Kelly's Ratio Research Articles

Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India

Quality of water for the purposes of irrigation is a serious threat to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes using various irrigation indices such as: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percentage Sodium (%Na), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Permeability Index (PI), Potential Salinity (PS), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RBSC), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Synthetic Harmful Coefficient (K), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). A total of 30 samples were collected from the bore well of agricultural farmland and analysed for cations and anions. MH reveal that 53.33 % of samples exceed the permissible level. PS shows that 43.33 % of samples are marginally affected and 33.33 % of samples are unsuitable for use in irrigation. About 76 % of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation and the remainder require treatment before use. Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM) is used to predict the major influence parameter for MH and PS are RBSC, RSC and K value of groundwater. ALM shows that excess magnesium concentration and salinity are the primary factors that affect the suitability of groundwater for irrigation use. This integrated technique showed that water from approximately 25 % of the sample locations would require treatment before use. This study will improve the pattern of irrigation, identify sources of contamination and highlight the importance of organic fertilizers to develop and enhance the sustainable practices in the study region.

Appraisal of Water Quality Measurements for Canal and Tube Well Water Systems for Agriculture Irrigation in Rechna Doab, Pakistan

The present study was an attempt to assess the surface and ground water quality for irrigation suitability in Rechna Doab. Irrigation water quality at canals and tube well water were analyzed by physicochemical parameters including pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), important cations such as Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), important anions such as Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), three heavy metals including Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu). Twelve water samples were collected from the main canals (Lower Gogera canal, Jhang branch canal and Rakh branch canal) while fifty water samples were collected from the tube wells. Statistically, data were analyzed by generating correlation coefficients. Canal water quality parameters i.e. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly Ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PS) with their mean values 0.16,38.18, 8.03, 0.08, 10.17, 0.08, 28.34 and 0.024 respectively were calculated. Piper and Durov diagrammatic representations provided the suitability of the canal water regarding ionic composition. Results revealed that the status of the canal water was fit for agriculture. On the contrary, the data about Electric Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) of tube well water (with their maximum values 4.80, 29.65 and 13.60, respectively) was exceeding the FAO limits owing of sodium hazards. Thus, the scenario of groundwater is alarming due to unfit status of tube well water regarding irrigation purposes. Out of total 50 water samples of tube wells, 11 samples were found to be fit. While 39 samples were unfit for crop irrigation. Geo-statistical analysis was performed by using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique created in Arc map.

Characterization and evaluation of the effects of mine discharges on surface water resources for irrigation: a case study of the Enyigba Mining District, Southeast Nigeria

Mining activities generate much wastes which degenerate into various geochemical components and affect the natural composition of surface water resources. They cause Acid Mine Drainage (AMDs) and influence the hydrochemical evolution of the hydrogeological systems. This study employed hydrochemical parameters to characterize and evaluate the effects of mine discharges on irrigation surface water in the mining district of Enyigba, SE Nigeria. Twenty-four water samples were collected from surface water sources used for subsistence irrigation farming and analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−) and sulfate (SO42−), while various irrigation parameters including Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Total Hardness (TH), Kelly Ratio (KR) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were deduced. Result indicates hydrogeochemical trend of Cl− > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > SO42− > HCO3− + CO3 > Na+ + K+, while hydrogeochemical facies from Piper Trilinear plot, Durov and Schoeller plots shows that the dominant ionic species are the Mg2+, Cl−, and SO42−. Irrigation parameters such as SSP, MAR, Na %, SAR, PI, KR and EC indicate that majority of water sample are very good to moderately suitable for irrigation. Five samples around Amorie and Ameka are within the hard category for TH, which could be attributed to the high concentration of dissolved magnesium and calcium ion in the area. Apart from mine discharges, rock water interaction also affects the composition of surface water resources of the area.

Groundwater suitability for irrigated agriculture in Alluvial Bengal delta plain: Areview

<p>Groundwater is a vital source of irrigation and domestic purposes in Bangladesh, and hence, it must satisfy the water quality guidelines. The study has selected eleven (11) Districts of Bangladesh and collect secondary data regarding the irrigation water quality of groundwater. Several irrigation water indices, such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), and irrigation water quality (IWQ) index are applied to evaluate irrigation water quality. According to IWQindex, the results showed 25.5% of water samples fell in highly suitability water type, whereas 33.5% exhibited low suitability type, and the remaining 41% were showed medium suitability for irrigation purposes. The values of SAR, SSP, RSBC, and MAR indices showed that about 31-64% of water samples were very good, whereas 5-20% were very poor for the same purpose. The results of TDS, EC, and total hardness showed good results as 88-93% of water samples fell in fair to excellent quality. The salinity hazard was found in the groundwater of coastal areas and completely unfit for irrigation. The study findings would help for improving the management of the groundwater resources for agricultural purposes in Bangladesh.</p>

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Virudhunagar Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India by using Statistical Methods and GIS Technique

Abstract In the present study, twenty water samples were collected during pre-monsoon (June 2017) and post-monsoon (December 2017) seasons. The water samples were analyzed to determine various chemical parameters like chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate. During pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) the order of dominance of anion in the water samples are HCO3-> TDS > Cl-> SO42-> TH > NO3-> F-> PO4- and TDS >HCO3->SO42->Cl-> TH >NO3->F->PO4-, respectively. The order of dominance of cations are Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ in both the seasons. The irrigation water quality was determined using the parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Kelly’s ratio (KR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI), sodium percentage (SP), magnesium hazard, calcium to magnesium molar ratio. The groundwater’s geochemical control and hydrogeochemistry were evaluated using the Piper, Chadha, scatter and Gibbs plots. This study reveals that groundwater quality is unfit for drinking purposes at a few places in the study area.

Hydro chemical Assessment of Ground Water in North-Eastern Region of India: A Case Study of Western Suburb of Jorhat Town of Assam, India

In the current study, the quality of ground water (GW) from an area of western part of Jorhat district of Assam (India) was assessed in order to ensure the safety of its use in irrigation and drinking purposes. The physico-chemical parameters of the collected GW samples were evaluated and compared the data with the Indian Standards (IS) for drinking purposes. The investigation was mainly emphasised on the evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI) and different parameters for the quality measurement of water for drinking and irrigation purposes, respectively. Correlations among the physico-chemical parameters were evaluated through statistical analysis. The physico-chemical parameters revealed that almost all the parameters except iron were within the permissible limit. Arsenic was found to be present in few water samples in both seasons (pre and post monsoon). In both the seasons, the WQI of the majority of collected water samples were observed to be falling under the poor category for drinking. Almost all the collected water samples were found to be fit for irrigation purposes. However, based on sodium percentage (Na %), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and Magnesium ratio (MR), few of the water samples are classified to be doubtful and inappropriate for irrigation.

Mapping of groundwater opportunities for multi-purposes use in Beni-Suef province, Egypt

Beni-Suef desert represents one of the interesting areas for land reclamation and future urban areas. This work aimed to assess the groundwater potentiality and suitability for different purposes by using the electrical resistivity and hydrochemistry studies. In the area of investigation, 32 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were implemented in order to determine the groundwater potentiality, as well as 42 samples of water were collected and analyzed. The suitability of gathered samples of water for irrigation was evaluated throughout: salinity index, sodium hazard (Na %), ratio of sodium adsorption (SAR), chloride hazards, soluble sodium percentage (SSP), magnesium ratio (MH), and other indicators. Results were represented in “Opportunity Map” by GIS layers, to denote major element distribution. Analysis indicated a presence of two potentiality zones in the study area that refer to Quaternary and Eocene aquifer. Results indicated that the east and north parts of the area of investigation have low groundwater potentiality for irrigation and domestic uses, whereas southern region has medium groundwater potentiality. On the other hand, all the gathered samples of groundwater are inappropriate for domestic use. Most of the studied groundwater samples can be used for irrigation according to SAR and US salinity chart, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and permeability index. The prepared opportunity map reflects the evaluation of water potentiality in the study area.

An assessment of water quality indices of Chambal river in Kota City for drinking and irrigation Purposes

Water is the most significant and essential compound required to survive all forms of life on Earth. The biggest upcoming crisis for most Indian metropolises is water scarcity. Kota metropolis having a population of more than 2 million, have a different scenario regarding this threat. Kota is situated on the bank of the Chambal river. It satisfies all the required water demand for drinking, irrigation, commercial and industrial activities, and other purposes. The assessment of Chambal river water quality has been conducted in this research work for drinking and irrigation purposes on a seasonal and annual basis. Twelve parameters were monitored regularly during the period of observation from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Kelly ratio, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly ratio, sodium absorption ratio, permeability index, and magnesium hazard are determined to access irrigation water quality index (IWQI), weather water quality index (WQI) is estimated for the assessment of potable water. Obtained results were compared with the Indian standard for drinking water "IS 10500:2012". Almost all parameters were within the safe limit of drinking and irrigation standards during the observation period. The calculated indices play a vital role in sustainable development related to urban development as it provides the best rating tool for the quality of water. Different aspects of water quality are accessible with these indices, which provide ultimate decision-making tools to stakeholders to implement the best management programs of the Chambal river's water.

Hydrochemical exploration and assessment of groundwater quality in part of the Ganga-Gomti fluvial plain in northern India

Groundwater quality in the Ganga-Gomti fluvial plain is influenced by geogenic and various anthropogenic factors like human interventions, urbanization, mineral dissolution, and ion-exchangeability. This study provides in-depth information about the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation use in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh state, India. The results based on pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl− and F− suggest that most of the groundwater is appropriate for drinking usage. In contrast, elevated NO3− concentration was found in about 6% of the samples, which is much higher than the no-relaxation limit of 45 mg L−1 set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Based on the water quality index (WQI), the study reveals that 34% of the samples have good water quality for drinking usage, while 55% of the samples are of the fair type and about 11% of the samples indicate poor quality water. The Gibbs plot suggests that rock weathering or rock-water interaction processes are dominant in the investigated area controlling groundwater chemistry, particularly silicate weathering mostly due to the forward ion-exchange. The Piper plot indicates that Ca2+-HCO3- is the major hydrochemical facies, along with the dominant presence of Na+-HCO3- resulting in mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3- type water. Groundwater quality for irrigation purposes was evaluated using suitable indices and ratios such as sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, sodium soluble percentage, magnesium hazard ratio, Kelly's ratio, percent sodium, permeability index and potential salinity. The overall values of these indices and ratios show that most of the groundwater is suitable for irrigation use, except for the MHR which indicates that 87% of the samples are unsuitable for irrigation usage.

GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in central Iraq.

In many parts of the world, groundwater is considered to be a key source of fresh water for both the domestic and non-domestic sectors. Where groundwater extraction is implemented, systems to monitor water quality must ensure a safe and sustainable supply. Over the years, Iraq has suffered from surface water quality and supply problems, necessitating groundwater extraction in many regions. This study investigates groundwater quality in a region of central Iraq around Babylon city, covering an area of 5119km2. The data gathered for this study included maps, well locations and water quality data and was sourced from the relevant governmental departments. A base map of the focussed region was initially prepared following data collection. The analysed water quality parameters were used as an attribute database to produce thematic maps using a geographical information system (GIS) environment. In this paper, the water quality index (WQI) and the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were calculated for different groundwater samples using various parameters including the Electrical Conductivity (EC), Cl-, HCO3-, Na+ and pH. Moreover, the groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes has been assessed using indices such as Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and permeability index (PI). Water quality index maps have been developed using the GIS environment. The obtained results reveal that the groundwater in the study location requires specific treatments to be usable.

An index-based approach to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation in Asir region of Saudi Arabia

The arid and the semiarid regions around the world mostly rely on groundwater to meet the domestic and other demands, due to absence of surface waterbodies and very inconsistent rainfall. With increasing pollution and extreme climatic influence, the quality assurance of groundwater becomes much important to determine its suitability for domestic needs and agriculture. A random sampling of 62 groundwater samples was conducted in the study region. The groundwater samples were analysed in the laboratory for all the major physico-chemical parameters. The pH of all except 4 samples was found > 7 suggesting dominance of alkaline environment. Results suggest that the major ion chemistry is greatly influenced by the extreme arid climatic condition; however, ion exchange and reverse ion exchange along with dissolution of carbonate minerals govern the major ion chemistry in groundwater. High nitrate (NO3) exceeding the WHO guideline of 50 mg/L is a major public health concern along with high alkalinity and electrical conductivity (EC). Water quality index (WQI) was estimated based on the variables analysed in the lab to determine its appropriateness for drinking. The irrigation suitability of groundwater was estimated based on several indices such as sodium percentage (Na%), permeability index (PI), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and magnesium absorption ratio (MAR). WQI values of 62.9% of groundwater samples indicate good quality of water followed by 25.8% in poor range of water quality and 6.4% and 4.8% of samples are respectively under excellent and very poor water classes. The irrigation indices, i.e. Na%, RSBC, MH, KR, and MAR, are found within the suitable range; however, 53.3% of the samples has PI values < 25% indicating that water is not suitable and it might increase the permeability of soil which leads to accumulation of ions in soil resulting in low productivity. USSL diagram suggests that 17.7% of the samples falls under C2S1 (medium salinity-low sodium hazard), 72% of the water samples falls under C3S1 (high salinity-low sodium hazard), and 10% of the samples falls under C4S1 zone (very high salinity-low sodium hazard), suggesting good, moderately suitable, and poor water quality for irrigation. The groundwater is found to be impacted mainly due to arid climate as based on SO42−/Cl− ratio, it depicts the similarity with seawater/salt pans. A proper groundwater management strategy and assessment of its suitability should be done before groundwater for domestic and agricultural consumption.

Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and groundwater quality along the Red Sea coast, southern Saudi Arabia

To evaluate the heavy metal contamination and groundwater quality in southern Saudi Arabia, 105 groundwater samples were analyzed for EC, pH, TDS, major ions (NO3−, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, F−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and heavy metals (Fe, Li, As, B, Al, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, V, Zn, and Mn). Groundwater quality index (GWQI), degree of contamination (Cd), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), ecological risks of heavy metals (ERI), salinity hazard (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and Kelly's ratio (KR) were calculated and compared, and multivariate statistical techniques were applied. The results revealed that the major cations and anions followed the orders of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO3− > F−, respectively. The maximum values of As, Mn, Cr, Ni, Se, and Zn were above the permissible limits for drinking water purposes. Pollution indices indicated that 20 to 52% of the groundwater samples were suitable for agricultural and domestic purposes. The unsuitable samples were distributed mostly in the western part along the Red Sea coast. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that the dissolution of halite and gypsum (in sabkha deposits), carbonates, and the agricultural activities were the possible sources of the major cations and anions, and heavy metals in the study area.

Hydrochemical dynamics of water quality for irrigation use and introducing a new water quality index incorporating multivariate statistics

Anthropogenic contamination, including the adaptation of sophisticated agricultural methodologies, has rendered a steep decline in the water and soil quality across the globe. This, in turn, has adversely affected the crop productivity. Hence, to utilize water from a source, a review assessment regarding the water suitability is essential. The present study proposes a new irrigation-based water quality index (IWQI), integrating statistics; hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), to specific water use. Twenty-three sampling locations were chosen for analyses of 13 water quality parameters from October 2017 to February 2019 from Deepor Beel, Assam, to determine the efficacy of the proposed water quality index. HCA divided the 23 locations into 3 clusters, after which, PCA for each independent cluster provided component scores. These component scores were then used to estimate weights for each parameter for all the 23 locations. The IWQI categorized all the sampling locations as “Very Good”, thereby rendering them fit for irrigation. This was validated through the use of various irrigation parameters, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly’s ratio (KR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MgR). USSL and Wilcox plots were also considered for the correlation. IWQI was observed to provide an excellent association with all the parameters. Thus, the study would prove fruitful in establishing long-term and extensive management plans to the conservation of natural water resources.

Evaluation of the wells water quality for irrigation in Ein Al-Husaan village, Talafar district, Iraq

The current study was conducted to assess the groundwater for irrigation purposes in the village of Ein Al-Husaan in Talafar district in Nineveh Governorate, based on the Water Quality Index (WQI) as an effective method for determining the suitability of water for irrigation. Ten wells were selected for five months with a sample site for each month and some physical, chemical, and biological tests were performed that include: pH, EC 25 , bicarbonate, chloride, and F. colif. In addition to calculating the irrigation coefficients of % Na, SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), KR (Kelly Ratio), MAR (Magnesium Adsorption Ratio), RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate), PI (Permeability index), and PS (Potenial Salinity), the results showed that the PS was higher than the permissible limits for irrigation as a result of the passage of water with the rocks of evaporators that contain sulfates, while the water quality index ranged between (54.83–61.58). This indicates that all the water from wells was of good quality according to the classification.

Assessment of Pre-and Post-Monsoon Groundwater Resource for Irrigation in Bhopalpatnam area, Bijapur District, Chhattisgarh, India

A study was conducted to determine the suitability of groundwater used for irrigation in and around the Bhopalpatnam area of Bijapur District, Chhattisgarh, during pre-and post-monsoon seasons of 2016. In this study, sixty two groundwater samples were collected different villages and analyzed for various hydrochemical parameters like pH, EC, Alkalinity, Hardness , TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, PO4, Fe and F. Physico-chemical characterization of the samples revealed that groundwater from most of the sources was not fit for drinking owing to a high concentration of EC, HCO3, NO3, Fe and F. Irrigation indices such as Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na %), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Magnesium Hazard (MH) and EC were also calculated. The SAR values obtained for all the samples were plotted against EC values in the US Salinity Laboratory diagram and it was revealed that the most of the samples fall under water type C3-S1 indicating high salinity and low SAR. The analysis of the various parameters indicated the moderate suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose.&#x0D; Keywords : Groundwater, Irrigation, SAR, %Na, KR, PI and MH.

Suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation in and around the main Gadilam river basin on the east coast of southern India

The main intent of this study was to investigate the condition of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in and around the main Gadilam river basin, the east coast of southern India. A total of fifty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TDS, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and anions (SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and NO3-). Irrigation water quality parameters like the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage sodium (%Na), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI), and Kelly ratio (KR) were computed to assess the irrigation water quality of groundwater. Furthermore, graphical representation diagrams such as USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen have been prepared for irrigation water quality. From the computation of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and KR values, it was found that 100% of groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation purposes. Besides, USSL and Doneen diagrams show that the samples are safe for irrigation usage. The Wilcox diagram in the classification of electrical conductivity reveals that most samples fall into the good to permissible class (78%), in doubtful to unsuitable class (20%), and 2% of samples are unsuitable. Magnesium hazards of 82% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, while the remaining 18% of the samples exceeded the limit and found to be unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The study concludes that higher percentages of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes in the study area, and the concentration of magnesium influenced groundwater at a few locations.

Assessment of Groundwater for Irrigation Using (IWQI) Model, Located in Al-Nimrud Region at Southeastern of Mosul City, Iraq

The study aimed to understand the quality of groundwater in Al-Nimrud region south-eastern part of Mosul city, Iraq. Groundwater samples from 10 wells were collected during the dry season and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using standard laboratory methods. From the analyzed data, some parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), potenial salinity (PS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI) and Kellys ratio (KR) were calculated for each water sample to know the irrigational fitness and irrigation water quality index (WQI) was applied to the analytical results of the parameters to obtain a single value that was used to rank the groundwater at each well for agricultural uses. The results showed a high levels of salts for most of the water samples studied, where the average values of EC ranged between (1.64 to 5.069) dS. m -1 . Also, the estimated parameters such as Na%, SAR, PI, KR were within the appropriate levels for irrigation, while the values of MAR, PS for most of the samples were within the inappropriate limits for irrigation. Also, the results of the WQI values showed that the groundwater quality falls between the category of severe to low restrictions, therefore the use of most of the water for irrigation in the study area is likely to lead to the problem of salinity in soils with heavy texture.

CHIDAM -A software for CHemical Interpretation of the Dissolved ions in Aqueous Media

The chief constituents in water samples are obtained by the geochemical analysis. The results are then studied for various utility purposes, such as domestic, drinking, and agriculture. The results are also studied for understanding the thermodynamic states to determine geochemistry and the nature of the reactions. There are several software's available for this purpose, but still they do not include all the required parameters for the classification purpose or all the popular diagrams basically required for the study. In this context a software was coded in C++ and compiled in Visual C for the basic interpretation of the geochemical data, considering the utility thermodynamic nature and classification of water. The input data includes Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, SO4, F, NO3, Si, TDS, EC, pH and Temperature. The output of the software presents the parameters like I.B.E. (Index to Base Exchange), Schollers water type, R.S.C. (Residual sodium carbonate), S.A.R. (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), N.C.H. (Non Carbonate Hardness), P.I, (Permeability Index), K.R. (Kellys Ratio), P.S. (Potential Salinity), M.H. (Magnesium hazard), S.S.P. (Soluble Sodium Percentage) and Na% (Sodium Percentage). The software also calculates the Scholler Classification, Corrositvity ratio, Chloride Classification, Cation, Anion facies and Handas Classification for each sample. The corrosive nature of the water sample is also determined by the software by calculating Puckorius Scaling index, Ryznar stability index, Larson-Skold index, Langelier saturation index and Aggressive index for each sample. Activity coefficient, Ionic activity and silicate stability diagrams were designed in the output. Later the total number samples were grouped based on the standard classification adopted for each calculated parameter. Standard diagrams like USSL, Johnsons plot, Gibbs, Doneens, other thermodynamic plots for Na, K, Mg for silicate system also form the output of the software. The output are saved in different files as opted during the execution of the program.

The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources and their suitability for agricultural and industrial uses in an arid area of Iran

The hydrogeochemical and quality status of groundwater resources in Yazd province, the central plateau of Iran, has been investigated. The most common water type, followed by chemical facies in this study area, is Cl type (with 50.46%) and Na–Cl facies (47.71%), respectively. Besides, the most samples with industrial and agricultural uses show the Cl type and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. The position of samples on the Gibbs and van Wirdum diagrams indicate that the water-rock interaction and dissolution of evaporites are the main controlling process of water chemistry. Distribution of samples based on Na/Cl vs. EC, Ca + Mg vs. SO4 + HCO3, and Na–Cl vs. Ca + Mg–SO4–HCO3 highlight the significant role of direct ion exchange in water chemistry change. The water quality for agricultural use is assessed based on some indices including EC, Na%, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), and Wilcox diagram. In general, the water quality for irrigation purposes is mainly excellent to permissible. The water quality assessment for industrial purposes is performed using some indices including Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Larson-Skold Index (L-SI), Puckorious scaling index (PSI), and total hardness (TH). Based on these indices, most groundwater samples have mild to high potential to corrode the equipment and pipelines.

Assessment of groundwater quality and associated health risk in the arid environment, Western Saudi Arabia.

Groundwater quality and associated health risk in the arid environment, Rabigh basin, Western Saudi Arabia, was assessed using an integrated approach namely groundwater suitability zone (GWSZ) maps, drinking water quality index (DWQI), irrigation water quality (IWQ) parameters, irrigation water quality index (IWQI), chronic daily index (CDI), and hazard quotient (HQ). Groundwater samples were collected (n = 50) and analysed. Groundwater is alkaline (80%), fresh to brackish, and hard to very hard, and 78% of samples exceeded the international drinking water safe limit. The DWQI indicates that groundwater samples are excellent (24%), good (24%), poor (20%), very poor (10%), and unsuitable (22%) classes for drinking use. Total HQ (HQoral F- + HQoral NO3-) indicated that 68%, 80%, and 72% of samples express non-carcinogenic health threat to adult, children, and infant, respectively, in the study region. IWQ parameters, namely, EC, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium percentage (Na%), permeability index (PI), and magnesium hazard (MH), suggest that 72%, 66%, 64%, 98%, and 92% of samples have SAR < 6, KR < 1, MH < 50, PI > 25%, and Na% < 60%, respectively, which are suitable for irrigation. USSL classification implies that groundwater is suitable only for salt-tolerant crops and high permeability soil. IWQI values suggest that groundwater in 12%, 82%, and 6% of wells are low, medium, and highly suitable, respectively, for irrigation. Furthermore, only 42% of samples are recommended for livestock uses due to high F- (> 2). GWSZ maps, DWQI, and IWQI imply that groundwater in the upstream region is suitable whereas groundwater in the downstream is not recommended for any uses. Hence, this study recommended proper groundwater augmentation methods to reduce the salinity and improve the water quality in the shallow aquifer in the arid environment. The GWSZ, DWQI, and IWQI maps will aid to identify the suitable zones for groundwater development and sustainable management.