Kernel Extract Research Articles

Amelioration of gastric ulcer using a hydro-alcoholic extract of Mangifera indica in Sprague Dawley rats by prevention of muco-oxidative stress

BackgroundGastric ulcer is a significant global public health concern that can result in severe complications such as gastro-intestinal bleeding, perforations, gastro-intestinal obstruction and cancer. Mangifera indica seed kernel, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely available and used in China. The current study was aimed to determine gastro-protective effect of Mangifera indica kernel extract in preventing gastric ulcer in rats. MethodsSD rats were divided into six groups. Each group consisted of five rats. Group-I received 1 ml/kg/day p.o. of 1 % carboxy methylcellulose. Group-II received indomethacin (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Group-III received Mangifera indica kernel extract (500 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Group-IV received the extract (1000 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Group-V received 50 mg/kg/day ranitidine. Group-VI (per se) received the extract (1000 mg/kg/day, p.o.). The ulcer index, mucus barrier, and histopathology were calculated. After homogenization of gastric tissue in buffer, anti-oxidant enzyme potency was also evaluated. ResultsMangifera indica kernel extract significantly (p < 0.01) and dose-dependently increased mucus, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels while lowered ulcer index and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in comparison to ulcer control group-II. According to histopathological data, indomethacin medication led to gastric ulcers whereas Mangifera indica kernel extract protected from gastric ulcer by prevention of indomethacin-induced muco-oxidative stress. Mangifera indica 1000 mg/kg/day in group-IV had ulcer prevention potency comparable to ranitidine 50 mg/kg/day in group-V. DiscussionThus, Mangifera indica extract possesses promising effect on amelioration of gastric ulcer and protects from gastric ulcer by prevention of indomethacin-induced muco-oxidative stress, re-inforcing the gastric mucosa, and reducing the secretion of gastric acid.

Extraction of unpolarized transverse momentum distributions from the fit of Drell-Yan data at N4LL

We present an extraction of unpolarized transverse momentum dependent parton distributions functions (TMDPDFs) and Collins-Soper kernel from the fit of Drell-Yan and weak-vector boson production data. The TMDPDF are parameterized, as commonly done, using their (large transverse momentum) asymptotic matching to PDF. The analysis is done at the next-to-next-to-next-to-next-to leading logarithmic accuracy (N4LL) (performed only approximately because PDF evolution is known so far at next-to-next-to leading order (NNLO)). The non-perturbative model used for TMDPDF is flavor dependent to reduce the colllinear PDF bias. The estimation of uncertainties is done with the replica method and, for the first time, it includes the propagation of uncertainties due to the collinear distributions.

In vitro Evaluation of Botanical Extracts against Mycelial Growth of Alternaria solani

An experiment was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. To test the efficacy of different treatments viz., Neem (Azadirachta indica), Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum), Castor (Ricinus communis), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Henna (lawsonia inermis), Madar (Calotropis gigantea) against Alternaria solani under in vitro condition. Botanicals were tested through the poisoned food technique at 5% and 10 % concentrations and 168 hours of incubation. The Minimum radial growth of observed in Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extract @ 5% (14.8mm) followed by Henna (lawsonia inermis) leaf extract @ 10% (43.36mm), Amaltas (Cassia fistula) leaf extract @ 10% (67.13mm), Castor (Ricinus communis) leaf extract @ 10% (67.6mm), Madar (Calotropis gigantea) leaf extract @ 10% (69.6mm), Onion (Allium cepa) extract @ 10 % (70.8mm), Garlic (Allium sativum) extract @ 10 % (72.2mm) as compared to Control (89.4mm) untreated check.

Accurate Memory Kernel Extraction from Discretized Time-Series Data.

Memory effects emerge as a fundamental consequence of dimensionality reduction when low-dimensional observables are used to describe the dynamics of complex many-body systems. In the context of molecular dynamics (MD) data analysis, accounting for memory effects using the framework of the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) has proven efficient, accurate, and insightful, particularly when working with high-resolution time series data. However, in experimental systems, high-resolution data are often unavailable, raising questions about the impact of the data resolution on the estimated GLE parameters. This study demonstrates that direct memory extraction from time series data remains accurate when the discretization time is below the memory time. To obtain memory functions reliably, even when the discretization time exceeds the memory time, we introduce a Gaussian Process Optimization (GPO) scheme. This scheme minimizes the deviation of discretized two-point correlation functions between time series data and GLE simulations and is able to estimate accurate memory kernels as long as the discretization time stays below the longest time scale in the data, typically the barrier crossing time.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Bam Date Kernel Extract and Investigation of the Structure of Extract

Background &amp; Aims: The prevalence of hospital infections, especially of bacterial origin, is increasing and uncontrollable in many countries. Controlling them, because of their damage to the health and economy, is essential. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to find new antibiotics as suitable alternatives to current ones. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of date kernel extract against several hospital pathogens. Materials and Methods: Acetone extract of Mozafati date kernel from Bam city was prepared by immersion method and its antibacterial effects on hospital pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii were investigated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and well diffusion method. Then, the structure of the obtained extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The MIC was observed at 400 mg/mL of extract for S. aureus bacteria. In addition, the MBC of date kernel extract was 500 mg/ mL for the tested bacteria, except for A. baumannii, where a decreasing trend was detected. The antibacterial activity was determined by the well diffusion method against all bacteria, and the greatest activity was observed against S. aureus with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 31 mm. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of 7 different structures, of which rutin was the most abundant. Conclusion: This study indicates the high antibacterial effect of acetone extract of date kernel on the tested bacteria; however, further studies should be conducted on this plant as a new and powerful antibacterial agent.

Impact of coconut kernel extract on carcinogen-induced skin cancer model: Oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene and tumor formation

This study aimed at analysing the effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) kernel extract (CKE) on oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene, and tumour formation in a skin cancer model. Tumorigenesis was induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In vitro antioxidant activity of CKE was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. CKE showed a higher antioxidant activity then ascorbic acid (*P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001). HPLC and NMR study of the CKE revealed the presence of lauric acid (LA). Following the characterization of CKE, mice were randomly assigned to receive DMBA/TPA Induction and CKE treatment at different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of body weight. LA 100 mg/kg of body weight used as standard. Significantly, the CKE200 and control groups' mice did not develop tumors; however, the CKE100 and CKE50 treated groups did develop tumors less frequently than the DMBA/TPA-treated mice. Histopathological analysis revealed that the epidermal layer in DMBA-induced mice was thicker and had squamous pearls along with a hyperplasia/dysplasia lesion, indicating skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas the epidermal layers in CKE200-treated and control mice were normal. Additionally, the CKE treatment demonstrated a significant stimulatory effect on the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidase (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001) and c-MYC protein expression (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). In conclusion, CKE prevents the growth of tumors on mouse skin by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing c-MYC overexpression brought on by DMBA/TPA induction. This makes it an effective dietary antioxidant with anti-tumor properties.

Film dressings from Thai mango seed kernel extracts versus nanocrystalline silver dressings in antibacterial properties.

Introduction: The extract from the Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) has been documented to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This suggests that biomaterials containing MSK extract could be a viable alternative to conventional wound treatments, such as nanocrystalline silver dressings. Despite this potential, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of MSK film dressings with nanocrystalline silver dressings. This study aimed to develop film dressings containing MSK extract and evaluate their antibacterial properties compared to nanocrystalline silver dressings. Additionally, the study aimed to assess other vital physical properties of these dressings critical for effective wound care. Materials and methods: We prepared MSK film dressings from two cultivars of mango from Thailand, 'Chokanan' and 'Namdokmai'. The inhibition-zone method was employed to determine the antibacterial property. The morphology and chemical characterization of the prepared MSK film dressings were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The absorption of pseudo-wound exudate and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of film dressings were evaluated. Results: The results showed that 40% of MSKC film dressing had the highest inhibition zone (20.00 ± 0.00mm against S. aureus and 17.00 ± 1.00mm against P. aeruginosa) and 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSKC and MSKN film dressings had inhibition zones similar to nanocrystalline silver dressing for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p > 0.05). In addition, all concentrations of the MSK film dressings had low absorption capacity, and Chokanan MSK (MSKC) film dressings had a higher WVTR than Namdokmai MSK (MSKN) film dressings. Conclusion: 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSK film dressing is nearly as effective as nanocrystalline silver dressing. Therefore, it has the potential to be an alternative antibacterial dressing and is suitable for wounds with low exudate levels.

Formulation of Microemulsion-based Gel Containing Mango Seed Kernel Extract for Application in Anti-inflammation

Published research showed that mango seeds have good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study is to develop a microemulsion formula containing mango seed extract for application in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Isopropyl myristate and coconut oil were selected as the fixed oil phase components. Phase diagrams for the microemulsion regions were constructed using PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-solvent. Microemulsions were prepared by titration and mixed with mango seed extract. Microemulsions and the physical and chemical stability of the microemulsion were evaluated for droplet size and PDi index using dynamic light scattering techniques. The microemulsion was gelled and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect by comparing it with an acne cream on the market. The selected microemulsion formula has a ratio of isopropyl myristate oil to coconut oil of 1:2, Smix/Co is PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil to PEG 400 with a ratio of 3:1, and a high loading efficiency of 5% mango seed. The average particle size of the microemulsion reached 22.74 nm. The selected microemulsion showed good stability, with almost no change in particle size when stored at room temperature after 30 days. The microemulsion was gelled with 7% carbopol, and the permeability of polyphenols from the microemulsion gel within 6 hours was observed to be about 59.61%. The microemulsion gel inhibited the denaturation of bovine serum albumin, indicating that the microemulsion containing coconut oil and mango extract may help in treating inflammatory acne. Microemulsion gel containing mango seed kernel has been successfully studied, has anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to a modern control drug, and is promising as a natural preparation that can provide anti-inflammatory protection on acne skin. However, further clinical studies need to be conducted before use.&#x0D;

Face-Centered Central Composite Design for the Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Kernels and Shells of Raphia farinifera and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

This study reports the extraction of phenolic compound from shells and kernels of the Raphia farinifera fruit and the biological activities of the extract. A face-centered composite design was established to optimize the extraction conditions: ethanol/water ratio (0-100%), solvent/powder ratio (10-30 mL/g), and extraction time (90-180 min). Subsequently, the extracts obtained under the optimal conditions were used for the evaluation of the radical scavenging capacity, the capacity to chelate ferric ions, and the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The optimal extraction conditions for the shells are an extraction time of 134.24 min, 65% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 21.16 mL/g, and for the kernel, an extraction time of 180 min, 94.3% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 18.6 mL/g. In these conditions, the phenolic compounds were 95.36 mg EAG/L for the shell extract and 139.72 mg EAG/L for the kernel extract. The antioxidant activity revealed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the kernel extracts are 22.32 μg/mL and 55.73 μg/mL for the shells. A reducing activity of Fe 3+ ions with an activity of 308.39 μg EAA/mg for the kernel extracts and 293 μg EAA/mg for the shells was observed. B. cereus was the most sensitive microorganism with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) equal to the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with a value of 156.25 ppm for the kernel extract while the shell extract showed MIC of 625 ppm and MBC of 2500 ppm. The IC50 values for the denaturation of proteins by extracts of shells and kernels are 0.76 μg/mL and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. Membrane stabilization revealed IC50 values of 1054.54 μg/mL and 1339 μg/mL for the shell and kernel extracts, respectively. This work has shown the potential of Raphia farinifera extracts for the food industry and cosmetics.

Renormalon cancellation and linear power correction to threshold-like asymptotics of space-like parton correlators

In this paper, we show that the common hard kernel of double-log-type or threshold-type factorization for certain space-like parton correlators that arise in the context of lattice parton distributions, the heavy-light Sudakov hard kernel, has linear infrared (IR) renormalon. We explicitly demonstrate how this IR renormalon correlates with ultraviolet (UV) renormalons of next-to-leading power operators in two explicit examples: threshold asymptotics of space-like quark-bilinear coefficient functions and transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization of quasi wave function amplitude. Theoretically, the pattern of renormalon cancellation complies with general expectations to marginal asymptotics in the UV limit. Practically, this linear renormalon explains the slow convergence of imaginary parts observed in lattice extraction of the Collins-Soper kernel and signals the relevance of next-to-leading power contributions. Fully factorized, fully controlled threshold asymptotic expansion for space-like quark-bilinear coefficient functions in coordinate and moment space has also been proposed.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Mangifera indica Kernel Extract as Root Canal Irrigant in Primary Molar: An In Vitro Study.

Endodontic therapy aims to disinfect the entire root canal system. Extracts from the kernel of Mangifera indica has the potential to be a novel root canal irrigant that has yet to be studied. Hence, the present study evaluated the antimicrobial, and smear layer removal efficacy of the M. indica kernel extract as a root canal irrigant in primary molars. Methanolic extract of M. indica was prepared using the standard method. The antimicrobial efficacy of M. indica kernel extract was determined by agar diffusion method with 3% sodium hypochlorite and distilled water as controls, and the smear layer removal efficacy was assessed under the SEM after processing the root samples with different concentrations of M. indica kernel extract with 17% EDTA and distilled water as positive and negative controls, respectively. A statistically significant antimicrobial efficacy was observed with the largest mean zone of inhibition recorded with 50 μl of M. indica kernel extract at 24 hr of incubation period, when compared to sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis using agar diffusion method at MIC value of 0.625 mg/ml. The smear layer removal efficacy of the M. indica kernel extract was not satisfactory, when compared with EDTA as a root canal irrigant in primary molars and observed under SEM. In contrast, a complete smear layer removal was observed with 17% EDTA solution. M. indica kernel extract has an enhanced antimicrobial efficacy but poor smear layer removal efficacy when used as a root canal irrigant.

The effect of corn (Zea mays L.) kernel extract as a natural growth regulator in pacthouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) subculture plantlet

Patchouli is an essential oil producing plant which has high demand in the market. The high demand for patchouli cannot be met by conventional methods so it is diverted to use the in-vitro culture method. In-vitro culture media and plant growth regulators (PGR) are the keys to the success of culture. The study was conducted using corn kernel extract as natural PGR on in-vitro culture media with the aim of observing the effect of corn kernel extract on Patchouli plant explants. This research was designed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 5 replications, namely the addition of 2, 6, 12, 18, 24 mg/L extract and no extract as a control. The parameters measured in this study were stem height, number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. The research results showed that the addition of corn kernel extract has a significant effect on stem height and number of roots, inversely for number of shoots and number of leaves. Media sterilization is thought to damage natural PGR due to the low stability of PGR. The starch content in corn kernel extract is thought to have the potential to inhibit the growth of Aceh patchouli explants.

Development of Transethosomes Delivery System Loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith Seed Kernel Extract for Cosmeceutical Application

This research aimed to develop and optimize transethosomes loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith seed kernel extract (B-SE). Firstly, extraction procedures using solvent fractionation with various polarity: hexane, ethyl acetate and 95% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical properties of B-SE were investigated in terms of partition coefficient (LogP), solubility and pH-stability. To optimize the transethosomes formulation, the compositions were varied in sorts of percent cosurfactant, types of cosurfactant, extract concentration, percent total surfactant and types of particle ingredients (phospholipid or cholesterol). The significant factors influencing physical characteristics of the transethosomes were statistically identified using the 25-1 fractional factorial design. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) and ultrastructural morphology of the optimized formulation was then characterized. As a marker of B-SE, ellagic acid (EA) was identified by HPLC at a retention time of 32.506 ± 0.16 min. The LogP of B-SE was 0.17. B-SE was practically insoluble in water but freely soluble in propylene glycol and ethanol. The pH condition that stabilized the extract was pH-5. The optimized formulation, consisted of phospholipid, propylene glycol, TWEEN 20, SPAN 80 and 2.5 mg/ml of B-SE presenting particle sizes of 79.72 ± 2.42 nm, PDI of 0.26±0.02 and %EE of 83.10±0.03% along with a spherical particle shape. To conclude, the optimized transethosomes loaded with B-SE fabricated by phospholipid and propylene glycol has desirable attributes for further developing into an anti-acne cosmeceutical. Nonetheless, the bioactivities and safety profile of the transethosomes were necessary for further investigation. Keywords: Bouea macrophylla Griffith, Transethosomes, Ellagic acid, Fractional factorial design, Nanocarrier

Efficacy of bio-rational insecticide for eco-friendly management of pod borer of mung bean

Pod borer species Maruca vitrata (Geyer) and Euchrysops cnejus (Fab.) are the major limiting constraints in mung bean. The present experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during March to June 2021 to develop an ecofriendly management approach against pod borer attacking mung bean. Four eco-friendly biopesticides (Biomax 1.8 EC (Abamectin) @ 1.2 ml/L, Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/, Fytomax PM (0.1% Azadirachtin) @ 5.0 ml/L, Neem Seed kernel Extract (NSKE) @ 50.0 g/L) and clean cultivation were tested against pod borers of mung bean variety BU mug 4. An untreated control treatment was maintained for comparison. The marginal benefit-cost ratio of the treatments and the impact of the treatments on the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the experimental plots were recorded. The management approaches did not affect the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the bean field. The findings revealed that the lowest rate of pod infestation (1.9% by n/n and w/w) as well as the highest marketable yield (1.55 MT/ha) and marginal benefit- cost ratio (3.02) were obtained with the foliar spray with Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @0.4 g/L of water at 15 days interval. Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/L of water at 15 day intervals is an effective, suitable, and viable approach for suppressing pod borer complex without harm to beneficial arthropods in the mung bean field. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2023) 27 (1): 71-79

Physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of raw and steamed cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.)

ABSTRACT Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) plays an important role in global agriculture, particularly in commercializing the cashew kernel. Nevertheless, kernel extraction poses a challenge due to the nut variable shape and size. Characterizing the properties of the cashew nut becomes a pivotal input for the advancement of processes and machinery. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of raw and steamed cashew nuts from Puerto Carreño, Colombia, with focus on morphological, physical, and mechanical properties. Cashew nut samples from different farms in the region were collected. Morphological properties, including size and shape, were analyzed by measuring length, width, and thickness for 100 nuts from each supplier, both in their raw state and after steaming. Geometric diameter and sphericity were calculated, and qualitative shape characterization was performed. Physical properties, such as mass, bulk density, true density, and moisture content, were also measured. Angle of repose and coefficient of friction were determined to assess flow and frictional behavior. Additionally, compressive mechanical properties were evaluated through uniaxial compression testing along three orientations. The findings indicated significant differences in morphological and mechanical properties between raw and steamed cashew nuts. Conversely, the results demonstrated that cashew nuts from Vichada region exhibit a noteworthy degree of dispersion and larger dimensions than those from Asia and Africa, comparable to those from Brazil. The findings guide machinery design in the cashew industry and offer insights into the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of cashew nuts in Puerto Carreño, contributing to understanding and enabling quality assessment, processing optimization, and product development.

Analgesic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Wound-Treating Actions of Bitter Apricot Kernel Extract.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernels have been widely employed in phytomedicine for treating different ailments. This study aims to unveil the phytochemical composition by HPLC-ESI-MS, in vitro antioxidant activity, and examine certain pharmacological effects of the hydro-ethanolic extract from bitter apricot kernels (BAK). Obtained results indicated that the BAK extract presents a content of 4.58 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g extract of TPA and 1.68 ± 0.09 mg QUE/g extract of TFA, respectively. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis discovered the presence of 17 phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids like 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, epicatechin, and others, with associated antioxidant power. Regarding the studied potential pharmacological effects, notable analgesic activity at a dosage of 100 mg/kg BW was recorded with 63.46% protection. In the anti-inflammatory test, significant inhibition was observed after 6 hours of treatment (77.4%) compared to untreated animals. Moreover, the daily application of ointment formulated with 10% BAK extract resulted in a remarkable healing of wounds and burns in rats. These findings underscore the increasing evidence supporting the potential use of apricot kernel extracts in treating various diseases.

Detection of azadirachtin from neem kernels using a paper-based sandwich sensor.

In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was developed to detect the biopesticide azadirachtin (Aza) through a colorimetric assay. High precision estimation of Aza is classically carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which requires highly skilled personnel. Acidified vanillin is a commonly used colorimetric indicator in thin layer chromatography for detection of various phytochemicals. However, the assay involves concentrated acid, which limits the choice of paper substrates for paper-based sensors and raises safety concerns. In this work, we show how the assay can be extended from the liquid phase to a paper substrate. Glass microfiber (GMF) filter paper was found to be suitable paper as it was acid resistant; besides, its hydrophilicity enabled smooth flow of reagents. A microfluidic paper-based sensor (μPAD) was developed by sandwiching 5 mm sized GMF dots between two parafilm sheets. We demonstrate the use of colorimetric assay on the μPAD for on-site detection of Aza in neem kernels. The magenta color developed upon the reaction of acidified vanillin with Aza was captured using a smart-phone and analysed using RGB levels in the image. Calibration was established using neem kernel extract of known concentration. Linearity was seen in the concentration range of 5 to 25 mg L-1 Aza. A limit of detection of 2.3 mg L-1 was obtained using this method. The colorimetric assay showed a relative recovery of >85% when compared with the values obtained from HPLC. The stability of the reagents on the GMF sensor was investigated to understand the storage conditions and shelf life of the reagents and sensor. The present work demonstrates the development of a portable sensor for on-site detection of phytochemicals that can be an integral part of the agricultural supply chain.

Management of Covered Kernel Smut (Sporisorium sorghi) Disease of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Gabilley District in Somaliland

Sorghum is multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Somaliland. However its production and productivity is threatened due to Covered kernel smut disease. A field experiment was carried out at Aburin Agricultural Research Center at Gabilay district in Somaliland in order to identify management options for Covered kernel smut disease of sorghum. The experiment consisted of 12 factorial treatment combinations of three varieties (i.e., Faruryogele, Abadro and Kuso) and three types of seed treatments which includes synthetic and bio-fungicides (i.e., Apron star 42WS%, Cow urine, and Neem seed kernel extract) and including Untreated control, laid out in RCBD with three replications. Parameters such as disease incidence, disease severity, phenological data, grain yield (kg)/plot, actual grain yield/plot, 1000 grains weight (g) and yield loss (%) were collected. The experiment result showed that highest disease (44.0%) incidence was recorded on untreated Kuso variety while lowest disease (4.33%) incidence was Apron star with Abadiro. Similarly, the highest disease severity (37%) was scored from Untreated Abadiro whereas lowest disease severity (4%) was scored from Abadiro with Apron star and Faruryogele with Apron star. Untreated Abadiro variety reached highest AUDPC (1036.0% days). The Apron star treated varieties had the lowest AUDPC and consistently showing markedly low infection rates indicating that they were more effective to the disease relative to the other seed treatments. The highest yield (1896 kg ha-1) was recorded from Faruryogele with Apron star and lowest (933 kg ha-1) was recorded from untreated Abadiro and Faruryogele. So, Apron star was effective to reduce the yield loss of sorghum and could be recommended to manage sorghum covered kernel smut. However, the experiment should be repeated across different environments over years in order to give the right recommendations and its rate may need to be well defined.

Anti-Quorum Sensing Efficacy of Mangifera indica Kernel Extract against Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

P.aeruginosa (PA) is responsible for causing both acute and chronic infections in immune compromised individuals. Multi-drug resistance among them is a very common phenomenon due to their complex biofilm forming nature enabling the bacteria to evade antibiotic treatment as well as human immune defence mechanism. In the present study, biofilm inhibition in P.aeruginosa was analysed using mango peel (MPE) and kernel extract (MKE). MKE has a greater content of phytoconstituents such as tannin and phenol (1.6458± 0.07 mg g-1 TAE; 1.56± 0.007 mg g-1 GAE) than MPE (0.2938± 0.05 mg g-1 TAE; 1.31± 0.003 mg g-1 GAE). MKE at 12.5-200μg ml-1 showed significant reduction of biofilm (70-75%) and quorum sensing (QS) (35-65%) against PA and C. violaceum whereas MPE showed only 20-23% of biofilm and 5-15% of QS inhibition. Epi-fluorescence and CLSM micrographs demonstrated the efficacy of MKE in inhibiting surface adhesion and biofilm thickness. As a result, MKE at 50μg ml-1 (1/4 BIC) suppressed PA biofilm formation without impairing planktonic cell growth, reducing the possibility of the emergence of multi-drug resistance. Additionally, MKE inhibited the production of pyocyanin and had a negative impact on swarming and twitching motility. Eight distinct phytochemicals were found in MKE after it was characterised, but 2(3h)-furanone, 3-(15-hexadecynylidene)dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-methyl, 4r-(3e,4.alpha.,5.beta) represented 33.75% of the peak area and is presumed to be the antibiofilm compound.

A Biopesticides and their impact on brinjal Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida)

Brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a precious and nourishing vegetable grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates. Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttulaI.) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae),of which nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from the underside of the brinjal leaves resulting in curling and affecting the photosynthesis process. The present study aimed to study the effectiveness of biopesticides and their impact on jassid and its natural enemy in different seasons. The field experiment arranged in randomized block design includes six biorational insecticides such has (T1)-Spinosad 45 % SC @ 0.4ml/l, (T2)-Neem Seed Kernel Extract(NSKE) 1% @ 2ml/l, (T3)-Beauveria bassiana 1x 108 @ conidia/ml @ 10ml/l, (T4)-Metarhizium anisopliae1x 108 conidia/ml @ 10ml/l, (T5)-Verticillium lecanii 1x108 conidia/ml @ 10ml/land (T6)-Untreated plots replicated in four times. It is resulted that all the biorational pesticides performed significantly better than the control. However, among the treatments, application of (T3)-Beauveria bassiana 1x108 conidia/ml @ 10 ml/l and (T2)-Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 1% @ 2 ml/l was found to have significantly better results against jassid,during Rabi(2021) and Kharif season (2022) respectively. For predatory coccinellids,(T2) - Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 1% @ 2 ml/l and(T1)-Spinosad 45 % SC @ 0.4ml/l were found to be better compared to other treatments in Rabi and Kharif season. This research will help to understand the importance of biopesticides with eco-friendly approaches to manage jassid.