produce kibbles was conducted utilizing both grain free and grain formulations. Processing conditions were monitored on the various formulations during production along with kibble outcome measurements such as ability to extrude, solids, protein, and durability. In the first study, extrusion of grain free formulations with 0% SDP resulted in meat inclusion limit at 35% feed rate. Addition of 5, 10, and 15% SDP in grain free formulas increased protein content of the extruded kibble but meat inclusion was limited at 35% feed rate. However, use of 20% SDP in grain free formulas allowed for greater inclusion of meat from 35% and up to 45% feed rate while maintaining kibble quality and increasing protein. Extrusion of a grain formulation with 0% SDP also resulted in limits of 35% feed rate of meat inclusion. Addition of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% SDP to grain formulations allowed for meat inclusion feed rate to be increased up to 50% depending on levels of SDP used, and protein was increased in all combinations. The second study was completed to evaluate a longer run extrusion measuring ability to extrude, cook, and durability. Grain free formulas were run at 35% feed rate of meat with 5, 10, or 20% SDP and maintained cook and durability. Grain formulas were run at 45% feed rate of meat with 2.5, 5, and 10% SDP and maintained durability with further optimization of cook needed. Overall, SDP included in the formulation allows for greater feed rate of meat inclusion and maintain or increase protein and durability in the dry kibble. Thus, depending on target meat inclusion feed rates or protein levels, SDP may be used during the extrusion process to produce dry kibbles with high meat inclusion.

PSVIII-14 Improved Palatability and Digestibility in Dry Dog Food Using a Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Hydrolysate

Abstract A proper diet for a dog is one that provides all the required nutrients and is highly digestible. In order for the ingredients to be delivered to the organism, this diet should be highly palatable. Currently, research is being conducted on the possibility of introducing new sources of animal protein, thus replacing traditional meat meals. A new source of protein, together with increasing the digestibility and palatability of dry pet food while maintaining the price of the recipe, is an expected success. Porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysate (PIMH) products are high-quality, sustainable, and inexpensive protein sources obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa as byproduct of the heparin manufacturing process. PIMH are being used as alternative protein sources in several animal species. The present study aimed to determine the effects of incorporating 3% PIMH (Palbio HP, Bioiberica SAU, Palafolls, Spain) as replacement for poultry meal on digestibility and palatability of dog dry food. The palatability test was conducted on a professional, independent panel of dogs. The test lasted 4 days with 20 adult dogs. Apparent digestibility and feces quality were also assessed in a digestibility test under the supervision of veterinarians in a 10-day experiment. The tested diets which serve as reference of a commercial dry dog food (Control diet) and a diet in which 3% PIMH was incorporated as replacement for poultry meal (PIMH diet). Palatability evaluation was performed in a two-pan setting in which first choice and consumption ratio were quantified and compared over four days. A Chi square test was used for the statistical analysis and a P-value of &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. An improvement in palatability was observed with the PIMH diet. More specifically, first choice results were greater during the four days of the study with PIMH (82%, 88%, 89% and 100%, respectively) compared with Control. Likewise, consumption ratio was also greater with PIMH over the four study days (84%, 87%, 86% and 93%, respectively). On the other hand, the PIMH diet showed a greater digestibility (77.98%) compared with the Control diet (73.95%), as well as a better feces score (0% unacceptable feces vs 4.2% in the Control group).In conclusion, using 3% Palbio HP PIMH in dry dog food as replacement for poultry meal leads to enhanced palatability and digestibility, while it has no negative impact on feces quality or diet costs.

PSIV-20 An in Vitro Digestion Procedure Using Daisyii Incubator Can Replace Conventional in Vitro Digestion Procedures Using Flasks for Estimating Ileal Digestibility of Feed Ingredients for Pigs

Abstract In vitro procedures using flasks have been used for simulating nutrient utilization by pigs. However, these procedures are time-consuming and laborious and require a number of flasks and filter crucibles. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro procedure using DaisyII incubator for simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. In a conventional in vitro procedure, 10 mg of pepsin in step 1 and 50 mg of pancreatin in step 2 are used for each flask containing 1 g of feed sample. In a preliminary experiment, 24 samples each in R55 bags were digested in a jar of DaisyII incubator with 24 times the quantity of buffer solution and enzymes of the conventional flask procedure. In the preliminary experiment, greater crude protein (CP) digestibility values were observed in the DaisyII incubator procedure compared with the conventional flask procedure. To determine optimum enzyme doses in the in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDDaisy) procedure using the DaisyII incubator, 3 doses of pepsin (10, 7.5, and 5 mg/sample in step 1) and 3 doses of pancreatin (50, 37.5, and 25 mg/sample in step 2) were tested in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement for 11 test ingredients. The quantity of buffer solution and enzymes in a jar was increased proportionally with the number of samples. The 11 test ingredients were barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, palm kernel meal, rice bran, soybean hulls, soybean meal, and wheat bran. The in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDflask) of CP in the 11 ingredients was determined using the conventional flask procedure. The sum of square of deviation between IVIDflask of CP and IVIDDaisy of CP was the least when 5 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 37.5 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 14.4 + 0.81 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.748). On the other hand, the determination coefficient was the greatest when 10 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 50 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 2.5 + 0.93 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.878). In conclusion, the in vitro procedure using a DaisyII incubator can be used for estimating ileal digestibility of protein in multiple samples simultaneously for pigs.

Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle

Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.

Effects of replacing fish meal with a blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal on the growth, biochemical profile, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and innate immunity of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)

This study assessed the impact of replacing fish meal (FM) with a blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal (BCM) at a ratio of 1:2 on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and nonspecific immune response of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Seven experimental diets were formulated. The control (BCM0) diet contained 65% FM. Subsequently, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% FM in BCM0 diet were replaced with BCM, referred to as the BCM10, BCM20, BCM30, BCM40, BCM50 and BCM60, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 rockfish (initial body weight: 3.6 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The BCM0–BCM50 diets resulted in no significant differences in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the BCM60 diet led to the lowest FBW, WG, and SGR. The feed consumption and feed efficiency of rockfish fed BCM10–BCM50 diets did not differ significantly from those of rockfish fed the BCM0 diet. Intestinal trypsin and lipase activities showed a linear decrease with increasing substitution levels of BCM in the experimental diets. Moisture levels increased with elevated BCM replacement in diets, whereas crude protein and lipid levels decreased with increased BCM replacement. Whole-body amino acid profiles of rockfish, except for glycine and proline content, were not significantly affected by diet. However, lysozyme and catalase activities exhibited quadratic responses to increasing dietary BCM levels, and superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content showed a negative linear response. Overall, these results show that a blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal can replace up to 50% of dietary FM without adversely affecting the growth performance of juvenile rockfish.

Effect of Cashew Kernel Meal on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Biometry of Organs Regulating Nutritional Metabolism in Laying Hens

Effect of Cashew Kernel Meal on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Biometry of Organs Regulating Nutritional Metabolism in Laying Hens

Duodenal-ileal ratio of digestive enzymes when using different protein supplements in the diet of laying hens

Creation of domestic poultry crosses and development of optimal diets for them is an urgent problem, since in vivo studies using fistula technologies are currently few. The present work presents data on determination of duodenal and ileal activity of digestive enzymes when protein additives of vegetable (soybean meal and cake) and animal origin (fish meal and meat and bone meal) are used in the diet of laying hens. Experiments were performed on laying hens (Gallus gallus L.) of Hisex White cross (n=24, K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agricultural Academy, 2022,2023) with chronic duodenal and ileal fistula. All chickens were divided by random sampling method into 4 groups: 1) 1 control group - received OR (Table 1); 2) 2 experimental group - 1.5% soybean cake was added to the diet instead of soybean meal; 3) 3 experimental group - 1.5% meat and bone meal was added to the diet instead of soybean meal; 4) 4 experimental group - 1.0% fish meal was added to the OR instead of soybean meal. It was found that protein additives are differently hydrolyzed in the intestine of birds and assimilated by the organism. Thus, the breakdown of soy protein is more intensive in cake than in meal due to the increase of trypsin activity in duodenum by 43.6%, and when fish meal is added, the activity of the enzyme increases by 11.8% against meat and bone meal and 101.5% against soy meal. At the same time, protein digestion increased, accompanied by an increase in trypsin activity in blood when soybean cake was used and in urine when fish meal was added to the diet of chickens. With feces the least loss of trypsin is observed in the group that received meat and bone meal supplementation (9.6% of trypsin activity is excreted), then fish meal - 16.8% and soy cake - 21.7% of activity in duodenum, which indicates the efficiency of exo- and endogenous protein utilization by poultry organism.

An Overview of the Utilization of Common Waste as an Alternative Fuel in the Cement Industry

As concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials, there is a massive production of cement, which causes cement manufacturing to be an energy-intensive industry. A significant amount of the cost of cement production, ranging from 20% to 25%, is attributed to thermal energy. In addition, the action of mining and burning fossil fuels results in the unfavorable emission of hazardous compounds into the environment. Therefore, the switch from conventional fossil fuels to alternative fuels (AFs) in the cement manufacturing business has attracted attention due to environmental and financial concerns. In this paper, four commonly used AFs are discussed, which are waste tires, municipal solid waste, meat and bone meal, and sewage sludge. It is found that each AF has a unique calorific value and properties, attributed to its source, treatment, and technology. Furthermore, the availability of AF is important as the amount varies depending on the location. In addition, their effects on gaseous emissions from the cement plant and the quality of clinker are found to be inconsistent. Thus, there will not be a single best type of AF option to be used in the cement industry. A good AF should be able to provide sufficient thermal energy while reducing the environmental impacts and costs. A careful analysis and multicriteria decision-making approach are always vital when employing AFs in order to prevent environmental problems, cost increases, as well as clinker quality degradation.

Exploring the differences in serum metabolite profiles after intake of red meat in women with rheumatoid arthritis and a matched control group

PurposeStudies have suggested that women with RA tend to avoid red meat more often than women without RA, based on their perception that it exacerbates their symptoms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare the postprandial metabolic response following the consumption of a red meat meal in patients with RA and a matched control group.MethodsParticipants were challenged with a meal with red meat and blood samples were collected before and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 h after the meal. Serum metabolites were quantified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures with Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to evaluate separation by metabolites due to diagnosis of RA or not and to identify changes in metabolites related to RA. Incremental area under the curve was calculated for univariate comparisons for 23 metabolites.ResultsThe matched groups, including 22 women with RA and 22 women without RA, did not differ significantly in age, body mass index, diet quality or reported physical activity. OPLS-DA models had a limited quality indicating that there were no differences in metabolite patterns between the groups. However, phenylalanine was significantly higher in concentration in women with RA compared to controls in both fasting and postprandial samples.ConclusionTo conclude, this well-controlled postprandial intervention study found a significantly higher concentration of phenylalanine in both fasting and postprandial samples of women with RA compared to matched women without RA. These findings warrant further investigation in larger studies.Trial registrationThe PIRA (Postprandial Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis) trial is Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04247009).

Buffering Capacity Comparison of Tris Phosphate Carbonate and Buffered Peptone Water Salmonella Pre-Enrichments for Manufactured Feed and Feed Ingredients.

Various culture-based methods to detect Salmonella in animal feed have been developed due to the impact of this bacterium on public and animal health. For this project, tris phosphate carbonate (TPC) and buffered peptone water (BPW) buffering capacities were compared as pre-enrichment mediums for the detection of Salmonella in feed ingredients. A total of 269 samples were collected from 6 feed mills and mixed with the pre-enrichments; pH was measured before and after a 24 h incubation. Differences were observed when comparing pH values by sample type; DDGS and poultry by-product meal presented lower initial pH values for TPC and BPW compared to the other samples. For both TPC and BPW, meat and bone meal presented higher final pH values, while soybean meal and peanut meal had lower final pH values. Furthermore, for BPW, post cooling, pellet loadout, and wheat middlings reported lower final pH values. Additionally, most feed ingredients presented significant differences in pH change after 24 h of incubation, except DDGS. From meat and bone meal samples, four Salmonella isolates were recovered and identified: three using BPW and one using TPC. TPC provided greater buffer capacity towards neutral pH compared to BPW, but BPW was more effective at recovering Salmonella.

Antioxidant activity of palm kernel meal protein hydrolysate and characterization of its peptide profile

Palm kernel meal (PKM) is a major by-product of the palm oil industry, and its high protein content is a potential source of value-added functional food or feed. In this study, the total protein from PKM was isolated and hydrolyzed with alcalase enzyme (pH 7.5, 55oC) to obtain palm kernel protein hydrolysate. The results showed that PKM protein hydrolysate after 60 min of hydrolysis exhibited strong radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 5.73±0.23 and 7.84±0.90 μg/mL as determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), respectively. Furthermore, PKM protein hydrolysate was not toxic to mouse L929 fibroblast cells while protecting cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Analysis of its peptide profile by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed nine peptide sequences with hydrophobic and negatively-charged amino acids with molecular weights ranging from 1,085.13 to 1,292.32 Da. Taken together, alcalase hydrolysate of PKM was found to have potent antioxidant and cytoprotective properties justifying further study for potential development as a functional food/feed.